Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams, Chapter:832
Palash Biswas
Mobile: 919903717833
Skype ID: palash.biswas44
Email: palashbiswaskl@gmail.com
Electricity bills of consumers across the country are likely to rise about 20% this year, on top of a similar increase in 2012, as the government wants to continue with pricing reforms vital for the stuttering sector.Economic Times reports.The Reserve Bank of India Governor Duvvuri Subbarao said on Thursday central banks need to be independent to make monetary policy decisions during a speech at a memorial event for the country's first Indian central bank governor. The remarks come at a time when Subbarao is under immense pressure from the government to cut interest rates. However, the Indian central bank has stood its ground, keeping rates on hold since April despite the government pressure, as the RBI governor has repeatedly reiterated his concerns about inflationary pressures.
Meanwhile,in view of fall in output at Reliance Industries' KG-D6 field making operations at power plants unviable, the government has allowed companies to club fuel supplies of two or more units at one plant.
"The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has notified guidelines for clubbing/diversion of allocated gas between two or more power plants of the same entity (the ownership structure of the power plants involved in clubbing/diversion must be identical) so as to improve the Plant Load Factor (or capacity utilisation) and corresponding increase in total generation of electricity," an official statement said.
The order, it said, is issued considering the fact that many power plants in the country are operating at low Plant Load Factor (PLF) due to acute shortage in availability of domestic gas leading to inefficient production of electricity.
KG-D6 gas output at about 20 million metric standard cubic metres per day is one-third of the allocations made.
"The clubbing/diversion, in all spells, should not be for a period of more than a year in total and clubbing/diversion of gas should lead to higher production of electricity compared to pre-clubbing arrangement," the statement said.
The cost of the gas, so diverted, would be in accordance with the price based on the source of the diverted gas so that there is no financial burden on the end consumers. "The entity seeking clubbing/diversion would bear any additional financial liability arising from the existing and future Gas Sale Agreement (GSA)/Gas Transport agreement (GTA) and any other swapping transaction resulting there from and the end-use of the diverted gas would remain the same, that is, supply of power to State Discom," it said.
The power plants would, therefore, have to obtain no objection from the power distribution company concerned (discom) to which they are supplying electricity (pre-clubbing /diversion) and the Ministry of Power shall operationalise the arrangement.
This step should help many power plants operating at low capacity in improving their power generation. —
Discoms plan hefty power tariff hike for 2013-14
TNN Dec 31, 2012, 04.12AM ISTHYDERABAD: With the state government expressing its inability to increase the subsidy for the debt-ridden electricity distribution companies, the domestic and industrial consumers in the state are all set to bear the brunt of the power tariff hike that the discoms have planned for the financial year 2013-14.
With chief minister N Kiran Kumar Reddy having cleared the hike proposal put forth by the discoms, the same is slated to be presented to the AP Energy Regulatory Commission (APERC) on Monday in the form of Annual Revenue Requirement (ARR) for clearance. The burden on the consumer would increase by about 15-20% on the existing tariff.
Adani Power, Tata Power had approached the CERC to consider increases in their power tariffs after customers declined to pay higher rates for the electricity generated from their imported coal-based power plants in Mundra. Photo: Priyanka Parashar
New Delhi: India's apex power sector regulator plans to pronounce judgement on the vexed issue of allowing a tariff hike on electricity from Tata Power Co. Ltd's 4,000MW Mundra project this month.
Adani Power Ltd and Tata Power had approached the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to consider increases in their power tariffs after customers declined to pay higher rates for the electricity generated from their imported coal-based power plants in Mundra, Gujarat.
"In Tata Power's case, we have had substantive hearing. Their lawyer said that there is no case of moving Indonesian government… we should come out with the order in January," said Pramod Deo, chairman, CERC in an interview.
The financial viability of power plants fuelled by imported coal has been affected because fuel costs have exceeded projections. Companies such as Tata Power bought coal mines in Indonesia to feed their plants. But coal imports became expensive for the firms when the Indonesian government last year started levying higher royalty and income tax.
On whether the Tata Power case will have a bearing on the Adani case, Deo said, "There are some similarities. It will have bearing. It is a matter of detail." He declined to comment further.
An Adani Power spokesperson declined to comment.
Tata Power's special purpose vehicle, Coastal Gujarat Power Ltd (CGPL), has signed agreements to sell electricity generated from its Mundra plant to Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan at Rs.2.26 per unit.
Adani Power has entered into two power purchase agreements of 1,000 megawatts (MW) each with the Gujarat government at Rs.2.35 per unit and Rs.2.89 per unit for its 4,620MW plant in Mundra. It entered into a similar accord with the Haryana government at Rs.2.94 per unit.
"The hearing on CGPL petition to the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission is on-going and the next session of the hearing is scheduled for January 10, 2013…," a Tata Power spokesperson said in an email reply. "So far the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission has heard the submissions of the petitioner Coastal Gujarat Power Limited, the respondents. CGPL is hopeful of an early resolution of the issue."
"The Mundra ultra mega power project (UMPP) remains an overhang for the (Tata Power) stock," wrote UBS Global Equity Research in a 27 November report. "After the Indonesian government decided to link the price of exported coal with a benchmark based on international prices, the profitability of this 4,000MW project is under risk."
Indonesia is the source of coal for the Mundra project and if the spot price is above $70 a tonne, it may not be profitable, UBS Global added.
Tata Power acquired a 30% stake in two coal mining units and a trading company from Indonesia's PT Bumi Resources Tbkfor $1.1 billion in 2007 to source fuel for its Mundra plant, the country's first 4,000MW power project.
The overall cost of the project is estimated at about Rs.17,000 crore, with 75% funding through debt, and Tata Power has been lobbying the power ministry for allowing higher rates for the power generated from the facility.
"The power sector went through a lot of turbulence in the year that passed by," Anil Sardana, managing director, Tata Power, wrote in an year-end statement. "There were clear indications of the sector struggling with a number of factors, like fuel supply shortage, unprecedented hike of coal prices in the international coal markets and the dismal financial health of the distribution sector."
Domestic coal mining has been unable to keep pace with the growing demand for the fuel in the country. Coal demand in India is expected to grow from 649 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) now to 730 mtpa in 2016-17, making the country heavily dependent on imported coal, given the projected local availability is only 550 mtpa.
A FICCI-PwC report (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry-PricewaterhouseCoopers India Private Limited), titled Rising above the sub-optimal: Exploring ways to find energy solutions, released lastmonth, said, "India ranks third in the world in consumption of coal and its demand continues to grow much faster than the world average. The demand grew at a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of almost 7% from 2001 to 2011, while the production grew by only 5%."
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/R3Wv7t1ti0qEd45TB7H9lO/CERC-decision-on-Mundra-power-tariff-issue-likely-this-month.html
Subbarao only changed his stance in October, when he announced a "reasonable likelihood" of monetary policy easing in the January-March quarter as inflationary pressures are expected to ease.
"The issue of monetary policy independence has acquired greater potency following the expansion of the mandates of central banks and their more explicit pursuit of real sector targets such as growth and unemployment," Subbarao said in a speech on Thursday.
The governor was speaking at a memorial event for C.D. Deshmukh, the RBI's first Indian governor.
Subbarao also cited Japan as an example of how a government can put at risk the independence of a central bank.
Recently-elected Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has kept up pressure on the Bank of Japan to step up its monetary stimulus, even after the central bank loosened policy in December for the third time in four months.
As the Finance Minister, P Chidamabaram starts his pre-budget consultations with industry representatives, there are many views on whether the budget this time is going to be a populist one in view of the 2014 General Elections.
Giving her view on the subject to ET Now, Sangeeta Purushottam, an independent investor said that since the elections are almost a year away, this may well be the last chance for the government to set the house in order from a fiscal point of view.
Purushottam said that there is some time before the election rhetoric starts and it is quite possible that the budget may end up being a positive surprise for markets.
Speaking about downgrade fears, Purushottam said, "A lot of momentum that we are seeing on policy reforms has partly been driven by the fact that we were staring at a possible rating downgrade, and those fears have not gone away."
Hoping for a good budget, she said, "At this stage it would be better to bet that the budget would be positive."
The Kerala State Electricity Board has introduced another set of fuel surcharge on consumers of all categories from January 1.
The monthly surcharge of 10 paise per unit was introduced with the consent of the Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission (KSERC) for recouping Rs 51.84 crore which the board spent additionally for purchase of thermal power from various sources between January 2012 and March 2012.
The IAF has got green signal from an Environment Ministry panel to set up a radar in a forest land falling in a wildlife sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh.
Standing committee of National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has "unanimously agreed" to recommend the IAF proposal seeking diversion of 0.165 hectares of forest land falling in Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary to deploy the radar, official sources said.
The panel has also given nod to extend existing Lakarmandi-Dainkund Road (Dalhousie) by 500 m in favour of chief administrative officer, Air Force Station located in Dalhousie, they said.
According to officials, the proposal was to enhance the air defence capabilities towards eastern and western region to "facilitate deep scanning" by deploying a radar in the area located in Air Force Station, Dainkund (Dalhousie).
The IAF submitted that an area on top of the hill is found to be most suitable to deploy the radar.
Incidentally, the area falls inside the technical campus at the Air Force Station, sources said.
While revenue record says the land is forest land having ownership of Himachal Pradesh government and tenancy with state Forest Department, the physical possession of the land is with Air Force since 1973, the sources said.
No felling of trees was involved in the proposal, they added.
President Pranab Mukherjee asks scientists to work for Nobel in time-bound manner
KOLKATA: Pointing out that no Indian has won a Nobel Prize in science in over eight decades, President Pranab Mukherjee today asked the scientific community to work in a "time-bound" manner to help the country bag the "long overdue" prize in this field.
"...it has been 83 long years since C V Raman won the Nobel Prize for Physics. Another Nobel Prize in the sciences is long overdue for India. I call upon the scientific fraternity gathered here to rise upto this challenge and work towards this goal in a time-bound manner," he said inaugurating the Indian Science Congress here.
Expressing the hope that India would emerge as a major economic power by 2035, he said "we should also emerge as a major knowledge power with high human and societal value"
"We need an educational system which lays importance on development of a scientific culture within the society.
"Mere economic growth without the attendant knowledge capacity to manage the dimensions of change would neither suffice nor be appropriate," he said.
Underscoring the need for innovation, he said it was vital for the country if "we have to compete in a globalised economy".
The recently announced science, technology and innovation policy, he said, has laid the road map for the development of an ecosystem for innovation and for encouraging, recognising and rewarding the innovators in society.
Thanks to technological innovation, he said telephony and Internet has brought about a transformational change in the society.
While mobile phone users in the country are the second highest in the world, he said India ranks only third after the US and China in terms of Internet users.
Referring to the works of great scientific minds like J C Bose who motivated generations of people to move towards scientific endeavour, the President felt public and political understanding of science is crucial.
"For that, I would like to urge upon you all to apply modern tools for communicating science in a manner that can be understood by the common man. This understanding would contribute to the creation of a science culture in the Indian society," he said.
RBI, government need to act in harmony: D Subbarao
MUMBAI: The government and the Reserve Bank need to act in harmony as the central bank on its own cannot fix economic woes, said RBI Governor D Subbarao here today.
"Central banks cannot fix economies by themselves. Governments need to act too from the fiscal side and monetary and fiscal policies have to act in harmony," he said.
Welcoming Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz at the C D Deshmukh Memorial Lecture here, Subbarao said, the monetary and fiscal policies should "act in harmony" to achieve common goals.
The comment comes in the backdrop of growing instances of apparent divergent views between the RBI and the Finance Ministry on a string of issues, including lowering interest rates and issuance of new bank licences.
The RBI had not lowered interest rates despite nudging to do so by Finance and Commerce Ministries. The central bank did not initiate the process of issuing bank licences despite assurance from Finance Minister P Chidambaram that the government would amend the Banking Act in time.
The RBI is scheduled to come up with its third quarter review of the monetary policy on January 29, in which it might go in for a cut in interest rates.
Subbarao further said there is a need for an improvement in governance to inspire trust and confidence of investors for boosting growth.
"Governance needs to improve to inspire the trust and confidence of consumers and investors," he said.
The difficult years since the collapse in 2008 has led to a number of questions including that of the autonomy of central banks, he said.
"What will it mean for the mandates of central banks and the autonomy with which they will deliver on that mandate? Who will win and who will lose? And, to sum it all up, what are the lessons from this 'revolution' for monetary policy?" he asked.
3 JAN, 2013, 04.48PM IST, KSHITIJ ANAND,ECONOMICTIMES.COM
Sensex may gain 15-20% in 2013, current P/E below 10-year average: Analysts
NEW DELHI: Having witnessed a 26 per cent rise in 2012, the Sensex can further go up by 15-20 per cent in 2013, backed by strong earnings growth, global liquidity, fall in interest rates and further reforms.
Nirmal Jain, chairman, India Infoline, believes that the market may deliver another 15-20 per cent return this year, backed by government reforms and liquidity flows.
"So we will look at 12-14 per cent earnings growth in fiscal 2014, but if 2014-2015 looks like 15-20 per cent earnings growth, the market will tend to discount that in this calendar year," he added.
Even after attracting $25 billion in foreign flows in 2012, the benchmark index is trading at a lower multiple compared to its 10-year average, according to analysts.
The current P/E of Sensex stands at 16.7x on TTM basis (Source: Bloomberg) compared to its 10-year average of 18.52x.
Siddharth Sedani, AVP (Portfolio Management Service) at Microsec Capital Ltd, is of the view that there is always a scope of P/E expansion on the back of further policy action and the repo cut by the RBI during the year.
The benchmark index generated a return of over 25 per cent in 2012, but most analysts feel there is more steam left in the markets. However, risk-reward ratio at the current juncture seems less favorable.
"Investors should focus on those stocks rather than the index, which have visibility of earnings with cheap/reasonable valuation on every dip," Sedani added.
According to BSE data, the Sensex has managed to record a P/E greater than its historic average at least 4 times in the past 10 years.
Most analysts are of the view that earnings are likely to grow in FY14, which should give support to large P/E multiple. "In addition to policy action, earnings have to support the P/E expansion to justify the growth subsequently," Sedani added.
"Stock picking has become far more difficult today. However, there is no reason to be negative at this point because valuations are still reasonable," told Vetri Subramaniam, Chief Investment Officer, Religare Mutual Fund, in an interview with ET Now.
"On valuations, I don't think we are still in the territory where I would call it as being stretched because we are still trading slightly lower than the 15-year average trailing PE multiples," he added.
Even though major indices surged over 25 per cent in the year 2012 supported by huge liquidity inflows, market experts are advising investors to take all positives with a pinch of salt.
The economy still faces several challenges, which are likely to continue in 2013. If we look at some of the recent data that has come out, either in terms of auto sales or in terms of cement sales, all of that suggest that the economy is still pretty sluggish.
"Opportunities have become far more difficult to come by this year compared to last year. So, we see a far more challenging year ahead for the market, but there is no reason to be negative at this point because valuations are still reasonable," added Subramaniam.
HSBC in its latest research report has said the Sensex is likely to extend the bull run and touch its all-time high of 21,700 by the year-end. However, if we observe carefully, the rise is a mere 11 per cent compared to a 25 per cent jump in 2012.
The Sensex had scaled an all-time high of 21,206.77 on January 10, 2008.
Stocks and sectors to watch out in 2013:
According to Sedani of Microsec Capital, many beaten down PSU stocks like NMDCBSE -3.13 % and BHELBSE -0.04 % are a compelling buy at current levels due to cheap valuations and magnitude of the business.
"The banking sector is one space where we could see some outperformance in the private banks. In addition to that, cement is another space which looks positive," said Nipun Mehta of Blue Ocean Capital Advisors.
"Pharma is another space which could see improved performance as well as metals," added Mehta.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/analysis/sensex-may-gain-15-20-in-2013-current-p/e-below-10-year-average-analysts/articleshow/17872495.cms
40% electricity tariff hike plan sparks anger
TNN Dec 22, 2012, 01.45AM ISTMUMBAI: Consumers voiced concern over a proposal to increase the power tariff at a public hearing by the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission recently.
The tariff of more than 1.6 crore power consumers, including 25 lakh in Mulund, Bhandup, Kanjurmarg, Thane, Navi Mumbai, Kalyan and Dombivli, may increase by over 40% in the next financial year. "If there is a hike, then why should consumers buy that power from the state government as it could be even costlier than the electricity being generated by private power plants?" asked consumer representatives on Thursday.
Punjab Power Corp seeks 58% tariff hike to cover revenue gap
Cash strapped power utility Punjab State Power Corporation has sought whopping 58.59 per cent hike in power tariff for financial year 2013-14 from power regulator Punjab State Electricity Regulatory Commission (PSERC) to cover the projected "mounting" revenue gap.
In its Aggregate Revenue Requirement (ARR) and tariff petition filed with PSERC, the power utility has projected an accumulated revenue gap of Rs 12,053 crore for 2013-14 while requesting power regulator to determine the appropriate tariff increase to meet revenue gap in ARR.
"An increase of 58.59 per cent in tariff rates for all consumer categories would be required across the board to cover the proposed gap," PSPCL said in the petition.
PSPCL in its petition has projected accumulated revenue gap of Rs 12,053.39 crore for 2013-14, rising by 135 per cent from the gap of Rs 5,126.64 crore in 2010-11.
The power utility has projected total revenue of Rs 22,683.24 crore for next fiscal, up from Rs 15,743.12 crore in 2010-11.
Power purchase and fuel account for about 60 per cent of power utility's total projected expenditure as these expenses have been proposed at Rs 8,680 crore and 4,905 crore, respectively for 2013-14.
Projected expenditure on fuel and power purchase for PSPCL have been shown going up by 43 per cent and 57 per cent respectively as against money spent on these expenditure in 2010-11.
Power tariff was hiked by 12.08 per cent by PSERC for 2012-13, which was the second highest increase in last five years.
The state industry had always asked for containing ballooning power subsidy to farm sector, 100 per cent metering of agricultural power connections, bringing down the cross-subsidy and reducing transmission and distribution losses, in order to bring efficiency in the functioning of power utility.
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/punjab-power-corp-seeks-58-tariff-hike-to-cover-revenue-gap/1049190/India Inc optimistic about biz, jobs
Bangalore, Jan 4, 2013, DHNS:Indian businesses are increasingly optimistic about the economy and are hopeful of a "strong start" in 2013 on key indicators of revenues, jobs and profits, according to survey by accountancy firm Grant Thornton International.
The survey titled "International Business Report" (IBR) released on Thursday said that optimism among Indian business owners is 71 per cent, a rise of 13 per cent, compared to the global average rise of 4 per cent. It further said that the low optimism globally is in contrast to 23 per cent observed in the first half of 2012.
Hopes of an increase in revenue (85 per cent), followed by employment opportunities (84 per cent) and profitability (71 per cent) are key factors for driving optimism among Indian businesses,.
Commenting on the report, Grant Thornton India Partner Munesh Khanna said: " "Global economic scenario and certain inherent domestic risks notwithstanding , the Indian economy, on the back of positive measures such as policy changes, mega project clearances, regulation implementation and anticipated interest rate reduction is poised to grow at an accelerated growth trajectory. This is reflected in the increased optimism levels among Indian Businesses."
The survey that covered about 3,200 business leaders in 44 economies suggested that the ongoing fears of Eurozone crisis and global uncertainty over the US "fiscal cliff" contributed to a perception of muted growth prospects globally.
Regionally, the IBR reveals a more mixed picture.
Business optimism in the emerging markets of Latin America remained relatively stable over the last year, and actually increased to 69 per cent in Q4, up from 61 per cent this time last year. The BRICS economies (34 per cent to 39 per cent) also remained consistently optimistic, while Asia Pacific (exclusively Japan) has seen a rise from 23 per cent to 28 per cent over the same period, the report said.
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/302764/india-inc-optimistic-biz-jobs.html
3 JAN, 2013, 06.50AM IST, SARITA C SINGH,ET BUREAU
Power bills to rise about 20% as govt looks to make discoms cash positive to push pricing reforms
Raising tariffs will be a shot in the arm for the sector as it will help distribution companies come out of the red and be in a position to make timely payments to generation companies
Power Finance Corporation Ltd.
BSE
212.40
5.35 (2.58%)
Vol:317707 shares traded
NSE
212.20
4.75 (2.29%)
Vol:4235570 shares traded
Prices|Financials|Company Info|Reports
NEW DELHI: Electricity bills of consumers across the country are likely to rise about 20% this year, on top of a similar increase in 2012, as the government wants to continue with pricing reforms vital for the stuttering sector.Power Secretary P Uma Shankar told ET that all lending and restructuring schemes have been linked to tariff revisions by state distribution utilities. "Every programme we are launching for distribution utilities has tariff revision as the basic eligibility condition so that there is no escape from it. The idea is to gradually make distribution companies cash positive by bridging the gap between their costs and revenues."
Some experts in the sector say the reforms process may by dented by the general elections due next year, but distribution utilities in many states, including Haryana, Punjab and Delhi, have already filed their tariff revision pleas for 2013-14 with regulators while others are in the process of doing so. Utilities were earlier not so prompt in filing tariff petitions.
Raising tariffs will be a shot in the arm for the sector as it will help distribution companies come out of the red and be in a position to make timely payments to generation companies. This will also boost Powersupply as state utilities often resort to power cutsbecause of their poor financial health even if generating companies are able to supply more electricity.
Delhi power discoms expect a 5% rise in electricity prices and about 15-20% surcharge to make up for past losses.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Executive Director Sambitosh Mohapatra said most states would see annual tariff revisions to the tune of 18-20% due to commitments made under the state debt restructuring plan, efforts to cover past revenue gaps, and increase in operating and power procurement costs because of costlier fuel.
 * |
Shankar said power distribution companies have no option but to revise tariffs every year, which is the basic condition to be eligible for any programme of the ministry. The debt restructuring package launched to wipe out the Rs 1.9-lakh-crore accumulated losses of power distribution companies mandates utilities to commit yearly tariff revisions. Under the scheme, distribution utilities will be eligible for a grant if they reduce the gap between the average cost of supply and average revenue realisation by 25% annually.
SEVERAL PRICE REVISIONS LAST YEAR
As per industry estimates, the average gap between cost and revenue in 2012-13 was likely to be 58 paise per unit, down from 75 paise estimated in 2011-12.
Shankar said about 6-7 'focus states', including Jharkhand, Haryana and Tamil Nadu, have conveyed their willingness to participate in the bailout package.
Power Finance Corp Chairman and Managing Director Satnam Singh said tariffs were bound to rise since banks and financial institutions have imposed strict conditions for lending to state distribution companies.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news/by/industry/energy/power/Power-bills-to-rise-about-20-as-govt-looks-to-make-discoms-cash-positive-to-push-pricing-reforms/articleshow/17866003.cms
3 JAN, 2013, 08.04PM IST, HARSIMRAN JULKA & JOJI THOMAS PHILIP,ET BUREAU
Home Ministry orders tapping of 1300 email ids, ordered 10,000 wire taps in last 90 days
Home Ministry ordered 10,000 wire taps in last 90 days, orders tapping of 1300 email ids
EDITORS PICK
Home Secretary RK Singh, the designated officer for authorizing a wire tap by a security agency, cleared about 4,000 fresh requests of phone surveillance, which includes tapping of about 700 overseas connections.
About 500 new email addresses of individuals have also come under the scanner, besides the 800 email idsalready under surveillance.
During the last 90 days, most requests for surveillance came from the Intelligence Bureau, followed by the Narcotics Control Bureau, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Army's Signals Intelligence Directorate, State Intelligence units followed by Police Departments of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
A top level committee with members such as the Cabinet Secretary Ajit Seth, Telecom Secretary R Chandrashekhar and Secretary at Department of Legal Affairs BA Agrawal met on December 10, to review interceptions sanctioned by the Union Home Secretary during the last 90 days. The committee meets every three months for a review of the cleared wire-taps under orders of the Supreme Court of India.
Interestingly, about 460 clearances for tapping of phones and emails were given on pretext public emergency and threat to public safety.
The committee however sought clarifications from the Intelligence Bureau for seeking to intercept about 10 'email ids at SI' (Signals Intelligence), under the pretext of public emergency and public safety.
The clarifications provided by Directorate of Revenue Intelligence and Intelligence Bureau, were later found to be in accordance with the Indian Telegraph Act, the committee members noted in the document.
According to the Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885, the government is authorized to intercept or detain messages, if satisfied that it is necessary to do so in the interests of the sovereignty, integrity, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States or public order or for preventing incitement to the commission of an offence.
Wire tapping to detect tax evasion by Income Tax authorities is however not allowed. Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT) is developing a Central Monitoring System with an estimated cost of Rs 170 crore. The software system is intended to help government bypass the need to engage telecom operators for a legal interception.
Thursday, January 3, 2013
OP-ED
Why energy price hike again?
Photo: Liton Rahman/ driknewsReyad Hasnain
Once again the government is considering energy price increase. Who gains if the prices go up? Who ends up paying for the system losses, wrong decisions and bad negotiations? Who suffers if shortage of electricity and gas continues? A definite answer to these questions is, it is us, the general people, who take on the burden at the end of the day. And who gains out of this is a matter for debate.However, the important question is: has the government no other options in hand?
Bangladesh receives an average daily solar radiation of 4-6.5 KWh/m, which is at the highest end of global average. Germany receives 2.2-3.0 KWh/m and in China it is 3.3-4.4 KWh/m. While Germany produced 7 GW through solar energy in 2011 alone, which is 20% of its total electricity production, we in Bangladesh produce only 80-100 MW. This is less than 2% of the country's total electricity production.
So, why is production of electricity through solar energy so low in Bangladesh? There may be many opinions around this, but it is certainly because of the policy that we have in place. We do not have a favourable policy which attracts investment in the solar or renewable energy sector. Renewable energy has not been given much weight by the government so far.
One can argue that solar energy is expensive and takes a lot of space and is thus not feasible for a country like Bangladesh. Wrong idea! Yes, solar energy is expensive, but how much? Is it more expensive than quick-rental plants that are now flooding the country? Certainly not.
Though it takes two to three times higher investment to generate electricity through solar energy, if we take total life cycle cost such as fuel cost, operation and maintenance cost, decommissioning cost and equipment lifetime into account, then producing electricity through solar power is more profitable.
If we can plan it properly solar energy can even be cheaper than traditional energy supply mix. While the government is paying Tk.17-20 per unit for electricity from quick-rental plants, solar energy can be produced at Tk.12-14 per unit. And with some subsidy it could come down to Tk.8-10 per unit and stabilise over the next twenty five years.
Because oil price is increasing day by day and solar energy will remain the same for next twenty years, it is evident that solar energy will be more cost effective than the current energy supply mix.
Moreover, space is not an issue. Rooftops have the potential to change the face of power generation in Bangladesh. It is for the power companies and government to understand the implications and importance. To produce 1KW with standard module, it takes only 8 sqm area. We can easily accommodate many small projects on the roofs of the big buildings. Moreover, there are many innovative solutions available to use the land we have without hampering any ongoing activities. So, neither space nor the cost is an obstacle for solar or any renewable energy. We just need to plan it right.
We know there is a huge power crisis in our country, but the various short-term solutions being offered are not the answer. The money spent on import of fuel for power generation is an enormous drain on the economy. Gas based projects are also not the answer as the country's gas supply is limited. So, a home-grown energy solution based on solar, wind and hydro can be used in Bangladesh.
Many countries have implemented alternative energy programmes, and it is time that we introduce a favourable renewable energy act which will incorporate policies like feed-in tariffs, net metering and introduction of smart grid instead of traditional grid system.
Feed-in tariffs are a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. Adopting such a policy will open up this sector in such a manner that people can generate power from their roofs for themselves and put surplus power directly into the grid, without storing in batteries first. This way, power generation through solar will become much more cost effective, and since the surplus power can be fed into the grid it will attract more investment as the return on investment will be much faster.
Similarly, net metering is a special metering and billing agreement between utility companies and users. When a net metering customer produces more power than is being consumed the electric meter runs backward, generating credits. When a net metering customer uses more power than is being produced, the meter runs forward normally. Net metering customers are charged only for the "net" power they consume from the utility company.
Only 42% of our people have accessibility to electricity, and with consumption of 146 kwh per capita Bangladesh is one of the most electricity-deprived countries in the world. Compared to 8,010 kwh per capita for developed countries and 1,170 per kwh for developing countries, we are far behind, and need to address this in a cost-efficient manner. Power price has increased in six rounds in last four years. Behind this rise is a huge concentration on energy mix of thermal resources, with oil and gas accounting for roughly over 90% of primary energy supplies. Then there is huge power supply deficit, in peak hours the gap is about 3,000 MW. If energy production capacity stays at the current level of roughly 6,000 MW, the supply deficit will likely reach above 5,000 MW by 2015.
How do we close this gap? Part of the solution lies in harnessing renewable sources. Not only are they cost-effective, they also reduce emission of pollutants and thus have a positive impact on our environment, and on the earth as a whole. Asian giants India and China are aggressively pursuing renewable energy and are already among the top five wind power producers in the world. Clearly, the future belongs to renewable energy.
So far, a slew of initiatives have been announced by the government to promote renewable energy sector. Although Bangladesh government formulated a Renewable Energy Policy in 2008, and the parliament has drafted a new law to set up a "sustainable and renewable energy development authority," progress on this front has been anything but satisfactory. The government has to play an enabling role to propel this industry from its infancy.
Unavailability of data and necessary information, lack of local expertise and government funded research and development wing, unavailability of trained personnel, and lack of support industries are some of the barriers to the rise of renewable energy in the country. On top of these, lack of proper financing is also blocking the proliferation of renewable energy in Bangladesh.
Since none of the existing relatively big projects has been past the pilot phase and the return on investment is not secured through an established feed in tariffs, prospective investors and financers are shy of these opportunities. So, there is a need to introduce incentives aiming at involving private sector and foreign investors in development of renewable resources. And the government has to take these initiatives.
The renewable energy market has become a multi-billion dollar industry in recent years. Therefore, it would not be too difficult to attract investment in this sector as more than 80 million people have no access to electricity. Moreover, the United Nations has shown interest in developing renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. It will be foolish if we cannot tap this opportunity and develop the sector in a way that would solve the country's energy crisis to a certain extent.
The writer is a director at a multinational company.
E-mail: hmreyad@hotmail.com.
http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=263569sunday, june 12, 2011
DARKNESS
It has become a common sight that angry citizens take to the streets in protesting against the abysmal power situation. Some of the areas receive only an hour of electricity every day. Police has to control the law and order situation on account of people's agitation.
State governments blame Centre for not allocating enough electricity to their states. The Governments try to blame its predecessor. The people do not buy this excuse. Who is to blame for the abysmal power situation this summer?
Those in Government find it easiest to pass the buck. The states blame the Centre. The Centre blames the states. Power is on the Concurrent List of the Constitution. Both the Centre and 
The Centre must take the rap for the shortage in generation of power. The peak power deficit-the gap between demand and supply in the summer of 2010-according to the Government's own calculations was 10.8 per cent. The responsibility for distributing available power inefficiently falls on the states. Losses in distribution average over 30 per cent across India.
At the Centre, the power, environment, coal and heavy industries ministries have in various ways acted as obstacles to the addition of capacity. In the states, populist governments and spineless electricity regulators have done little to reform ailing distribution networks. The situation is expected to get worse before it gets better.
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the main advisory body to the Union power minister, has set a target of 100,000 mw of additional power generation in the period of the 12th five-year plan between 2012 and 2017. That is what is needed to meet the power demand of an economy forecast to grow at 9 per cent per annum. The Planning Commission accepts this target but Environment Ministry does not which says that the target is "ecologically unsustainable".
Environment Ministry is worried about the impact this additional generation will have on climate change. Seventy per cent of this additional capacity is to be added through coal-based thermal power. Given the dismal record over the past 20 years, Environment Ministry need not worry about the Government m
Every major political formation has governed the country in that period none has much to be proud of in terms of performance in the power sector. The target for the 11th plan (2007-2012) has already been revised downwards from 78,700 mw to 62,374 mw. With a year and a half to go until the end of 2012, only around 50 per cent of that revised target has been achieved. Realistically speaking, the Government will do well to hit 60 per cent of its original target by the end of 2012.
The most serious bottleneck in generation is the shortage of coal. At the end of 2007, the gap between the demand and supply of coal was 35 million tonnes. It is expected to be around 83 million tonnes at the end of 2012. Says the mid-term appraisal document of the Planning Commission: "The shortage would have been even more had all the planned coal-based power plants been commissioned on time." By 2017, the shortage is forecast to be 200 million tonnes.
As per the government the shortage of domestic/imported coal affected thermal generation. Some of the blame for the shortage can be laid at the door of the environment minister whose controversial 'no-go' policy announced in 2009 imposed a ban on mining in heavily forested areas. It declared 35 per cent of forest area in nine major coal-mining zones as 'no-go' zones. That led to an immediate halt of mining activity in 203 blocks which had a potential capacity of over 600 million tonnes.
Coal Ministery argued that this ban could affect power generation to the tune of 1,30,000 mw. The matter is now before a Group of Ministers (GOM) on mining.
The fallout of the nuclear accident in Japan means that thermal power is back at the forefront. Hydro pow
Another serious bottleneck to generation is the shortage of equipment. According to a 2010 report prepared by consulting firm KPMG on the power sector, equipment shortages have been a significant reason for India missing its capacity addition targets for the 10th five-year plan. The shortage has been primarily in the core components of boilers, turbines and generators.
What may also deter private investors in the future is the inability of state electricity boards (SEB) to buy power at commercially viable rates. When India's largest thermal power generator, the Government-owned National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) recorded a mere 1 per cent growth in net profits in 2010-11, NTPC made the power stations available, but the SEBs did not draw power from those projects. This led to less generation of power and therefore less revenue. The drawdown in generation by NTPC led to a loss of 13 billion units (bu) of electricity in 2010-11. India's annual generation of power is estimated at around 800 billion units. NTPC's drawdown is 1.6 per cent of this total. If selling power to SEBs is a problem for NTPC, it is likely to be a problem for everyone else.
The combined losses of SEBs currently stands at Rs 70,000 crore. The 13th Finance Commission has forecast this figure rising to over Rs 1 lakh crore by 2014.
We cannot sustain the improvement in the quality of power supply unless tariffs are revised. Delhi's distribution companies lose Rs 1.79-1.93 per unit of power supplied to consumers. Planning Commission calculations of the financial performance of distribution companies in 20 major states (excluding Delhi and Orissa) shows that the average loss per unit supplied to the consumer was 90 paise in 2009-10. The loss per unit sold has hovered steadily between 80 paise and Re 1 between 2005 and 2010. Contrary to popular perception, Indian consumers on average pay much less for a unit of electricity than countries which are richer, both in terms of income and resources. In India, the average tariff charged is eight US cents per unit compared to 12-15 cents in Canada, South Africa and the US and 19-20 cents in much of Europe and the developing world.
India will have to start thinking like a developed country. It is imperative that tariffs are regularized.
A committee headed by former Comptroller and Auditor General V.K. Shunglu is working to recommend ways to reduce losses suffered by distribution companies. On top of the list of recommendations is reportedly the need to take action against inactive state electricity regulatory authorities which actually set the tariff.
The regulatory authorities have statutory independence but usually act under pressure from state governments. In Tamil Nadu, for example, tariffs have not been revised for seven years. In Delhi, they have not been revised for three years. That needs to change. Politicians, regulators and citizens need to recognize the need for viable tariffs.
The transmission network needs to be strengthened to encourage private investors is the principle of "open access" where they are not captive to any one SEB for sales. SEBs are also free to look outside their state to buy electricity.
posted by srijan at 3:34 am 1 comment:
links to this postemail thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebook
wednesday, may 25, 2011
ROLE OF ESCO IN ENERGY CONSERVAION
Seeing the huge scope of energy conservation the GoI with state governments is promoting investments through public-private partnerships in tapping renewable energy resources from mini hydro, solar, biomass, urban/industrial waste, cogeneration, etc. For this purpose the State Governments are notifying nodal agencies for carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
All project developers (private as well as Government) can have assistance of these designated agencies in terms of seeking carbon credits under CDM for both supply new and renewable sources of energy as well as demand (energy efficiency) side projects.
With a view to intensifying efforts towards Energy Conservation Action Plan to pursue a harmonious growth in energy efficiency different state government has nominated different organization to act as nodal agency the purpose of these is to implement energy efficiency programmes as per guide lines of BEE.
The major objectives of the Energy Conservation Action Plan are to:
· Raise the profile of energy conservation movement with the active participation of the stakeholders, in consonance with the national objectives of reducing the energy intensity of the economy.
· Identify and implement cost-effective energy efficiency programs through a sustainable mechanism;
· Encourage energy efficiency activities by drawing upon the prevailing best practices relevant to the state and keeping in mind the national programs and activities being launched by BEE. These include the concerns of state electricity regulator in the domain of energy end-use efficiencies and focused demand-side man agement (DSM) initiatives.
· Encourage a spurt towards professional activities with adequate emphasis on self regulation and market principles, and monitoring and evaluation of programs through quantitative metrics (performance indicators).
· Create consumer awareness vis-├а-vis energy conservation and energy efficiency consumer information and provide training opportunities for key professionals such as energy managers and auditors, building designers, government officials, and facility managers.
· Protect and enhance the local, national and global environment.
Towards the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Program the different states are taking up Governmental Buildings to begin with. The governmental building sector offers substantial energy saving potential in both new and existing building constructions. One of the major drivers for energy efficiency will come from the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) launched by BEE in May 2007. The Governments are announcing the mandatory following measures applicable to the governmental sector:-
· Issuing notifications regarding the mandatory use of solar water heating systems,
· Use of compact fluorescent lamps,
· Use of BIS marked pump sets in government and private buildings, including industries and
· Use of solar water heating systems made mandatory in buildings having an area of more than 500 sq yard.
Towards the beginning the state governments are going ahead with replacement of incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) in all government buildings and offices, including government guest houses, offices of board, corporations, cooperative organizations and municipalities. Further the SDAs are adopting strategies related to existing buildings in addition to ECBC to tap the energy saving potential in new construction/ existing buildings
SDAs play an important role in developing better guidance on conducting building energy audits and developing commercial building energy use benchmarks (kWh/sq. m.) that would help in screening potential retrofit projects and help organizations set performance targets against peer benchmarks.
There is a vast scope to improve energy efficiency in office buildings, hospitals, schools and universities. Several studies have shown that avenues to curtail energy use to the extent of 30-50% in end uses such as lighting, cooling, ventilation, refrigeration, etc. The potential is largely untapped partly because of lack of an effective delivery mechanism. Performance contracting through ESCOs is an innovative process.
An energy service company (acronym: ESCO or ESCo) is a commercial business providing a broad range of comprehensive energy solutions including designs and implementation of energy savings projects, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation and energy supply, and risk management.
The ESCO performs an in-depth analysis of the property, designs an energy efficient solution, installs the required elements, and maintains the system to ensure energy savings during the payback period. The savings in energy costs is often used to pay back the capital investment of the project over a five- to twenty-year period, or reinvested into the building to allow for capital upgrades that may otherwise be unfeasible. If the project does not provide returns on the investment, the ESCO is often responsible to pay the difference.
There is a draw back in this concept particularly to energy sector in India as in most of the cases the base line data of energy consumption is not available, for example if the ESCO is appointed say for replacement of all agriculture pumps with energy efficient pump sets (EEPS), investment is to be made by ESCO, it has to replace all inefficient pumps and then also it has to take care of their replacement within specified payback period, the saving thus achieved is to be distributed between ESCO and the employing agency. But here comes the main problem who will tell the saving? How the saving can be calculated as the base line data is not available. Most of the supply in agriculture sector is un-metered at consumer end even the sub station meters of secondary substation are not having proper metering. Even if the meter is working properly then there is no maintenance of records. Further most of the feeders has a mixed load so there is no method to calculate the net saving in energy after energy efficient device is installed by the ESCO. Same is the case with street lights where lies a huge potential by replacing sodium vapor lamps with LED, here again base line data is not available for the purpose of evaluation.
posted by srijan at 6:42 am 1 comment:
links to this postemail thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebook
monday, april 18, 2011
Energy Efficiency In SME Sector
As per the energy policy of GoI power to be made available to all by 2012. One of the strategies to improve power scenario includes promotion of energy efficiency and its conservation in the country, this is found to be the most cost effective option to augment the gap between demand and supply. Nearly 25,000 MW of capacity creation through energy efficiency in the electricity sector alone has been estimated in India.
National Productivity Council (NPC), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, was asked by BEE to undertake the study of energy saving potential in all 35 states / UTs. The study focused only on estimation of the total electricity consumption and saving potential in different sectors of each state / UT. The potential for savings is about 15% of the electricity consumption. The sector wise aggregated potential at the national level is as under:
S.No. | Sector | Consumption (Billion KWh) | Saving Potential (Billion KWh) |
1. | Agriculture Pumping | 92.33 | 27.79 |
2. | Commercial Buildings/ Establishments with connected load > 500 KW | 9.92 | 1.98 |
3. | Municipalities | 12.45 | 2.88 |
4. | Domestic | 120.92 | 24.16 |
5. | Industry (Including SMEs) | 265.38 | 18.57 |
Total | 501.00 | 75.36 |
The BEE study pertaining to SME revealed the overall saving potential of the clusters is about 72,432 TOE (Tonnes of oil equivalents) which is 27.4 per cent of the total energy consumption in SMEs.
Though, large numbers of SMEs, located in clusters in various states of the countries, have large potential for energy savings, there is not much authentic information and data available with respect to their energy consumption and energy saving opportunities.
Energy Efficiency in the SME sector assumes importance because of the prevailing high costs of energy and supply related concerns.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is implementing a program (BEE's SME Program) to improve the energy performance in selected SME clusters.
The project will conduct situation assessment of 35 (maximum) clusters in the country to assess the situation vis-├а-vis the number of operating units, energy usage, potential for saving energy and probable impact of intervention. This will lead to identification of clusters for intervention. A Technology and Energy Use Analysis in identified clusters will be carried out that will identify in detail the prevalent technologies in the sector, audits them for energy use on a sample basis and identify opportunities for energy saving through either changes in technology or through best practices. This study will also identify possible sources of technology and/or expertise in different clusters as the case may be.
Because of the similar characteristics like geographical location, markets, products manufactured, technology, development issues and common pool of resources, cluster based approach has been undertaken while working with SMEs. Generally this has been found to be resource efficient and effective.
The project will pool available resources as those from WB and UNDP which have already shown interest in partnerships with BEE for undertaking work on EE with the MSME sector in India. Thus the project will limit drawing of GoI to such levels as may be required after financing from WB UNDP-GEF has been made available
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) has agreed in principal to capitalise on the DPRs prepared under the BEE's SME program. MoMSME proposes to provide financial support for implementation of the technologies identified in these DPRs.
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) will also act on similar lines and will provide subsidized finance for implementation of energy efficiency technologies as identified in the DPRs. A MoU in this regard has already been signed.
BEE is also the Implementing Agency for GEF (Global Environment Facility) 'Programmatic Framework for Energy Efficiency in India in which World Bank & UNIDO are the GEF agencies working on Energy Efficiency in SME clusters. World Bank would work in 5 clusters & UNIDO in 12 clusters.
Bureau of Energy efficiency has taken a nationwide energy efficiency program covering 25 SME clusters. Which include Cold Storage, Carpet, Pottery, Brass, Foundry and Glass Clusters.
Stake Holders for implementing EE in SME are-
- Government.
- Development Agencies.
- Energy Consultants.
- ESCOs.
- Manufacturing Companies
- Lenders.
Role of the Government is to encourage the SME to adapt EE measures, educate them, give them incentives for taking up energy efficiency, encourage them to identify EE projects The role of ESCO is also very important as it has to adopt modern technology for implementation of the EE project it has to educate the SME by telling him the benefits of the EE project. ESCO has to prepare the DPR with simple calculation for the payback and debt serving feasibility. The DPR should be easily understood by SME and the lender. The most important stake holder is the SME, as he is the ultimate beneficiary. Therefore he must have the orientation to implement the EE program and motivation and inclination towards EE program, he must understand the project. It is therefore important to-
motivate the SME.
-
motivate other stakeholders.
links to this postemail thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebook
sunday, march 27, 2011
Agriculture Demand Side Management (Ag DSM)
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is a statutory body under Ministry of Power, Government of India. The mission of BEE is to institutionalize energy efficiency services, enable delivery mechanism in the country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in all the sectors. The primary goal of the Bureau is to reduce the energy intensity in the Indian economy.
Seeing the supply and demand gap the DSM has become the need of the hour. Maharastra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd (MSEDCL), called Mahadiscom or Mahavitran in short has taken a lead towards DSM, the company started taking measures towards load management in 2005 by increasing the tariff for increased consumption and decrease in tariff for reduced consumption compared to the last year.
The Maharastra Electricity Regulatory Commission has provided for a Charge as well as a Rebate, consumers were incentivised to reduce demand through better planning and utilization of electricity, rather than by fiat. Since then the MSEDCL has a provision of LMC (Load Management Charges) in its tariff. It has been observed that rural areas has a tremendous scope in load management as the pump sets used for irrigation purpose are highly inefficient and since the tariff applicable for them is flat rate tariff the farmers have least interest in efficiency of the equipments hence there is a need of Agriculture DSM. State of UP has yet to incorporate LMC.. UPERC in its tariff order has emphasized the need of DSM, as per ERC "The effect of Demand Side Management should reflect in lesser purchase of costly power due to effective energy conservation measures. This shall reduce the revenue requirement of the DISCOMS. The cost of such DSM projects would be offset by the savings in power purchase cost due to reduction in demand. This should be represented as a separate cost element which shall be allowed by the Commission as a part of the Annual Revenue Requirement of the DISCOMS".
In order to accelerate energy efficiency measures in agriculture sector, BEE has initiated an Agriculture Demand Side Management (Ag DSM) programme in which pump set efficiency upgradation would be carried out through Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. The objective of the program is to create appropriate framework for market based interventions in agricultural pumping sector by facilitating conducive policy environment to promote Public Private Partnership (PPP) to implement the projects.
Under this scheme of BEE, first Pilot Ag DSM project was launched at Mangalwedha subdivision of Solapur Circle in Maharashtra. This first pilot Ag DSM project covers 3530 agricultural pumps connected on five feeders (Bramhapuri, Nandeshwar, Borale, Bhose & Kharatwadi) in Mangalwedha & Pandharpur subdivisions. (All the five feeders are segregated agricultural feeders, feeding power to mostly agriculture pumps under the service areas)
The Detailed Project Report (DPR) is prepared after an exhaustive survey and detailed energy audit study of the pump sets in the pilot area. During the energy audit study detailed information (about all the agricultural consumers) such as details about pumps (number, Type, make, age and rating), water requirements / consumption, status of meter installation, number of harvesting
cycles, cropping pattern, underground water level in different seasons, power supply pattern and socio-economic conditions etc. is collected and analyzed.
This detailed project report provides an insight to Pump manufacturers / Energy Service Company for making investments in implementing energy efficiency measures on rural pump set feeders. The intervention would lead to lower energy supply on the feeder, and hence, could result in lower subsidized energy sale by utilities and lessen the subsidy to be paid by the State Government.
The salient features of the DPR are as below-
• Most of the pump motors (60-70%) have been rewound one or two times.
• Low voltage up to 290 V at consumer end is observed for few DTR.
• The workmanship quality for pump set installation was poor. No capacitors Connected to agricultural pumps.
• Even though the power availability is for 10 to 12 hours, intermittent power failures are observed frequently.
• It is also observed that most of the DTR's are overloaded leading to frequent transformer failures.
• The major reasons for pump set failure and lower discharge output was erratic power supply and cases of extreme low voltage.
Due to huge gap in the demand – supply situation of the state power grid, the agriculture feeders are faced with severe load shedding.Thus, whenever power is available most of the pump sets are automatically switched ON to supply water for irrigation. The farmers have made provisions for automatic starting of pumps. This is carried out either by auto-starter or starter is kept in on condition, continuously during the season, defeating interlocks.
Actual Pump set rating higher than name plate rating: It is also been observed that even though sanctioned demand is 3 HP or 5 HP, power rating of most of the pump sets is higher than sanctioned demand. The reason for measured power consumption rating higher than sanctioned demand is that most of the farmers have rewound the pump sets suitably to draw more power and deliver higher water discharge. Since farmers are charged on flat HP basis this results in potential revenue loss to DISCOM. This is the major reason for no encouragement for deployment of more efficient pumps. It is difficult to make the farmers agree to have their pumps replaced, as it requires repeated efforts to make the farmers fully conversant to the objectives of the project. Hence social opposition is expected for metering of power supply at pump level. But there will not be that much opposition for metering at transformer level.
The farmers have reported extreme low voltage as the major cause for motor burnouts and lower pump output. The pump set selection by farmers is mainly driven by voltage constraint (Voltage imbalance) and water level variations.
Pump set Installations: The pump sets installation is inappropriate with lack of proper foundation and footings. The ground surface water pump sets are merely placed on wooden planks and not properly anchored to the ground. The pump sets are observed with high vibration levels, which also contribute to lower operating efficiency.
The efficiency measured for these pumps is in the range of 15 % to 30 %. Only a small fraction of pump sets have efficiency below 10 % and above 55%. Pumps with efficiency below 10% are due to a combination of several factors like use of frequently rewound motors, non standard pumps, no maintenance, poor selection of pump, extremely low water depth, low voltage supply leading to lower output and higher power consumption. Pumps with higher efficiency than 55 % are due to recent installations and are very few in numbers.
Parameters Affecting Pump Set Efficiency Performance
There are various parameters that could affect the pump set efficiency performance. Parameters identified that could affect the pump performance are listed below -
• Energy Inefficient Pump Sets
• Improper pump selection and usage.
• Undersized pipes.
• Suction head Variations and large discharge lengths.
• Inefficient foot valves and piping system.
• Motor rewinding and low voltage profile
• Water table variations
• Other common causes
Energy Inefficient Pump Sets
· Due to lack of awareness about energy efficiency and flat HP based tariff structure for agricultural sector, energy aspect is overlooked by the farmers while selecting the pump sets.
· For conventional pump sets the efficiency variation with respect to change in flow and head is very high. At both the extreme ends of the pump curves (head Vs flow) the efficiency of the pump set is low. However better designed Energy Efficient Pump Sets (EEPS) have a flat top efficiency characteristic, so that any reduction in efficiency away from the 'Best Efficiency Point' (BEP) is small. As guaranteed by energy efficient pump manufacturers the difference in best efficiency of a good design is marginal and at the most up to 3% to 4%. The energy efficient pump sets could be selected to match the capacity and head requirements and to operate at BEP during the normal operating conditions. This will result in maximum energy savings, as compared to present inefficient pumps. Improper Pump Selection and Usage
· The educational level of the Indian farmers is not adequate to understand the technological aspects of pump operation. This leads to lack of awareness on pump selection, operation & maintenance. The improper selection and operation leads to poor efficiencies and wastage of energy.
· Field study has indicated that average overall efficiency of the pump sets is around 28%.
· The lower efficiency is also due to improper selection of pumps and mismatching prime movers and due to inferior quality of the pumps being marketed. The selection of the pumps should be governed by the characteristic curves i.e. the efficiencies in the various ranges of flow and head valves and for normal operating condition, the efficiency should be maximum.
Baseline Energy Consumption
For implementing the Ag DSM it is most important to know the base line energy consumption (BEC) of specified pump sets connected on pilot project feeder. The BEC was estimated for FY 2009 (Base year) by two different approaches specified below. One approach is based on past consumption data whereas other approach will be based on the detailed audit study undertaken in the region.
1. Approach 1: Here baseline energy consumption of existing pump sets connected on pilot project feeder lines is estimated based on last three year annual consumption data and monthly consumption data of metered consumers in the region (Mangalvedha sub division).
· In this approach the average consumption norms for metered consumers are applied to the non metered consumers in pilot project to arrive at their monthly consumption. This approach is also approved by MERC in determining the tariff of agricultural consumers.
· The baseline energy consumption for 2221 agriculture pumps operating under the 4 feeders has been arrived based on data available from MSEDCL.
· The metered consumers are categorized on the basis of sanctioned HP load and their monthly average consumption is taken as representative for that particular HP category pump consumption norms to arrive at the total consumption of 2221 pump sets considered under the pilot project. For the purpose, 2221 pump sets are segregated based on their sanctioned demand on HP basis.
· The baseline energy consumption arrived at Approach 1 is cross verified based on last three year annual energy consumption by project feeder lines. The four pilot project feeders are segregated agricultural feeders supplying power to agriculture consumers. However there are few residential consumers that are also connected on these feeders.
· The annual energy consumption for all the four project feeder lines for last 3 years is provided by MSEDCL. The last three year average energy consumption and average distribution loss levels for Maharashtra state is used for estimating the baseline energy consumption, the annual average energy consumption for all four project feeder lines is 21.16 MU at the MSEDCL substation end which also includes distribution losses. MSEDCL average distribution losses are 26.2 %. The baseline consumption attributable for 2221 pump sets is arrived at after deducting the losses from last three year annual energy consumption. Thus the baseline consumption is about 15.62 MU.
2. Approach 2: As per this approach, baseline energy consumption of existing pump sets of pilot Ag DSM project is estimated based on detailed audit study. The average operating efficiency and average input power in kW, for existing pump sets of different types such as monoblock, submersible and flexible coupling and for different HP ratings are estimated after analyzing the field study measurements.
· This average energy efficiency and average input power norms along with assumptions of average operating hours has been applied to total no of pump sets categorized as per their ratings and types to arrive at baseline energy consumption by total 2221 number of pumps sets connected on project feeder lines.
· As discussed in earlier sections, even though the supply isavailable for 8 to 10 hours on daily basis, not all the pump sets operate continuously. The reasons identified for not all the pump sets operating continuously are, varying irrigation requirements, non availability of water in the well, non availability of farmer to switch the pump set on and pump sets under repairs. Hence annual average operating hours are used to estimate the baseline energy consumption of all the pump sets connected on project feeder lines.
· Based on last 3 years annual average energy consumption of 21.16 MU recorded at the substation end of project feeder lines and MSEDCL distribution losses of 26.2% the energy consumption for 2221 pump sets is arrived at 15.62 MU. Where as baseline energy consumption as per approach 1 is 16.49 MU. The sum of average input power for all the pump sets is around 9523 kW based on energy audit study. Average operating hours for all the pump sets is estimated based on this information as provided below,
Annual Average Operating Hours=Energy Consumption ,15.62 MU *10^6
= 1640
Sum of average input power for all the pump sets, 9523 kW
Annual Average Operating Hours =Energy Consumption ,16.49 MU * 10^6= 1732
Sum of average input power for all the pump sets, 9523 kW
· Thus the annual average operating hours for all the pump sets connected on project feeder lines are estimated as 1640 and 1732. However, to be on conservative side average operating hours are assumed to be 1640.
· The annual average operating hours of 1640 are multiplied by the average input power per pump set and total number of pump sets for each categorized based on rating and type to estimate the baseline energy consumption.
· As per load shedding protocol electricity supply hours of MSEDCL can not be less than 8 hours per day i.e. 2920 hrs per annum. In addition analysis of historical data for past several years with regards to water availability, seasonal variation and cropping pattern, indicate that the water availability and seasonal variation will remain the same in future years and will not have any impact on pump set operating hours. Hence the assumption of 1640 annual average operating hours stands appropriately.
· Thus the baseline energy consumption based on approach 2 is 15.23 MU. Since the baseline consumption estimate based on approach 2 is on very conservative side it is used in the preceding sections to estimate energy saving potential.
Estimates of Energy Saving Potential
1. The energy could be saved by improving the overall system efficiency either by partial rectification or by complete replacement.
2. The partial rectification covers the options other than replacement of pump sets (Motor & Pump) as listed below,
• Replacement of inefficient foot valves
• Removal of unnecessary pipe lengths
• Removal of unnecessary bends
• Reduction in height of pipe above the ground
• Replacement of GI pipes with HDPE/PVC pipes
• Installation of capacitor banks for improving power factor
3. With partial replacement, farmers benefit in terms of more water discharge from the existing pumping system. However the reduction in energy requirement is marginal.
4. The complete replacement also covers the replacement of existing pump set with energy efficient pump set along with the options covered under partial rectification. Even though the complete rectification requires huge investment it leads to significant energy savings and reduced line loadings. In the DPR the option of replacement of exiting pump sets with energy efficient pump sets along with the replacement of foot valves is considered.
5. The rating of energy efficient pump sets for the replacement of existing pump sets is arrived at after analyzing the maximum possible head and current water discharge requirement. With the help of pump set manufacturers each pump set data is analyzed to propose energy efficient pump set along with its efficiency value. The energy efficient pump sets are selected in a way so as to operate in the range where the pump set efficiency curve is almost flat. As per the pump manufacturers, the maximum variation in the efficiency of these new pump sets will not be more than 3% to 4 %. The overall weighted average operating efficiency for energy efficient pump sets is arrived at 48.9%. However, to be on conservative side overall average operating efficiency for energy efficient pump sets is considered as 45 % (whereas that of non standard pump set is only 28%) to estimate the energy saving potential by replacement of all 2221 pump sets. The assumption of 45 % of overall average operating efficiency which is 4 % less than the actual, provides enough margin for the actual efficiency variation due to water level variations.
6. The overall average operating efficiency of 45% is used to arrive at revised average input power rating for energy efficient pump sets. The energy saving potential is estimated only for improvement in the system efficiency due to replacement of existing pump sets with energy efficient pump sets. The detail estimates of energy saving potential shows that the Overall consumption of existing pump sets is work out to be 15,617,923 units, where as with energy efficient pump sets the consumption will go down to 9,487,825 units for same average operating hours. This leads to the savings of 6,130,098 units i.e. 6.13 MU, The replacement of existing pump sets with energy efficient pump sets would lead to energy saving.
The percentage energy saving is calculated based on estimates-
Percentage Energy Savings= [(Energy Consumption by Existing Pump sets – Energy Consumption by Energy Efficient Pump Sets ) * 100]/(Energy Consumption by Existing Pump sets)= 40%
Thus implementations of Ag DSM projects offer opportunity to reduce overall energy consumption, cut down energy bill to the farmers, reduces subsidy burdens on then distribution companies and state governments and mitigate the energy short situation while improving the water extraction efficiency. However for sustainable investment in Ag DSM projects it is required to develop business models to assure sustainability of the savings for loan repayments and to provide adequate incentives to the investors.
MSEDCL utilizes a part of Load Management Charge (LMC) Fund collected under a tariff regulation for replacement of old inefficient pumps with new higher energy efficiency pump sets and contract out repair and maintenance of pumps and certain aspects of project works to a project contractor (DISCOM Mode).
7. With the above-noted background in mind and after taken in to account the possible financing options, different business models have been developed and categorized as DISCOM Mode, ESCO Mode and HYBRID Mode as described below,
· MSEDCL utilizes a part of Load Management Charge (LMC) Fund collected under a tariff regulation for replacement of old inefficient pumps with new higher energy efficiency pump sets and contract out repair and maintenance of pumps and certain aspects of project works to a project contractor (DISCOM Mode). (100% investment by the DISCOM)
· An ESCO which has a contract with MSEDCL finances and implements the project; the ESCO would borrow the project debt and repay it from project revenues (ESCO Mode). (100% investment by the ESCO). In this model benefit savings to be retained by ESCO is 95%.
· ESCO provides part of project funds through debt & equity and sign a contract with MSEDCL, whereas part of the project fund would be contributed by MSEDCL through LMC fund (HYBRID Mode). (67% investment by the DISCOM, 33% investment by the ESCO). In this model benefit savings to be retained by ESCO is 55%.
Since HVDS has not been implemented on the selected feeders, electric motors may burn out frequently due to poor voltage profile. Therefore, the risks involved for ESCOs/Project Contractors in the above discussed business models (DISCOM Mode and ESCO Mode) are high, which may lead to low participation from the interested bidders (ESCOs) for project implementation.
8. In order to motivate ESCOs to undertake the project, a hybrid solution has been proposed in which MSEDCL will be required to contribute upfront a portion of total investment from the LMC fund so that ESCOs and their lenders' risks are minimized. This would be a significant amount and may be an important factor for an ESCO to get loan from the lender.
Monetary Savings/ Benefit to MSEDCL
1. The major benefit of pump set efficiency improvement is to farmers by way of either increased water discharge output per unit of power consumed or same water discharge with lower power consumption.
2. Replacement of existing pump sets with correctly selected, better designed energy efficient pumps having higher efficiency for the same head range will give same water output and consumes lesser power. Benefits to MSEDCL due to lower power consumption by energy efficient agriculture pumps are estimated for sale of energy to all consumers at an average cost of supply.
3. MSEDCL revenue billed per unit is used as a proxy to average tariff. Average Cost of Supply for FY 08 is estimated from actual revenue from sale of power and actual energy sales to all consumers as provided comes out to be Rs 3.62 / kWh. Agricultural consumers are supplied at subsidized metered tariff of Rs 1.10 per kWh whereas average power tariff is Rs 3.62 / kWh. Hence MSEDCL is benefited due to reduction in agricultural energy consumption. In addition to this the revenue realization or collection efficiency from agricultural consumers in Mangalvedha sub division is only 18 %, which also leads to additional financial losses to MSEDCL, and could be avoided due to saved energy. Thus the saved energy could be sold to other consumers at an average rate of Rs. 3.62 per kWh (FY 08 Actual). The benefit analysis from MSEDCL's perspectives, considering the benefits of sale of saved energy to other consumers and reduction in financial losses pertaining to lower collection efficiency from agricultural consumers is provided in Table 31 below. However, at conservative side the collection efficiency of 60 % is assumed to estimate revenue collection loss due to saved energy.
As per calculations in the DPR the total investment needed for replacement of 2,221 existing pump sets will be Rs 432.8 Lakh, whereas MSEDCL's revenue from sale of saved energy to other consumers at Rs 3.62 / kWh is Rs. 221.91 Lakh. However there is reduction in MSEDCL's revenue at collection efficiency of 60 %, due to reduction in energy sale to agricultural consumers due to energy saved. At unit rate of Rs 1.10 /kWh for agricultural consumers and at collection efficiency of 60 % revenue from agricultural consumers comes out to be Rs. 40.46 Lakh. In addition to this, to ensure sustainable savings MSEDCL has to ensure proper R&M. The annual R&M cost is Rs 35.72 Lakhs, employee cost is Rs 6.6 Lakh and annual testing cost is Rs. 1.1 Lakh. Thus the net annual benefit to MSEDCL is Rs. 138.02 Lakh. This work out to be a simple payback period of 3 years.
PILOT AG-DSM PROJECT AT SOLAPUR
Based on these estimates, the detailed project financial analysis for a period of 10 years is carried out for project implementation through ESCO Mode and DISCOM Mode, whereas for HYBRID Mode financial analysis is carried out for 5 years. The project cash flows and summary benefits for all the three business models is provided in sections below.
1. The financial model indicates the economic viability for implementation of Ag DSM pilot project through ESCO Mode with Project IRR of 19.21% for a project cycle of 10 years(Simple payback Period – 5 years). Where as project implementation through DISCOM Mode by MSEDCL utilising LMC fund, the Project IRR is 33.5% for a project cycle of 10 years (Simple Pay Back Period – 3 years).
2. Implementation of project through HYBRID Mode, where ESCO invests 33% of total investment (Rs. 4.33 Crores) and retains 55% of net savings, the project IRR is 27.27% for ESCO where as for MSEDCL the project IRR is 12.83% for a project cycle of 5 years (Simple Pay Back Period – 4 years).
3. 1 The cash flow statements over a ten year period for ESCO Mode & DISCOM Mode business model have been worked out. Where as for HYBRID Mode business model the cash flow statements are worked out for five year period .
4. For all the three business models, provision of tax on profits has been considered at the rate of 33.99%. Project implementation through HYBRIDE Mode business model provides a reasonable IRR of 27.27 % for ESCO & 12.83 % for DISCOM for project cycle period of five years. Where as for other business models the project cycle is 10 years. Hence HYBRIDE Mode business model indicate good financial viability and ensures minimum risk for project investors.
5. In the context of the agricultural DSM project, energy consumption in the baseline and project scenarios and consequently energy savings can be determined under two different approaches:
· One is the project monitoring and verification (M&V) approachthat determines energy savings based on monitored values of efficiency parameters like head, flow and energy consumption.
· Other approach uses standard values of pumping efficiency (baseline and project pumps) and usage hours to arrive at energy savings called the deemed savings approachContractually; ESCOs must stand behind technical performance and specific efficiency of the systems and equipment they install. These are key values in the M&V savings calculation. Other values in the savings equation, i.e., operating hours can be estimated using baseline energy consumption data and then stipulated in the project contract. In this way, the ESCO is not exposed to uncontrollable risks, but does assume responsibility for system efficiency. The Discom and State Government in effect, assume the uncontrollable risks. If the ESCO is paid based on the agreed value of its capital investment and delivered services, this formulation can produce equitable results.
· For this reason, from the point of view of the ESCO and its lender, a Deemed savings approach may be appropriate. This would involve pre- and post performance demonstration of a sample of pumps by a third-party firm to estimate savings per pump set basis. This information is then be used to stipulate savings based on the operating hours estimated using baseline energy consumption data for the entire project area. Periodic sampling of pump set efficiencies during the course of the contract period is important to account for any deterioration of savings and to confirm that the ESCO is meeting its warranty obligations. Even if a Deemed savings approach is used to determine payments to the ESCO, the Discom can implement a monitoring and verification savings approach for all feeders and pump sets to gather the most accurate information.
Carbon Credit Benefits
a. The responsibility of registering the pilot project for availing carbon credits will be with the ESCO.
b. The ESCO shall prepare the Project Design Document and obtain required approval from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
c. All required and relevant data, technical support and necessary documents will be provided to the ESCO by MSEDCL on a timely basis to support the ESCO's application for carbon credit.
d. The benefits of carbon credits as applicable can be solely availed by the ESCO.
Based on above DPR the MSEDCL invited RFP for implementing Ag DSM in the state of Maharastra.
Proposed structure of the project
Hybrid Business Model has been proposed with AgIA (Agriculture Implementing Agency) providing the initial capital investment through debt & equity, whereas MSEDCL would be providing the support through annual payment from LMC fund and energy savings.( MSEDCL utilizes a part of Load Management Charge (LMC) Fund collected under a tariff regulation for replacement of old inefficient pumps with new higher energy efficiency pump sets and contract out repair and maintenance of pumps and certain aspects of project works to a project contractor (DISCOM Mode).
Brief Roles and Responsibilities of the AgIA
The AgIA shall be responsible for dismantling the existing pump sets, procurement of new EEPS. (Electricity Efficient Pumps)
-
Installation, maintenance and repair/replacement. AgIA shall also be responsible for financing, implementing and operating the Project. The AgIA shall procure EEPS and install them with following minimum specifications:-
· BEE Star rated Pump sets - 4star & above as per the existing available models in the Market
- Wide-voltage (should be operating at low voltage) Monoblock , open well submersible and bore well Submersible pump sets.
- The discharge rate of the EEPS shall not be lower than the existing pump sets of the farmers.
- EEPS installed shall be of the same type (Monoblock / Open well Submersible /Bore well Submersible) as the existing pump sets.
- Low-friction foot valves conforming to relevant ISI Standard & specification and
-
The AgIA shall install EEPS with capacitor banks of relevant ratings as per the pump set requirement.
Farmers shall be provided EEPS free of cost. They will also be provided with free installation of the EEPS. The EEPS shall be procured with a minimum warranty of 12 months (1 year) by pump set manufactures. The total R&M of 60 months shall be provided with no cost to the farmers by the AgIA.
The AgIA shall dismantle the existing pumps and keep an inventory of old pumps (with proper tagging of consumer ID) for one year. Disposal of old pumps should then be undertaken in a manner that precludes their use or reinstallation in any form anywhere in India. The AgIA shall provide a written assurance to MSEDCL describing the manner of disposal. MSEDCL shall have the right to audit or hire a third-party auditor to confirm the appropriate disposal of all old pumps. The disposal of old pumps shall be carried\ out in the following manner:
· Photograph of old and new pump-set with consumer details shall be taken
· Before disposal of old pump sets, a hole of appropriate size shall be made in the pump set in the presence of Third Party Request for Proposal Ag DSM Pilot Project MSEDCL
The term of the project shall be for a period of five years from the Effective Date of completion of replacement of all the existing pumps with EEPS. The start date shall be when all EEPS have been commissioned by AgIA.
The AgIA shall be responsible for dismantling the existing pump sets, planning the procurement, installation and initial testing of new EEPS within six months from the date of signing of the contract with MSEDCL.
A Third Party agency in the presence of AgIA and MSEDCL shall test all the existing pump sets as well as the new EEPS at the time of replacement. The base-line and energy savings for the first six months shall be estimated based on this initial testing & average annual hours of operation of pump sets - 1640 Hrs (deemed savings approach).
For subsequent period of the project, a stratified random sampling technique shall be used to select the pump sets to be tested. Stratification criteria shall be the type and the rating of the pump sets. An estimated size of 10% of the total no. of pump sets shall be tested randomly every year.
The sample pump sets shall be tested by Third Party in the presence of MSEDCL and AgIA annually for demonstrating the savings. The pump sets shall be selected randomly every year based on the approach mentioned in above clause.
This information is then be used to stipulate annual savings based on the estimate of the average operating hours / annum (1640 Hrs) (Deemed Saving Approach)
Third party monitoring and verification agency could be a local NGO / Technical Institute etc.
Support given by MSEDCL
1. MSEDCL shall provide to the AgIA the data and support necessary for implementing the tasks stated above.
2. MSEDCL shall install meters on all pump sets connected on five project Feeders.
3. MSEDCL shall make payments on quarterly basis to the AgIA based on "guaranteed savings demonstrated/achieved as per following-
a. Energy savings sharing %
The percentage sharing between MSEDCL andAgIA shall be as follow,
Draft Contract/Agreement Ag DSM Pilot Project
1. % retained with MSEDCL: .........70%.................
2. % shared with AgIA: ………30%………..
b. Base level energy consumption
Baseline energy consumption is estimated based on KW measured at the motor input terminal of all the pumps prior to the replacement of the existing Pump sets multiplied by operating hours of 1640 Hrs per annum as specified in bidding documents / DPR. The baseline established remains same for 5 years of the project. Energy consumption by EEPS For first six months of the term - based on the initial testing & average annual hours of operation of pump sets of 1640 Hrs. For subsequent period of the project – based on the testing of sample of 10% of EEPS selected randomly every year & average annual hours of operation of pump sets ofb1640 Hrs. Quantum of energy saved or "guaranteed annual energy savings" Base level energy consumption minus the Energy Consumption by EEPS (Item no.5-Item no.6)
c. Periods for Demonstration of "guaranteed annual energy savings
i. Initially, at the time of replacement of all the old pumps by EEPS
ii. After a period of six months from the start date of the project
iii. Then every year from the second demonstration for the balanced project period
d. Pricing of energy savings
i. "Energy savings shall be priced at Rs 2.70 / kWh for a project period of five years
4. MSEDCL shall ensure good power supply quality and load management system in pilot area.
5. MSEDCL shall provide necessary support to the AgIA at the field level, as may be required by AgIA from time to time, including, amongst others, regarding access to consumer premises, replacement of existing pump sets, recovering old pump sets and signing ownership agreement with the farmer/consumer.
Implementation of Ag DSM in Other States
About 50% of Indian populations are farmers. About 20% of the farmers have electric pumps. Hence, only 10% of population directly benefit from agricultural electricity use. Lack of perennial rivers made ground water tapping a prerequisite in irrigation in south India. This has led to an increase in consumption of electricity by agricultural sector. 73% of Indian population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture.. In most of the states, agricultural consumption is un-metered. Consumers pay a flat rate tariff which is also highly subsidized. As a result there is further wastage of electricity by using sub standard pump sets.
On the basis of the DPR prepared by Mahrastra for implementing Ag DSM the potential of energy saving is upto 40% and as per estimation of BEE Overall electricity savings(from 20 million pumps) all over India is estimated at 62.1 billion units annually.
Taking the case of state of Uttar Pradesh ( For the basis of calculation to apply for all India for analysis purpose) based on the approved ARR, the average cost of supply for FY 2009-10 works out to Rs. 4.17/kWh (Rs 17,791 cr/ 42,661 MUs). Thus earning by sale of this saved energy to other consumers can be calculated as following-
ACS= Rs 4.17/unit
Cost of supply to Ag= Rs 1.10 /unit
Cost saving =4.17-1.10=Rs 3.07/unit
Total revenue earning by sale to other consumer = 62.1*10^9*3.07/10^7
= Rs.19065 Cr
For above saving the following investment shall be required towards implementing Ag DSM-
As per the DPR of Mahavitran for connected pumping load of 9523 kW investment required = Rs 583.2 Lakh
Taking the above to be true for India scenario the investment required may be to the tune of 1,00,000 Cr.
In case the project is implemented through an ESCO mode, the energy savings would be shared between ESCO and Discom. Assuming 95% of the proposed energy savings is shared with ESCO for 10 years. The financial model indicates the economic viability for implementation of Ag DSM pilot project throughESCO Mode with Project IRR of 19.21% for a project cycle of 10 years(Simple payback Period – 5 years). With CDM Benefits taken in to account the project IRR improves to 22.8%.
http://www.electricityinindia.com/Electricity sector in India
,_Ahmedabad.jpg)
The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 210.936 GW as of November 2012,[1] the world's fifth largest. Captive power plants generate an additional 31.5 GW. Non Renewable Power Plants constitute 88.55% of the installed capacity and 12.45% of Renewable Capacity[2]. India generated 855 BU (855 000 MU i.e. 855 TWh[3]) electricity during 2011-12 fiscal.
In terms of fuel, coal-fired plants account for 56% of India's installed electricity capacity, compared to South Africa's 92%; China's 77%; and Australia's 76%. After coal, renewalhydropower accounts for 19%, renewable energy for 12% and natural gas for about 9%.[4][5]
In December 2011, over 300 million Indian citizens had no access to electricity. Over one third of India's rural population lacked electricity, as did 6% of the urban population. Of those who did have access to electricity in India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable. In 2010, blackouts and power shedding interrupted irrigation and manufacturing across the country.[6][7]
The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption in India in 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity, in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2600 kWh and 6200 kWh in the European Union.[8] India's total domestic, agricultural and industrial per capita energy consumption estimate vary depending on the source. Two sources place it between 400 to 700 kWh in 2008–2009.[9][10] As of January 2012, one report found the per capita total consumption in India to be 778 kWh.[6]
India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricity generation capacity, even though it is the world's fourth largest energy consumer after United States, China and Russia.[11] The International Energy Agency estimates India needs an investment of at least $135 billion to provide universal access of electricity to its population.
The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050.[7] This added new capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generation capacity of European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts, as it adds this electricity generation capacity, may make significant impact to global resource usage and environmental issues.[12]
India's electricity sector is amongst the world's most active players in renewable energy utilization, especially wind energy.[13] As of December 2011, India had an installed capacity of about 22.4 GW of renewal technologies-based electricity, exceeding the total installed electricity capacity in Austria by all technologies.
India's network losses exceeded 32% in 2010 including non-technical losses, compared to world average of less than 15%. Both technical and non-technical factors contribute to these losses, but quantifying their proportions is difficult. But the Government pegs the national T&D losses at around 24% for the year 2011 & has set a target of reducing it to 17.1% by 2017 & to 14.1% by 2022. Some experts estimate that technical losses are about 15% to 20%, A high proportion of non‐technical losses are caused by illegal tapping of lines, but faulty electric meters that underestimate actual consumption also contribute to reduced payment collection. A case study in Kerala estimated that replacing faulty meters could reduce distribution losses from 34% to 29%.[7]
Key implementation challenges for India's electricity sector include new project management and execution, ensuring availability of fuel quantities and qualities, lack of initiative to develop large coal and natural gas resources present in India, land acquisition, environmental clearances at state and central government level, and training of skilled manpower to prevent talent shortages for operating latest technology plants.[9]
[edit]History
The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P W Fleury & Co.On January 7, 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting licence as agents of the Indian Electric Co, which was registered in London on January 15, 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation. The control of the company was transferred from London to Calcutta only in 1970. Enthused by the success of electricity in Calcutta, power was thereafter introduced in Bombay.[14] Mumbai saw electric lighting demonstration for the first time in 1882 at Crawford Market, and Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (B.E.S.T.) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway.[15] The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897.[16] The first electric train ran between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla along the Harbour Line, in 1925.[17] In 1931, electrification of the meter gauge track between Madras Beach and Tambaram was started.[18]
[edit]Demand
- Demand drivers
"Expanding access to energy means including 2.4 billion people: 1.4 billion that still has no access to electricity (87% of whom live in the rural areas) and 1 billion that only has access to unreliable electricity networks. We need smart and practical approaches because energy, as a driver of development, plays a central role in both fighting poverty and addressing climate change. The implications are enormous: families forego entrepreneurial endeavors, children cannot study after dark, health clinics do not function properly, and women are burdened with time consuming chores such as pounding grain or hauling water, leaving them with less time to engage in income generating activities. Further, it is estimated that kitchen smoke leads to around 1.5 million premature deaths every year, more than the number of deaths from malaria each year. After gaining access to energy, households generate more income, are more productive and are less hungry, further multiplying the Millenium Development Goal's progress."
— Rebeca Grynspan, UNDP Associate Administrator and Under Secretary General, Bloomberg New Energy Summit, April 7, 2011[19]
Of the 1.4 billion people of the world who have no access to electricity in the world, India accounts for over 300 million.
Some 800 million Indians use traditional fuels – fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass cakes – for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as chulah or chulha in some parts of India.[20][21] Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants.[22][23][24][25] Some reports, including one by the World Health Organization, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs.[26] Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants, between 5 to 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.
In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.[27][28] Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.
Other drivers for India's electricity sector are its rapidly growing economy, rising exports, improving infrastructure and increasing household incomes.
- Demand trends
As in previous years, during the year 2010–11, demand for electricity in India far outstripped availability, both in terms of base load energy and peak availability. Base load requirement was 861,591 (MU[3]) against availability of 788,355 MU, a 8.5% deficit. During peak loads, the demand was for 122 GW against availability of 110 GW, a 9.8% shortfall.[29]
In a May 2011 report, India's Central Electricity Authority anticipated, for 2011–12 year, a base load energy deficit and peaking shortage to be 10.3% and 12.9% respectively. The peaking shortage would prevail in all regions of the country, varying from 5.9% in the North-Eastern region to 14.5% in the Southern Region. India also expects all regions to face energy shortage varying from 0.3% in the North-Eastern region to 11.0% in the Western region. India's Central Electricity Authority expects a surplus output in some of the states of Northern India, those with predominantly hydropower capacity, but only during the monsoon months. In these states, shortage conditions would prevail during winter season.[29] According to this report, the five states with largest power demand and availability, as of May 2011, were Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.
In late 2011 newspaper articles, Gujarat was declared a power surplus state, with about 2–3 GW more power available than its internal demand. The state was expecting more capacity to become available. It was expecting to find customers, sell excess capacity to meet power demand in other states of India, thereby generate revenues for the state.[30][31]
Despite an ambitious rural electrification program,[32] some 400 million Indians lose electricity access during blackouts.[33] While 80% of Indian villages have at least an electricity line, just 52.5% of rural households have access to electricity. In urban areas, the access to electricity is 93.1% in 2008. The overall electrification rate in India is 64.5% while 35.5% of the population still live without access to electricity.[34]
According to a sample of 97,882 households in 2002, electricity was the main source of lighting for 53% of rural households compared to 36% in 1993.[35]
The 17th electric power survey of India report claims:[36]
- Over 2010–11, India's industrial demand accounted for 35% of electrical power requirement, domestic household use accounted for 28%, agriculture 21%, commercial 9%, public lighting and other miscellaneous applications accounted for the rest.
- The electrical energy demand for 2016–17 is expected to be at least 1392 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 218 GW.
- The electrical energy demand for 2021–22 is expected to be at least 1915 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 298 GW.
If current average transmission and distribution average losses remain same (32%), India needs to add about 135 GW of power generation capacity, before 2017, to satisfy the projected demand after losses.
McKinsey claims[37] that India's demand for electricity may cross 300 GW, earlier than most estimates. To explain their estimates, they point to four reasons:
- India's manufacturing sector is likely to grow faster than in the past
- Domestic demand will increase more rapidly as the quality of life for more Indians improve
- About 125,000 villages are likely to get connected to India's electricity grid
- Currently blackouts and load shedding artificially suppresses demand; this demand will be sought as revenue potential by power distribution companies
A demand of 300GW will require about 400 GW of installed capacity, McKinsey notes. The extra capacity is necessary to account for plant availability, infrastructure maintenance, spinning reserve and losses.
In 2010, electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution were about 24%, while losses because of consumer theft or billing deficiencies added another 10–15%.[38]
According to two studies published in 2004, theft of electricity in India, amounted to a nationwide loss of $4.5 billion.[39][40] This led several states of India to enact and implement regulatory, and institutional framework; develop a new industry and market structure; and privatize distribution. The state of Andhra Pradesh, for example, enacted an electricity reform law; unbundled the utility into one generation, one transmission, and four distribution and supply companies; and established an independent regulatory commission responsible for licensing, setting tariffs, and promoting efficiency and competition. Some state governments amended the Indian Electricity Act of 1910 to make electricity theft a cognizable offense and impose stringent penalties. A separate law, unprecedented in India, provided for mandatory imprisonment and penalties for offenders, allowed constitution of special courts and tribunals for speedy trial, and recognized collusion by utility staff as a criminal offense. The state government made advance preparations and constituted special courts and appellate tribunals as soon as the new law came into force. High quality metering and enhanced audit information flow was implemented. Such campaigns have made a big difference in the Indian utilities' bottom line. Monthly billing has increased substantially, and the collection rate reached more than 98%. Transmission and distribution losses were reduced by 8%.
Power cuts are common throughout India and the consequent failure to satisfy the demand for electricity has adversely effected India's economic growth.[41][42]
[edit]Electricity Consumption
The Per capital Consumption(kWh) in 2009-10 was as follows:
| State | Per capita Consumption(kWh) |
|---|---|
| Goa | 2004.77 |
| Puducherry | 1864.5 |
| Punjab | 1663.01 |
| Gujarat | 1558.58 |
| Haryana | 1491.37 |
| Delhi | 1447.72 |
| Chandigarh | 1238.51 |
| Tamil Nadu | 1210.81 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 1144.94 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 1013.74 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 968.47 |
| Rajasthan | 811.12 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 386.93 |
| Uttarakhand | 930.41 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 618.1 |
| Maharashtra | 1054.1 |
| Karnataka | 873.05 |
| Kerala | 536.78 |
| Lakshadweep | 428.81 |
| Bihar | 117.48 |
| Jharkhand | 750.46 |
| Orissa | 837.55 |
| West Bengal | 515.08 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 506.13 |
| Sikkim | 845.4 |
| Assam | 209.2 |
| Manipur | 207.15 |
| Meghalaya | 613.36 |
| Nagaland | 242.39 |
| Tripura | 223.78 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 503.27 |
| Mizoram | 429.31 |
This information was given by the Minister of State for Power Shri K.C.Venugopalina, written reply to a question in LokSabha on 18-05-2012.[43]
[edit]Generation
Power development in India was first started in 1897 in Darjeeling, followed by commissioning of a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Karnataka during 1902.
India's electricity generation capacity additions from 1950 to 1985 were very low when compared to developed nations. Since 1990, India has been one of the fastest growing markets for new electricity generation capacity.
The country's annual electricity generation capacity has increased in last 20 years by about 130 GW, from about 66 GW in 1991[45] to over 100 GW in 2001,[46] to over 199 GW in 2012.[47] India's Power Finance Corporation Limited projects that current and approved electricity capacity addition projects in India are expected to add about 100 GW of installed capacity between 2012 and 2017. This growth makes India one the fastest growing markets for electricity infrastructure equipment.[48][49]India's installed capacity growth rates are still less than those achieved by China, and short of capacity needed to ensure universal availability of electricity throughout India by 2017.
State-owned and privately owned companies are significant players in India's electricity sector, with the private sector growing at a faster rate. India's central government and state governments jointly regulate electricity sector in India.
As of August 2011, the states and union territories of India with power surplus were Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura, Gujarat, Delhiand Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[29][30]
Major economic and social drivers for India's push for electricity generation include India's goal to provide universal access, the need to replace current highly polluting energy sources in use in India with cleaner energy sources, a rapidly growing economy, increasing household incomes, limited domestic reserves of fossil fuels and the adverse impact on the environment of rapid development in urban and regional areas.[50]
The table below presents the electricity generation capacity, as well as availability to India's end user and their demand. The difference between installed capacity and availability is the transmission, distribution and consumer losses. The gap between availability and demand is the shortage India is suffering. This shortage in supply ignores the effects of waiting list of users in rural, urban and industrial customers; it also ignores the demand gap from India's unreliable electricity supply.
| Item | Value | Date reported | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total installed capacity (GW) | 209.27 | October 2012 | [1][51] |
| Available base load supply (MU) | 893371 | October 2012 | [47] |
| Available peak load supply (GW) | 125.23 | October 2012 | [47] |
| Demand base load (MU) | 985317 | October 2012 | [47] |
| Demand peak load (GW) | 140.09 | October 2012 | [47] |
According to India's Ministry of Power, about 14.1 GW of new thermal power plants under construction are expected to be put in use by December 2012, so are 2.1 GW capacity hydropower plants and a 1 GW capacity nuclear power plant.[47] India's installed generation capacity should top 200 GW in 2012.
In 2010, the five largest power companies in India, by installed capacity, in decreasing order, were the state-owned NTPC, state-owned NHPC, followed by three privately owned companies: Tata Power, Reliance Power and Adani Power.
In India's effort to add electricity generation capacity over 2009–2011, both central government and state government owned power companies have repeatedly failed to add the capacity targets because of issues with procurement of equipment and poor project management. Private companies have delivered better results.[52]
[edit]Thermal power
Thermal power plants convert energy rich fuel into electricity and heat. Possible fuels include coal, natural gas, petroleum products, agricultural waste and domestic trash / waste. Other sources of fuel include landfill gas and biogases. In some plants, renewal fuels such as biogas are co-fired with coal.
Coal and lignite accounted for about 57% of India's installed capacity. However, since wind energy depends on wind speed, and hydropower energy on water levels, thermal power plants account for over 65% of India's generated electricity. India's electricity sector consumes about 80% of the coal produced in the country.
India expects that its projected rapid growth in electricity generation over the next couple of decades is expected to be largely met by thermal power plants.
- Fuel constraints
A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The iron content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately.[53]
The high ash content in India's coal affects the thermal power plant's potential emissions. Therefore, India's Ministry of Environment & Forests has mandated the use of beneficiated coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas, and ecologically sensitive areas. Coal benefaction industry has rapidly grown in India, with current capacity topping 90 MT.
Thermal power plants can deploy a wide range of technologies. Some of the major technologies include:
- Steam cycle facilities (most commonly used for large utilities);
- Gas turbines (commonly used for moderate sized peaking facilities);
- Cogeneration and combined cycle facility (the combination of gas turbines or internal combustion engines with heat recovery systems); and
- Internal combustion engines (commonly used for small remote sites or stand-by power generation).
India has an extensive review process, one that includes environment impact assessment, prior to a thermal power plant being approved for construction and commissioning. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published a technical guidance manual to help project proposers and to prevent environmental pollution in India from thermal power plants.[54]
- Installed thermal power capacity
The installed capacity of Thermal Power in India, as of October 31, 2012, was 140206.18 MW which is 66.99%[55] of total installed capacity.
- Current installed base of Coal Based Thermal Power is 120,103.38 MW which comes to 57.38% of total installed base.
- Current installed base of Gas Based Thermal Power is 18,903.05 MW which is 9.03% of total installed capacity.
- Current installed base of Oil Based Thermal Power is 1,199.75 MW which is 0.57% of total installed capacity.
The state of Maharashtra is the largest producer of thermal power in the country.
[edit]Hydro power
In this system of power generation, the potential of the water falling under gravitational force is utilized to rotate a turbine which again is coupled to a Generator, leading to generation of electricity. India is one of the pioneering countries in establishinghydro-electric power plants. The power plants at Darjeeling andShimsha (Shivanasamudra) were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and are among the first in Asia.
India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. In addition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario.
The present installed capacity as of 31 October 2012 is approximately 39,291.40 MW which is 18.77% of total electricity generation in India.[56] The public sector has a predominant share of 97% in this sector.[57] National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj jal vidyut nigam (SJVNL), Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, NTPC-Hydro are a few public sector companies engaged in development of hydroelectric power in India.
Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB), illustrative state-owned enterprise in north India, has an installed capacity of 2.9 GW and generates 12000-14000 MU[3] per year. The cost of generation of energy after four decades of operation is about 20 paise/kWh.[citation needed] BBMB is a major source of peaking power and black start to the northern grid in India. Large reservoirs provide operational flexibility. BBMB reservoirs annually supply water for irrigation to 125 lac (12.5 million) acres of agricultural land of partner states, enabling northern India in its green revolution.
[edit]Nuclear power
As of 2011, India had 4.8 GW of installed electricity generation capacity using nuclear fuels. India's Nuclear plants generated 32455 million units or 3.75% of total electricity produced in India.[58]
India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with General Electric of the United States for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's Department of Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurised heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, India created Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise, wholly owned by the Government of India, under the administrative control of its Department of Atomic Energy. Its objective is to implement and operate nuclear power stations for India's electricity sector. The state-owned company has ambitious plans to establish 63 GW generation capacity by 2032, as a safe, environmentally benign and economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of India.[59]
India's nuclear power generation effort satisfies many safeguards and oversights, such as getting ISO-14001 accreditation for environment management system and peer review by World Association of Nuclear Operators including a pre-start up peer review. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited admits, in its annual report for 2011, that its biggest challenge is to address the public and policy maker perceptions about the safety of nuclear power, particularly after the Fukushima incident in Japan.[58]
In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four projects of 2.8 GW capacity launched. The country plans to implement fast breeder reactors, using plutonium based fuel. Plutonium is obtained by reprocessing spent fuel of first stage reactors. India successfully launched its first prototype fast breeder reactor of 500 MW capacity in Tamil Nadu, and now operates two such reactors.
India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 to 540 MW each. New reactors with installed capacity of 1000 MW per reactor are expected to be in use by 2012.
In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in India, the country's largest ever. The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes, could be as large as 150,000 tonnes (making the mine one of the world's largest). The new mine is expected to provide India with a fuel that it currently imports. Nuclear fuel supply constraints had limited India's ability to grow its nuclear power generation capacity. The newly discovered ore, unlike those in Australia, is of slightly lower grade. This mine is expected to be in operation in 2012.[60]
India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. Nuclear power provided 3% of the country's total electricity generation in 2011. India aims to supply 9% of it electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032.[58] India's largest nuclear power plant project under implementation is at Jaitapur, Maharashtra in partnership with Areva, France.
[edit]Other renewable energy
Renewable energy in India is a sector that is still in its infancy.
As of December 2011, India had an installed capacity of about 22.4 GW of renewal technologies-based electricity, about 12% of its total.[61] For context, the total installed capacity for electricity in Switzerland was about 18 GW in 2009. The table below provides the capacity breakdown by various technologies.
| Type[62] | Technology | Installed capacity (in MW) |
|---|---|---|
| Grid connected power | ||
| Wind | 17644 | |
| Small hydro | 3411 | |
| Biomass | 1182 | |
| Bagasse Cogeneration | 2046 | |
| Waste-to-Energy (WtE) | 93 | |
| Solar | 1030 | |
| Off-grid, captive power | ||
| Waste to Energy-Urban | 105 | |
| Biomass non-bagasse cogen | 391 | |
| Biomass Gasifiers - Rural | 16 | |
| Biomass Gasifiers - Industrial | 136 | |
| SPV Systems (>1 kW) | 85 | |
| Aerogen/Hybrids | 1.74 |
As of August 2011, India had deployed renewal energy to provide electricity in 8846 remote villages, installed 4.4 million family biogas plants, 1800 microhydel units and 4.7 million square meters of solar water heating capacity. India anticipates to add another 3.6 GW of renewal energy installed capacity by December 2012.[62]
India plans to add about 30 GW of installed electricity generation capacity based on renewal energy technologies, by 2017.[61]
Renewable energy projects in India are regulated and championed by the central government's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
[edit]Solar power
India is bestowed with solar irradiation ranging from 4 to 7 kWh/square meter/day across the country, with western and southern regions having higher insolation.[63]
India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. India receives the highest global solar radiation on a horizontal surface.[citation needed]
With its growing electricity demand, India has initiated steps to develop its large potential for solar energy based power generation. In November 2009, the Government of India launched its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. Under this central government initiative, India plans to generate 1 GW of power by 2013 and up to 20 GW grid-based solar power, 2 GW of off-grid solar power and cover 20 million square metres with solar energy collectors by 2020.[64] India plans utility scale solar power generation plants through solar parks with dedicated infrastructure by state governments, among others, the governments of Gujarat and Rajasthan.[63]
The Government of Gujarat taking advantage of the national initiative and high solar irradiation in the state, launched the Solar Power Policy in 2009 and proposes to establish a number of large-scale solar parks starting with the Charanka solar park in Patan district in the sparsely populated northern part of the state. The development of solar parks will streamline the project development timeline by letting government agencies undertake land acquisition and necessary permits, and provide dedicated common infrastructure for setting up solar power generation plants largely in the private sector. This approach will facilitate the accelerated installation of private sector solar power generation capacity reducing costs by addressing issues faced by stand alone projects. Common infrastructure for the solar park include site preparation and leveling, power evacuation, availability of water, access roads, security and services. In parallel with the central government's initiative, the Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission has announced feed-in-tariff to mainstream solar power generation which will be applied for solar power generation plants in the solar park. Gujarat Power Corporation Limited is the responsible agency for developing the solar park of 500 megawatts and will lease the lands to the project developers to generate solar power. Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited will develop the transmission evacuation from the identified interconnection points with the solar developer. This project is being supported, in part, by the Asian Development Bank.[63]
The first Indian solar thermal power project (2X50MW) is in progress in Phalodi (Rajasthan), and is constructed by CORPORATE ISPAT ALLOY LTD.[citation needed]
The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy GlobeWorld award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for solar home power systems. Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend. Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programme was a four-year partnership between UNEP, the UNEP Risoe Centre, and two of India's largest banks, the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.[65][66]
Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. Some state governments are exploring means to address land availability through innovation; for example, by exploring means to deploy solar capacity above their extensive irrigation canal projects, thereby harvesting solar energy while reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar evaporation.
[edit]Wind power
India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.[67] In 2010, wind power accounted for 6% of India's total installed power capacity, and 1.6% of the country's power output.
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s by Tamil Nadu Electric Board near Tuticorin, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Suzlon is the leading Indian company in wind power, with an installed generation capacity of 6.2 GW in India. Vestas is another major company active in India's wind energy initiative.[68]
As December 2011, the installed capacity of wind power in India was 15.9 GW, spread across many states of India.[61][67] The largest wind power generating state was Tamil Naduaccounting for 30% of installed capacity, followed in decreasing order by Maharashtra,Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.[69] It is estimated that 6 GW of additional wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012.[70] In Tamil Nadu, wind power is mostly harvested in the southern districts such as Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Tuticorin.
The state of Gujarat is estimated to have the maximum gross wind power potential in India, with a potential of 10.6 GW.[68]
[edit]Biomass power
In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry and agro residue & agricultural wastes are used as fuel to produce electricity.[71]
- Biomass gasifier
India has been promoting biomass gasifier technologies in its rural areas, to utilize surplus biomass resources such as rice husk, crop stalks, small wood chips, other agro-residues. The goal was to produce electricity for villages with power plants of up to 2 MW capacities. During 2011, India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems for distributed power generation in 70 remote villages of Bihar. The Largest Biomass based power plant in India is at SIrohi, Rajasthan having the capacity of 20 MW.i.e. Sambhav Energy Limited. In addition, gasifier systems are being installed at 60 rice mills in India. During the year, biomass gasifier projects of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and 0.5 MW in Tamil Nadu were successfully installed.[61]
- Biogas
This pilot program aims to install small scale biogas plants for meeting the cooking energy needs in rural areas of India. During 2011, some 45000 small scale biogas plants were installed. Cumulatively, India has installed 4.44 million small scale biogas plants.
In 2011, India started a new initiative with the aim to demonstrate medium size mixed feed biogas-fertilizer pilot plants. This technology aims for generation, purification/enrichment, bottling and piped distribution of biogas. India approved 21 of these projects with aggregate capacity of 37016 cubic meter per day, of which 2 projects have been successfully commissioned by December 2011.[61]
India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.
India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881MW (agro-residues and plantations), 5000MW (bagasse cogeneration) and 2700MW (energy recovery from waste). Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over INR 600 crores every year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas.[citation needed]
As of 2010, India burnt over 200 million tonnes of coal replacement worth of traditional biomass fuel every year to meet its energy need for cooking and other domestic use. This traditional biomass fuel – fuelwood, crop waste and animal dung – is a potential raw material for the application of biomass technologies for the recovery of cleaner fuel, fertilizers and electricity with significantly lower pollution.
Biomass available in India can and has been playing an important role as fuel for sugar mills, textiles, paper mills, and small and medium enterprises (SME). In particular there is a significant potential in breweries, textile mills, fertilizer plants, the paper and pulp industry, solvent extraction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and other industries to harness biomass power.[72]
[edit]Geothermal energy
India's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.
India has potential resources to harvest geothermal energy. The resource map for India has been grouped into six geothermal provinces:[73]
- Himalayan Province – Tertiary Orogenic belt with Tertiary magmatism
- Areas of Faulted blocks – Aravalli belt, Naga-Lushi, West coast regions and Son-Narmada lineament.
- Volcanic arc – Andaman and Nicobar arc.
- Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age such as Cambay basin in Gujarat.
- Radioactive Province – Surajkund, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand.
- Cratonic province – Peninsular India
India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of this, 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya, in the States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. They are found concentrated along a 30-50-km wide thermal band mostly along the river valleys. Naga-Lusai and West Coast Provinces manifest a series of thermal springs. Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity, a continuation of the Indonesian geothermal fields, and can be good potential sites for geothermal energy. Cambay graben geothermal belt is 200 km long and 50 km wide with Tertiary sediments. Thermal springs have been reported from the belt although they are not of very high temperature and discharge. During oil and gas drilling in this area, in recent times, high subsurface temperature and thermal fluid have been reported in deep drill wells in depth ranges of 1.7 to 1.9 km. Steam blowout have also been reported in the drill holes in depth range of 1.5 to 3.4 km. The thermal springs in India's peninsular region are more related to the faults, which allow down circulation of meteoric water to considerable depths. The circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area, and depending upon local condition, emerges out at suitable localities. The area includes Aravalli range, Son-Narmada-Tapti lineament, Godavari and Mahanadi valleys and South Cratonic Belts.[73]
In a December 2011 report, India identified six most promising geothermal sites for the development of geothermal energy. These are, in decreasing order of potential:
- Tattapani in Chhattisgarh
- Puga in Jammu & Kashmir
- Cambay Graben in Gujarat
- Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
- Surajkund in Jharkhand
- Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir
India plans to set up its first geothermal power plant, with 2–5 MW capacity at Puga in Jammu and Kashmir.[74]
[edit]Tidal wave energy
Tidal energy technologies harvest energy from the seas. The potential of tidal wave energy becomes higher in certain regions by local effects such as shelving, funneling, reflection and resonance.
India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its potential to harness tidal energy is significant.
Energy can be extracted from tides in several ways. In one method, a reservoir is created behind a barrage and then tidal waters pass through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity. This method requires mean tidal differences greater than 4 meters and also favorable topographical conditions to keep installation costs low. One report claims the most attractive locations in India, for the barrage technology, are the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast where the maximum tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans, West Bengal is another possibility, although with significantly less recoverable energy; the maximum tidal range in Sunderbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. The report claims, barrage technology could harvest about 8 GW from tidal energy in India, mostly in Gujarat. The barrage approach has several disadvantages, one being the effect of any badly engineered barrage on the migratory fishes, marine ecosystem and aquatic life. Integrated barrage technology plants can be expensive to build.
In December 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India and the Renewable Energy Development Agency of Govt. of West Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement India's first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power project. Indian government believes that tidal energy may be an attractive solution to meet the local energy demands of this remote delta region.[74]
Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the sea surface. A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai estimates the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per meter, suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting from India's 7500 kilometer coast line may be about 40 GW. However, the realistic economical potential, the report claims, is likely to be considerably less.[75] A significant barrier to surface energy harvesting is the interference of its equipment to fishing and other sea bound vessels, particularly in unsettled weather. India built its first seas surface energy harvesting technology demonstration plant in Vizhinjam, near Thiruruvananthpuram.
The third approach to harvesting tidal energy consists of ocean thermal energy technology. This approach tries to harvest the solar energy trapped in ocean waters into usable energy. Oceans have a thermal gradient, the surface being much warmer than deeper levels of ocean. This thermal gradient may be harvested using modified Rankine cycle. India's National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) attempted this approach over the last 20 years, but without success. In 2003, with Saga University of Japan, NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant.[76] However, mechanical problems prevented success. After initial tests near Kerala, the unit was scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in 2005. The demonstration project's experience have limited follow-on efforts with ocean thermal energy technology in India.
[edit]Problems with India's power sector
India's electricity sector faces many issues. Some are:[6][25][77][78]
- Government giveaways such as free electricity for farmers, partly to curry political favor, have depleted the cash reserves of state-run electricity-distribution system. This has financially crippled the distribution network, and its ability to pay for power to meet the demand. This situation has been worsened by government departments of India that do not pay their bills.
- Shortages of fuel: despite abundant reserves of coal, India is facing a severe shortage of coal. The country isn't producing enough to feed its power plants. Some plants do not have reserve coal supplies to last a day of operations. India's monopoly coal producer, state-controlled Coal India, is constrained by primitive mining techniques and is rife with theft and corruption; Coal India has consistently missed production targets and growth targets. Poor coal transport infrastructure has worsened these problems. To expand its coal production capacity, Coal India needs to mine new deposits. However, most of India's coal lies under protected forests or designated tribal lands. Any mining activity or land acquisition for infrastructure in these coal-rich areas of India, has been rife with political demonstrations, social activism and public interest litigations.
- Poor pipeline connectivity and infrastructure to harness India's abundant coal bed methane and shale gas potential.
- The giant new offshore natural gas field has delivered less fuel than projected. India faces a shortage of natural gas.
- Hydroelectric power projects in India's mountainous north and northeast regions have been slowed down by ecological, environmental and rehabilitation controversies, coupled with public interest litigations.
- India's nuclear power generation potential has been stymied by political activism since the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
- Average transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses exceeding 30%.
- Over 300 million people in India have no access to electricity. Of those who do, almost all find electricity supply intermittent and unreliable.
- Lack of clean and reliable energy sources such as electricity is, in part, causing about 800 million people in India to continue using traditional biomass energy sources – namely fuelwood, agricultural waste and livestock dung – for cooking and other domestic needs.[20] Traditional fuel combustion is the primary source of indoor air pollution in India, causes between 300,000 to 400,000 deaths per year and other chronic health issues.
- India's coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and offer significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction through better technology. Compared to the average emissions from coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants in European Union (EU-27) countries, India's thermal power plants emit 50 to 120 percent more CO2 per kWh produced.[79]
The July 2012 blackout, affecting the north of the country, was the largest power grid failure in history by number of people affected.
[edit]Resource potential in electricity sector
According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011, world's 26th largest. United States Energy Information Administration estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010, while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. The electrical power and fertilizer sectors account for nearly three-quarters of natural gas consumption in India. Natural gas is expected to be an increasingly important component of energy consumption as the country pursues energy resource diversification and overall energy security.[80][81]
Until 2008, the majority of India's natural gas production came from the Mumbai High complex in the northwest part of the country. Recent discoveries in the Bay of Bengal have shifted the center of gravity of Indian natural gas production.
The country already produces some coalbed methane and has major potential to expand this source of cleaner fuel. According to a 2011 Oil and Gas Journal report, India is estimated to have between 600 to 2000 Tcf of shale gas resources (one of the world's largest). Despite its natural resource potential, and an opportunity to create energy industry jobs, India has yet to hold a licensing round for its shale gas blocks. It is not even mentioned in India's central government energy infrastructure or electricity generation plan documents through 2025. The traditional natural gas reserves too have been very slow to develop in India because regulatory burdens and bureaucratic red tape severely limit the country's ability to harness its natural gas resources.[6][79][82]
[edit]Rural electrification
India's Ministry of Power launched Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana as one of its flagship programme in March 2005 with the objective of electrifying over one lakh (100,000) un-electrified villages and to provide free electricity connections to 2.34 crore (23.4 million) rural households. This free electricity program promises energy access to India's rural areas, but is in part creating problems for India's electricity sector.[6]
[edit]Human resource development
Rapid growth of electricity sector in India demands that talent and trained personnel become available as India's new installed capacity adds new jobs. India has initiated the process to rapidly expand energy education in the country, to enable the existing educational institutions to introduce courses related to energy capacity addition, production, operations and maintenance, in their regular curriculum. This initiative includes conventional and renewal energy.
A Ministry of Renewal and New Energy announcement claims State Renewable Energy Agencies are being supported to organize short-term training programmes for installation, operation and maintenance and repair of renewable energy systems in such places where intensive RE programme are being implemented. Renewable Energy Chairs have been established in IIT Roorkee and IIT Kharagpur.[61]
Education and availability of skilled workers is expected to be a key challenge in India's effort to rapidly expand its electricity sector.
[edit]Trading
Multi Commodity Exchange has sought permission to offer electricity future markets in India.[83]
[edit]Regulation and administration
The Ministry of Power is India's apex central government body regulating the electrical energy sector in India. This ministry was created on 2 July 1992. It is responsible for planning, policy formulation, processing of projects for investment decisions, monitoring project implementation, training and manpower development, and the administration and enactment of legislation in regard to thermal, hydro power generation, transmission and distribution. It is also responsible for the administration of India's Electricity Act (2003), the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and to undertake such amendments to these Acts, as and when necessary, in conformity with the Indian government's policy objectives.[84]
Effective 31 July 2012, the Union Minister of Power is Veerappa Moily.
Electricity is a concurrent subject at Entry 38 in List III of the seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. In India's federal governance structure this means that both the central government and India's state governments are involved in establishing policy and laws for its electricity sector. This principle motivates central government of India and individual state governments to enter into memorandum of understanding to help expedite projects and reform electricity sector in respective state.[85]
- Government owned power companies
India's Ministry of Power administers central government owned companies involved in the generation of electricity in India. These include National Thermal Power Corporation, Damodar Valley Corporation, National Hydroelectric Power Corporation and Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The Power Grid Corporation of India is also administered by the Ministry; it is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of national grid.
The Ministry works with various state governments in matters related to state government owned corporations in India's electricity sector. Examples of state corporations include Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited, Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Kerala State Electricity Board, and Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited.
- Funding of power infrastructure
India's Ministry of Power administers Rural Electrification Corporation Limited and Power Finance Corporation Limited. These central government owned public sector enterprises provide loans and guarantees for public and private electricity sector infrastructure projects in India.
[edit]See also
[edit]External links
- Macro Patterns in the Use of Traditional Biomass Fuels – A Stanford/TERI report on energy sector and human history
- Electricity industry in the Public Sector in India
- India's Energy Policy and Electricity Production
- "Electricity online trading in India"
- "Energy resources in India"
[edit]References
- ^ a b "ALL INDIA REGIONWISE GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY OF POWER". Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India. November 2012.
- ^ http://www.renewindians.com/2012/12/Renewable-energy-contribution-in-india.html
- ^ a b c "Get enlightened about electricity - India ((1 MU = 1 Million Units in India = 1 GWhr))". The Financial Express. December 20, 2004.
- ^ "Power sector at a glance: All India data". Ministry of Power, Government of India. June 2012.
- ^ World Coal Institute – India "The coal resource, a comprehensive overview of coal". World Coal Institute. March 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "For India, a Power Failure Looms". The Wall Street Journal. 2 January 2012.
- ^ a b c Uwe Remme et al. (February 2011). "Technology development prospects for the Indian power sector". International Energy Agency France; OECD.
- ^ "World Energy Outlook 2011: Energy for All". International Energy Agency. October 2011.
- ^ a b "Power Sector in India: White paper on Implementation Challenges and Opportunities". KPMG. January 2010.
- ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. 2008. Retrieved December, 2011.
- ^ "India: Overview, Data & Analysis". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2011.
- ^ "Analysis of the energy trends in the European Union & Asia to 2030". Centre for Energy‐Environment Resources Development, Thailand. January 2009.
- ^ Winds of change come to country plagued by power blackouts. Guardian. 30 December 2008. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ "Let there be light". The Telegraph. April 26, 2009.
- ^ Electricity arrives in Mumbai
- ^ Darjeeling Hydro Power System
- ^ Relic of India's first electric railway to be dismantled
- ^ Indian Railways History 1900-1947
- ^ "Introductory remarks at the Roundtable Day on Energy Access and Climate Finance in Association with UN-Energy". United Nations Development Programme. 2011.
- ^ a b The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air – Sierra Club. Pciaonline.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ Atmanand et al. (2009). "Energy and Sustainable Development-An Indian Perspective". World Academy of Science.
- ^ Ganguly et al (2001). "INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA – A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN". Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
- ^ David Pennise and Kirk Smith. "Biomass Pollution Basics". The World Health Organization.
- ^ "The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts". United Nations Environmental Programme. 2002.
- ^ a b "Indoor air pollution and household energy". WHO and UNEP. 2011.
- ^ "Green stoves to replace chullahs". The Times of India. December 3, 2009.
- ^ "Status of Sewage Treatment in India". Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India. 2005.
- ^ "Evaluation Of Operation And Maintenance Of Sewage Treatment Plants In India-2007". Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests. 2008.
- ^ a b c "Load Generation Balance Report 2011-12". Central Electricity Authority, Government of India Ministry of Power. May 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ a b "Gujarat solar park likely to produce 300MW by the end of December". The Live Mint & The Wall Street Journal. August 16, 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat govt sets aside Tata's demand for power price hike". The Times of India. December 18, 2011.
- ^ Rural electrification in India[dead link]
- ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (9 April 2008). "Money for India's 'Ultra Mega' Coal Plants Approved". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ The Electricity Access Database. iea.org
- ^ "Housing condition in India: Household amenities and other characteristics (July – September 2002)". Government of India.
- ^ "Report on 17th electric power survey of India". Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power. 2007.
- ^ "Powering India: The Road to 2017". McKinsey. 2008.
- ^ Yoginder Alagh, Former Minister of Power and Science Technology of India (2011). "Transmission and Distribution of Electricity in India Regulation, Investment and Efficiency". OECD.
- ^ "India struggles with power theft". BBC. 15 March 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "Reforming the Power Sector: Controlling Electricity Theft and Improving Revenue" (PDF). The World Bank.
- ^ Electricity and power shortage holding India back. Free-press-release.com (2007-06-20). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ Range, Jackie. (2008-10-28) India Faulted for Failure to Improve Power Supply. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ Press Information Bureau, India. "Press Information Bureau English Releases". Retrieved 8 December 8012.
- ^ Basistha Raj Adhikari (July 2009). "Tehri Dam: An Engineering Marvel". Hydro Nepal 5. doi:10.3126/hn.v5i0.2481.
- ^ "Annual Report 1991-1992". Department of Power, Govt of India. 1992.
- ^ "Annual Report 2002-2003". Department of Power, Govt of India. 2003.
- ^ a b c d e f "Load Generation and Balance Report". Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India. 2012.
- ^ "Annual Report 2010-2011". Power Finance Corporation Ltd, India – A Govt of India entity. 2011.
- ^ "Boom time for power equipment companies". Business Standard. September 2009.
- ^ Ravi Krishnan (March 2010). "Power Report – India: Can she make the most of her opportunities?". Power Engineering International(PennWell): 16–20.
- ^ "Ministry of Power". Powermin.nic.in. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
- ^ "Private firms overtake government enterprises in power production, adds about 84% of the target". The Economic Times. July 27, 2011.
- ^ "Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy". Third Wave Solutions. 2012.
- ^ "TECHNICAL EIA GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS". Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 2009.
- ^ Power Sector at a Glance ALL INDIA. Powermin.nic.in. Retrieved on 2012-12-18.
- ^ "Highlights of Power Sector during month". Cea.nic.in. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
- ^ Hydropower Development in India: A Sector Assessment
- ^ a b c "NPCIL Annual Report, 2010–2011". Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited. 2011.
- ^ "NPCIL Annual Report, 2009–2010". Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited. 2010.
- ^ "India Steps Up Uranium Exploration After Record Discovery". The Wall Street Journal. July 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Year End Review – 2011". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. December 2011.
- ^ a b "NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY, Cumulative deployment of various Renewable Energy Systems as on 30/06/2012". Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. June 2012.
- ^ a b c "Gujarat Solar Power Transmission Project: India". Asian Development Bank. September 2011.
- ^ Sethi, Nitin (November 18, 2009). "India targets 1,000mw solar power in 2013". Times of India.
- ^ Consumer financing program for solar home systems in southern India. Energyglobe.info. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ UNEP wins Energy Globe award. Renewable-energy-world.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ a b "World Wind Energy Report 2010" (PDF). Report. World Wind Energy Association. February 2011.
- ^ a b "Facts & Figures, India". Wind Power India. 2011.
- ^ State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity In India. windpowerindia.com
- ^ India to add 6,000 mw wind power by 2012; but below target. Business-standard.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.
- ^ "Biomass for power generation and CHP". International Energy Agency. 2007.
- ^ "India, Biofuels Annual 2011". United States Department of Agriculture: Global Agricultural Information Network. July 2011.
- ^ a b "Geothermal fields of India". Geological Survey of India. 2001.
- ^ a b "Development of 3.75 MW Durgaduani Mini Tidal Power Project, Sunderbans, West Bengal". NHPC Limited – A Government of India Enterprise. December 2011.
- ^ "Tidal Energy in India". Energy Alternatives India. 2008.
- ^ "Survey of Energy Resources". World Energy Council. 2007. pp. 575–576.
- ^ Chris Gascoyne and Alexis Aik (February 2011). "Unconventional Gas and Implications for the LNG Market FACTS Global Energy".Pacific Energy Summit.
- ^ Amol Sharma and Megha Bahree (1 July 2012). "Grinding Energy Shortage Takes Toll on India's Growth". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b "CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION HIGHLIGHTS, 2011 Edition". International Energy Agency, France. 2011.
- ^ "Natural Gas - Proved Reserves". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved January 2012.
- ^ "Country Analysis Brief: India". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2011.
- ^ "India starts testing shale-gas plays". Oil and Gas Journal. December 5, 2011.
- ^ "MCX move to launch electricity future faces legal hurdle". The Financial Express.
- ^ "Ministry of Power". Government of India. Retrieved December 2011.
- ^ "REFORM PROGRAMME OF GUJARAT". Ministry of Power, Government of India. January 2001.
| ||
| ||
No comments:
Post a Comment