Political Betrayals Enhance the AGRARIAN Crisis as Politicians Have No Sympathy with Indian Peasantry and Push for Economic Reforms Despite Intense Parliamentary Drama!Framers may not save Life and Land for their Mobile Vote Bank!
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9 Nov 2009 ... Referring to attempts by activists of CPIM-affiliated All India Kisan Sabha and Tamil Nadu Vivasayigal Sangam to enter land at Justice ...
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Seven Vidarbha cotton farmers end lives in 24 hrsHindustan Times - 9 hours ago The region's farmer suicide toll due to the agrarian crisis has touched 42 so far this month while the figure for last month stood at 54, according to the ... From green to evergreen revolution and roles of the news mediaThe Hindu - Nov 16, 2009 It is the revival of this spirit among the news media that the scientist has called for in the context of the present agrarian crisis. ... INDIA'S NATIONAL MAGAZINEThe Hindu - Nov 17, 2009 There is evidence to show that the agrarian reforms carried out by the government benefited a significant chunk of the rural populace. ... Will India cope with emerging food security challenges?Hindu Business Line - Nov 1, 2009 ... occurrences of droughts and floods, and generally unrewarding farm activity has adversely affected the rural poor, leading to an agrarian crisis. ... Indian Americans Mark 25th Anniversary of Indira Gandhi's AssassinationNew America Media - Nov 6, 2009 Biographer Gupte said of her achievements: “The genesis of today's India occurred far more in her time than even in Nehru's time.” Gandhi's agrarian reforms ... India has huge potential in nutraceutical and functional foods which are ...fnbnews.com - Oct 28, 2009 India has been doing relatively well during the global economic crisis. Our firm economy is the key reason for this. Therefore there has been no meltdown in ... Neoliberalism and the Dynamics of Capitalist Development in Latin AmericaCenter for Research on Globalization - - 3 hours ago This phase, which can be dated from the onset of a region-wide debt and an ensuing “development” crisis, is characterized by dynamic processes of neoliberal ... What is Maoism?Monthly Review - Nov 7, 2009 Also, it is the Maoists who, in their practice, correctly do not even try to differentiate the rural poor into “agrarian proletariat” or “landless ... Cherie Blair foundation to help widows in IndiaGaea Times - Oct 27, 2009 ... that the farmer's widow has taken on the mantle to fight the elections against other political parties, who have ignored the agrarian crisis till now. ... :. (SO) EARLY SNOWFALL IN KASHMIRKashmir Watch - - Nov 14, 2009 Ever since the change from an agrarian economy to an industrialized economy, the harmful emissions into the atmosphere have rapidly increased. ... |
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He also took a dig at Rahul Gandhi saying, "Instead of sleeping in the houses of the poor, Rahul should see the root cause of their problem." |
Sugarcane pricing: Govt calls all-party meet
Thousands of sugarcane farmers from across north India laid siege on
New Delhi on Thursday, protesting against the Centre's new sugarcane
pricing policy.
With the new sugarcane pricing policy creating an uproar in Parliament, government has invited leaders of all political parties for a breakfast meeting on Monday in a bid to hammer out a solution to the issue.
Leader of the Lok Sabha and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee has invited the floor leaders for the meeting in the backof DMK, a key ally of ruling UPA, joining the united opposition in the protest against the policy.
"We are open for discussion on all issues," Parliamentary Affairs Minister P K Bansal told reporters after the Business Advisory Committee meeting of the Lok Sabha.
The BAC meeting saw Deputy Leader of BJP Sushma Swaraj telling the government that her party has no objection to the ordinance brought on the issue provided it is not used as a "pretext to deprive farmers of their due".
FREE Market democracy has killed Indian Agriculture and Peasants are VICTIMISED in genocide culture. Economic Reforms do all the tasks of Mass destruction and Indian Economy has nothing for the Peasants. Indian politicians, the agents of corporates and MNCs have nothing to do for RURAL India and they happen to be tagged with SENSEX Shining Superpowr Nuclear India. But our people allow them to decorate our forum. SHAME! Shame! shame!it makes no difference to the Stand Off in centaral india, Lalgarh, Nandigram, Singur, Bidarbh nor to the status of Sugar Cane cultivation as the winter session of Parliament bagan today on a stormy note as expected with the Lok Sabha adjourned for the day amid pandemonium by all Opposition parties which protested application of uniform sugarcane prices across the country.The Rajya Sabha, too, adjourned till tomorrow after paying respects to sitting Members Pyarelal Khandelwal and Mahendra Sahni, who passed away recently.
Just in: Naxals blow up railway track in Jharkhand, 50 hurt
Money control.com reports:Sugar
mills in Uttar Pradesh are yet to begin crushing for this season, which
typically begins in November, due to non-availability of raw materials.
Reports suggest that sugar mill owners have agreed to pay Rs 180 per
quintal for sugarcane, which is Rs 50 higher than the fair and
renumerative price fixed at Rs 129.84 per quintal. Farmers are
demanding Rs 280 per quintal and have stopped supplies in anticipation
of a higher price.
Meanwhile,
Parliament was adjourned on the first day of its winter session due to
protests by opposition parties against the Centre's sugarcane price
move that discourages states from fixing higher prices. Thousands of
farmers protested in Delhi
against the low, state-controlled sugarcane price. The protests
highlights the rural discontent over the government's sugar ordinance.
Raw-sugar prices have almost doubled this year, with future contracts
recording a 28-year high in September.
Sugar
stocks tumbled on news of a delay in the crushing season and protest by
farmers outside Parliament. Bajaj Hindusthan, Balrampur Chini, Dhampur
Sugar, Dharani Sugars, Dwarikesh Sugar, Shree Renuka, and Triveni
Engineering fell 5-8%. Andhra Sugar, EID Parry, KCP Sugar, Oudh Sugar
Mill, Ponni Sugars (E), Simbhaoli Sugar, Upper Ganges Sugar, and Uttam
Sugar were down 2-4%.
Ambareesh Baliga
of Karvy Stock Broking says the risk-reward ratio is not in favour of
sugar stocks. "If you assume that the sugar prices will move up 10-15%
from here, Balrampur Chini or Bajaj Hindusthan could possibly move
another 10-15% more from here. But if you see the sugar prices coming
down 20% over the next 4-5 months, these stocks will crash by more than
30-40% because the good news is already there in stock prices. Sugar
prices move in cycles and this is clearly a cyclical industry. We have
seen a good part of that over the last 6-8 months. Going ahead,
whatever adverse news comes, it will actually batter these stocks."
The farmers' protest against the Centre's new ordinance on sugar cane
pricing made the day for parties outside the UPA and even some of UPA's
neglected allies. This was an issue on which they ferociously cornered
the government, and for the first time after the UPA government came
back to power in May 2009, forced it on a back foot.
In 1971 , I myself had to BURN sugar cane grown on ACRES of Land as we could not afford the labour Cost. The Mills would not take sugar cane and we had to go down to the CRASHERS to get Just Rs Four per quintle. I Understand the Problem and support the Peasants on the streets. But at the same time, the Parliamentary Drama seems to me rather as a SUPER DUPER Subversion once again!
Political Betrayals Enhance the AGRARIAN Crisis as Politicians Have No Sympathy with Indian Peasantry and Push for Economic Reforms Despite Intense Parliamentary Drama!Framers may not save Life and Land for their Mobile Vote Bank! even today, No Political leader is a little bit Concerned with the Ethnic Cleansing, Modified genetic seed Package, Land Aquisition indiscriminate, Exodus from the Villages , Monoplistic Aggression against Indian farmers, Retail Chain, Chemical Disaster,Strategic Rural Marketing ! While they use the Sugar Cane Issue to mobilise the Vote Banks respectively, they NEVER tried to mobilise a Peasant Movement. The Kisan sabha, an organisation of CPIM has memebers more than ONE CRORE but the Party itself has adopted Cpaitalist ways and is indulged in Mass destruction in Rural Bengal, for which the Red Citadel is Threatened as never before!
It has always been the same story even during Colonial Rule and so called Renaiassance and struggle for Fredom as the Politicians always Supported the Foreign Rulers whenever Indian Aboriginal Indigenous Peasants indulged themselves in Uprising and Insurrections. Just trace the History of Indigo Revolt, Sanyasi Vidroh, Snthal and Munda Insurrection as so on.
Even during last Six decades it has always been the History of Great Betrayals. Peasant insurrections in Telengana, Shrikakulam, Dhimri Block and Naxal Bari have been CRUSHED without addressing the Agrarian Crisis and the marxists who originally led all these insurrections betrayed the Peasants. My father led the Dhimri Block Uprising and we have the flames burning in our heart.
Great failure of Green revolution ignited the Punjab crisis which was subverted in Khalisatani movemnet just because Political parties never stood with the peasants. sikh Identity with Akali movement led to the tragedy of Operation Blue star and we had to witness Unprecedented Indian Holocaust reapeated once again in SIKH GENOCIDE. Hindutva forces along with the congress govt. in the centre did everything to crush the Peasants.
I had been in Meerut during Bharatiya kisan Union Movement led by Mahendra Singh Tikait
while farmers from Uttar Pradesh have Seized the National Capital Zone! What hapened? What did Mr tikait do? He along with his supporters were used to balance the Vote Bank Equations.
During Eighties itself, sharad Joshi led the Shetkari kamgar Union created waves!Where is mr. joshi today while the Peasants in Western India , specially in Maharashtra and all over South india have no escape route but to commit sui cide! reportedly he has joined Hindutva forces!
We all know about Chowdhari Charan Singh. He was then Home Minister and led the Military repression of Dhimri block and dened the incident in the assembly. As my father Pulin Babu believed in democratic Set Up, he always accepted Chowdhari Charan singh as the leader of indian Peasantry. My Father was in the national executive of Bharatiya Krishak samaj led by Chowdhari charan singh during Green revolution days!Later, the Chowdhari became the Prime Minister of India. I have heard the story in meerut.The suffering Sugar cane Peasants from Bagpat,his home constituency and Western Up visited the prime Minster to tell their Grievances. Charan Singh Scolded them saying, MERI TPI PE GANNA Lagao! Plant Sugar cane in my cap!
My father used to tell that chowdhari always responded with a typical phrase, ` MAIN TO BAHARA HOON’ I am Deaf! Whenever the peasants reached him! I have worked in Meerut as a Journalist during 1984 to 1990. I realised that the Great leader and his worthy son chowdhari ajit singh did NOTHING for the Peasnats. Chowdhari Devilal and his son Omprakash chowtala followed suit.
Meanhile, Indian spot sugar snapped a four-day winning streak on Thursday on a slight drop in demand and hopes the federal government will resolve the cane price dispute in northern Uttar Pradesh state, dealers said.
Carrying sugarcane stems, they paralysed key roads in central Delhi
as they marched from Ramlila Grounds to Jantar Mantar, the 17th century
observatory that has become a demonstration hotspot.
The protest
was organised by Ajit Singh's Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), Mahendra Singh
Tikait's Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) and the Rashtriya Kisan Mazdoor
Sangathan. At Jantar Mantar, RLD chief Ajit Singh said, "Farmers should
have been cutting crops right now and preparing to sow the next one.
But the government's faulty policies and high-handedness have forced
farmers to come here to protest."
Many farmers threatened violent
protests if the government did not accept their demands. "The price
fixed by the government for sugar is not justified. If we don't get the
right price, we will make sure no grain reaches Delhi and block all
vehicles carrying milk, vegetables and grains," said a farmer from UP.
SP
general secretary Amar Singh said, "The Fair and Remunerative Price
(FRP) can be set for industry barons but not for poor farmers. The
faulty system is a major cause of farmer suicides." He also took a dig
at Rahul Gandhi saying, "Instead of sleeping in the houses of the poor,
Rahul should see the root cause of their problem." Former Union
minister for rural development, the RJD's Raghuvansh Prasad, said, "The
ordinance was anti-farmer."The BKU's Mahendra Singh Tikait said,
"Sugarcane prices should be raised to over Rs280 a quintal."
In Kolhapur, a key market in top sugar producer Maharashtra, the price of the most traded S-variety sugar fell 0.5 percent to 3,385.65 rupees per 100 kg. The price has risen 84 percent in 2009.
"Demand has tapered due to higher prices," said a member of the Bombay Sugar Merchants Association. "I think very soon mills in Uttar Pradesh will begin crushing. The government has been discussing the issue with all stakeholders."
Thousands of Indian farmers protesting low state-controlled sugarcane prices forced the postponement of the first day of the parliamentary winter session on Thursday, highlighting rural discontent over government policy. See [ID:nSP490330]
Sugar price has risen over six percent in last fortnight on tight supplies due to a delay in cane crushing and lower output estimate.
Southern and western part of the country had received unseasonal rains last week, which trimmed pace of crushing. But now crushing is picking up momentum, traders said.
In the 2009/10 season, lower acreage and poor rains will keep India's output at 15.3 million tonnes, a little more than last year's output of 15 million tonnes, falling severely short of domestic consumption of about 23 million for a second straight year, a Reuters poll showed.
The ruckus in the Lok Sabha began soon after obituaries, compelling Speaker Meira Kumar to adjourn it for half an hour, washing out the Question Hour. Her plea that she will allow debate on the sugarcane prices fell on deaf ears.
While the Congress claimed the prime minister's decision to "tweak"
the ordinance on pricing of sugar cane was at the instance of AICC
general secretary Rahul Gandhi, the opposition appeared jubilant.
At
the end of a day marked by farmers' protests in Delhi and noisy scenes
in parliament, prime minister Manmohan Singh had to concede that the
ordinance which fixed a centrally administered Fair and Remunerative
Price (FRP) for sugar cane at Rs130 per quintal would be "tweaked."
Plainly, the FRP would be upwardly revised. Sources told DNA that the
upward revision could be as high as Rs200 per quintal for sugar cane.
An all party meeting has been fixed on Monday morning to discuss the
matter.
The ferocity of the attack by protesting farmers and the
opposition clearly unnerved the government, but it claimed that the
"critical intervention" in the matter was made by Rahul Gandhi. After
meeting his Cabinet colleagues -- agriculture minister Sharad Pawar,
finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and home minister P Chidambaram --
the prime minister decided not to allow the situation to become a
political powder keg.
All day long, however, Delhi was laid siege to
by thousands of farmers, and a united opposition, including the BJP,
Rashtriya Lok Dal, the Samajwadi Party, the Janata Dal (U) and the
CPI(M). The CPI first disrupted Parliament and later addressed the
crowd.
"We will not allow parliament to function unless the ordinance is withdrawn," Samajwadi Party leader Mulayam Singh Yadav said.
Ajit
Singh, from whose Meerut-Baghpat area of influence most farmers had
come, demanded at least Rs250 per quintal price for sugar cane. "If
this price is not given, then no farmer will agree to grow sugar cane,
and these Delhiwalas who are buying sugar at Rs40 per kg, will find it
difficult to buy it for even Rs200 per kg," he said at a rally at the
protest site.
The bitter battle over sugar may be over for now,
but it has served like an alarm bell for the Congress over how fragile
its hold on farmer-friendly policies can become. The mobilisation by
the opposition also demonstrates that the rest of the Winter Session
will be no cakewalk for the government.
BJP President Rajnath Singh had given an adjournment notice, seeking discussion on the advisability of the Sugarcane (Control) Amendment Ordinance promulgated by the Manmohan Singh Government recently.
Through this ordinance, the Centre has replaced the statutory minimum support price (MSP) wih the fair and remunerative price (FRP) of Rs 129 per quintal. The FRP has been made imperative for State Governments which have had been announcing their own state advisory price (SAP) for sugarcane to bear the burden caused by the difference between the FRP and SAP.
While Lok Sabha witnessed slogan-shouting by Members of all Opposition parties, a large number of farmers descended on Delhi streets and have laid siege at Jantar Mantar to protest enforcement of uniform cane price.
The farmers' protest in the national capital on the opening day of the winter session of Parliament has thrown traffic out of gear on most arterial roads around Jantar Mantar, including the business district of Rajiv Chowk.
When Lok Sabha resumed at Zero Hour, Opposition Members again rushed to the well of the House, shouting slogans ''stop loot of farmers''.
Party leaders never enter the well of the House but this time, Mr Mulayam Singh Yadav (Samajwadi Party), Mr Ajit Singh (RLD), Mr Sharad Yadav (Janata Dal-United), and Mr Basudeb Acharia (CPM) joined their protesting colleagues there.
When the din continued despite pleas by the Speaker to let the House function, she adjourned it for the day.
Earlier, RLD chief Ajit Singh had said, ''We will not let the House function until the Centre scraps the ordinance.'' The Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, was adjourned for the day after paying respects to sitting Members Pyarelal Khandelwal and Mahendra Sahni, who passed away recently.
Soon after the House assembled at the start of the winter session, Chairman Hamid Ansari paid tributes to the departed leaders by describing Khandelwal (BJP) and Sahni(JD-U) as ''noted Parliamentarians.'' The House also recalled the contributions of late former Minister P Upendra and former Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister YSR Reddy.
Members observed one-minute silence in their memory before the House was adjourned for the day.
Financial express repots:
Senior ministers of the UPA government got into firefighting
mode, working behind the scenes on Thursday to approve critical changes
in the sugarcane ordinance issued last month. The ordinance has almost
led the Centre into a collision course with the states.
According to top UPA sources, the ordinance, that
was brought in to sidestep financial liability to the tune of Rs 14,000
crore in the wake of a Supreme Court order on awarding compensation to
sugarcane growers, achieved its purpose. But an oversight in its
drafting appeared to have transferred this liability to the states.
This aspect was pointed out in the government on
Thursday morning by one of the senior ministers, who maintained that
unless changes were made in the ordinance, the states could end up
having to take responsibility for the difference in compensation
sugarcane mill owners must pay to farmers.
The ordinance issued on October 21 through a
gazette notification and given ex post approval on October 29 by the
Union cabinet states: “If any authority or state government fixes any
price above the fair and remunerative price fixed by the central
government under clause 3, such authority or state government, shall
pay the amount, which it fixes above the fair and remunerative price as
fixed by the central government, to the grower of sugarcane or to the
sugarcane growers cooperative society, as the case may be”.
The ordinance, in its preamble, also says that the
state governments announcing higher pricing of levy sugar than that by
the Centre would have to bear the extra cost. It says: “And whereas it
has become necessary to clarify for certainty and to have a uniform
policy and factors to be taken into consideration for the determination
of price of levy sugar and also to clarify that state governments
declaring the SAP also bear the additional expenditure connected
thereto insofar as the impact on price of levy sugar in respect of
sugar factories located in those states concerned.”
This means that the state government can no longer
announce an SAP (state advisory price) for sugarcane higher than the
FRP announced by the Centre, unless it is willing to shell out the
difference from its own exchequer. States like Uttar Pradesh have
always announced higher SAPs bowing to popular sentiment.
This year, UP announced an SAP of Rs 170 per
quintal compared to the Rs 129 announced by the Centre last month.
Chief Minister...
http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Ire-over-sugar-ordinance-forces-govt-into-firefighting-mode/543799/
Lok Sabha speaker advocates discussion on sugarcane issue
Lok Sabha speaker Meira Kumar today said she
shared the Opposition's concern over the problems faced by farmers and
they should be discussed. "I shared their (opposition) concern for
farmers problems," she said adding "Whatever the problem it should be
discussed."
She told reporters outside Parliament, "When the session is on it
should be discussed in the House and (that is) what the session is
meant for."
The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha were adjourned
following the Opposition uproar over sugarcane pricing policy today.
Strongly advocating a discussion, she said "things should be discussed
in the House rather than the House be disrupted. It would be better to
have discussion."
To a question that allies were saying that they
were not consulted before introduction of the Bill, she said "whatever
the Bill.... Bill is scheduled" and added that it could be discussed.
Another anti-Maoist offensive in WB after Jharkhand polls: DGP
he West Bengal government is planning to intensify the offensiveagainst Maoists in Lalgarh in West Midnapore district after the
Assembly elections in Jharkhand.
"After the Jharkhand elections, we are expecting some additional
companies of the paramilitary in our state. Once we get the forces, we
will intensify the offensive," state DGP Bhupinder Singh told newsmen
here today. He did not, however, specify how many additional companies
of central forces would be available for West Bengal after the
Jharkhand elections.
West Bengal police and central paramilitary
forces began an anti-Maoist offensive in West Midnapore on June 19 this
year which is still continuing. In reply to a question, the DGP said
the situation in Lalgarh and its adjoining areas was under control, but
armed Maoists were still present.
On the night of November 15,
suspected Maoists kidnapped five persons, including a gram panchayat
member and a CPI-M functionary near Jhargram. While three of them were
later released unharmed, two others are still untraced.
Ensure 100 days’ sitting of Parliament: CPI(M)
The CPI(M) on Thursday demanded a constitutional amendment toensure that Parliament sits for at least 100 days a year even if there
was no legislative business. This will make the government “accountable
to the people”, it argued.
“The government’s stand that there is no need to
have more sittings of Parliament because there is no legislative
business amounts to abdicating its constitutional responsibility.
Besides making laws, Parliament raises issues of public importance and
maintains vigil on the executive,” CPI(M) leader Sitaram Yechury said
at a press conference here.
Observing that people’s will was exercised through
the elected representatives in the legislature to which the executive
was accountable, he said, “If Parliament does not meet often, the
government gets away without being accountable to the people.”
He said the CPI(M) would raise the demand in both
Houses of Parliament for a constitutional amendment to ensure at least
100 sittings every calendar year.
Yechury said the British Parliament was mandated
to hold a minimum of 160 sittings every year and there were nearly 200
sittings on an average. “But here we had only 46 sittings last year.
This is a serious undermining of the Constitution.”
The CPI(M) leader also objected to the government
“going back on its assurance” that the current winter session, which
began on Thursday, would be for six weeks.
Sugarcane pricing not discussed at cabinet meeting: Soni
The cabinet meeting Thursday did notdiscuss the government's sugarcane pricing policy, which has come under
attack from opposition parties and farmers.
nformation and Broadcasting Minister Ambika
Soni, asked by reporters after the cabinet meeting that was chaired by
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, if the issue was discussed, said: "The
amendment on sugarcane pricing was not discussed."
However,
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is reported to have called an emergency
meeting of the core group of ministers to discuss the issue following
disruption of parliament by the opposition protesting the sugarcane
pricing.
The meeting was attended by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, Law Minister M. Veerappa Moily and Home Minister P. Chidambaram.
The
prime minister has also assured Congress general secretary Rahul Gandhi
that the government would suitably amend the ordinance regarding fair
and remunerative pricing (FRP) system on sugarcane if it is in the
interest of farmers.
Rahul Gandhi met the prime minister here
Thursday to convey the sentiments of sugarcane growers of Uttar Pradesh
amid efforts by a combined opposition to put the United Progressive
Alliance (UPA) government in the dock over its ordinance.
"The
prime minister has assured him that the centre will look into the
matter again and suitably amend the ordinance if it is in the interest
of farmers," said a Congress statement issued by party general
secretary Digvijay Singh.
The party also assured sugarcane
farmers of Uttar Pradesh that the UPA government would "ensure highest
possible sugar cane price in the present context".
The government has called an all-party meeting on Monday to discuss the sugarcane pricing, which farmers have termed unfair.
Farmers
are protesting the government proposal to table an amendment that will
raise the sugarcane prices from about Rs.108 to Rs.129.85 per quintal.
They say this is insufficient compared to the rise in sugar prices.
They are demanding Rs.280 per quintal for their produce.
The
government is also worried after the DMK, its ally, said the government
should have taken states into confidence before coming up with the
ordinance.
BJP slams Government's new sugarcane pricing, procurement policy
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) onThursday supported the protesting sugarcane farmers of Uttar Pradesh in
their agitation against new sugarcane pricing and procurement policy of
the Union Government.
The protest held under the aegis of regional
party, Rashtriya Lok Dal led by former Union Industry Minister Ajit
Singh, also gained the support of Samajwadi Party and many other
political outfits.
Addressing the media on the sidelines of the
protest, senior BJP leader Arun Jaitley said that the new sugarcane
policy was 'an anti-farmer move.'
'It is an anti-farmer move,
the Government wanted to bring a retrospective amendment which could
relieve it from its liabilities of mill owners, but in the process it
(Government) came under pressure from the mill owners and compensated
them by bringing anti-farmer move,' Jaitley said.
'These two
provisions must be repealed, this is what we demand from the Government
and the entire opposition is opposing it in the parliament. I see no
way how this can be passed in the Rajya Sabha,' he added.
The
Union Government has announced a price of Rs 129.85 per quintal for
sugarcane during the 2009-10 crushing season under FRP (Fair and
Remunerative Price) system. In case the State Government fixes SAP
(State Advisory Price) higher than the FRP, it will have to pay the
difference.
Agitated farmers of the State, which produces half
of the country's sugarcane contended that they would intensify their
protest if the Government does not fix the rate of sugarcane at Rs 280
per quintal.
Meanwhile, RLD activists also threatened to block
the water supply to Delhi from Uttar Pradesh if the Union Government
failed to take back sugarcane pricing and procurement policy.
'If
the Government will not take back FRP (Fair and Remunerative Price)
policy, we will block the supply of water, milk and other essential
commodities from Uttar Pradesh. We also held a Panchayat (assembly) in
Meerut city, today we will also decide our future strategy,' said
Anuradha Chaudhary, senior RLD leader.
Govt. recommends Rs. 7,266 crore for draught hit Bundelkhand region
In a significant step, the Centre on
Thursday recommended a special economic package of Rs. 7,266 crore for
Bundelkhand region, spread over Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, to
help it recover from draught's affect.
The decision was taken during the Union Cabinet meet, presided by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.
Briefing
mediamen after the Cabinet meet, Information and Broadcasting Minister
Ambika Soni said: 'The Cabinet has cleared Rs.7,266 crore package for
Bundelkhand region. It was also decided to set up a monitoring group to
oversee its implementation.'
The package is hoped to help in the development of the region.
Congress
General Secretary had reportedly asked from the Govt. for 7,000 crore
package from the Government for the draught hit Bundelkhand region,
stated a private channel.
Rahul visited Bundelkhand last year.
Meanwhile, on the issue of sugarcane pricing, the Government will hold an all party meet on Monday.
Tens
of thousands of farmers staging a protest on Thursday in the national
capital led by Bhartiya Kisan Union, Rashtriya Lok Dal and others.
Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh has reportedly given assurance for necessary
amendments in the ordinance related to sugarcane, if required.
Centre disburses Rs.1.38 lakh crore agriculture credits to farmers
The Union Agriculture Ministry said here
on Thursday that Rs. 1.38 lakh crore have been disbursed among farmers
across the country as agriculture credit up to September.
This is about 42.41 percent of the target
fixed for the current fiscal. The target to be achieved during 2009-10
is to the tune of Rs.3.25 lakh crore.
The ministry has stated
that it has distributed Rs 92,595.08 crore through commercial banks,
Rs27,704.85 crore through cooperative banks, Rs 17,531.31 crore through
rural banks.
The flow of agriculture credit since 2003-04 has
consistently exceeded the target and increased from Rs.86,981 crore in
2003-04 to Rs.2,87,149 crore in 2008-09.
As advised by the Agriculture Ministry to launch an intensive branch and village level campaign to provide Kisan Credit Card to all the eligible and willing farmers in a time bound manner, the state governments have issued 8.53 crore cards up to July.
To relieve the burden of overdues, the government has waived or given
relief to about 3.68 crore farmers through One Time Settlement (OTS)
involving an amount of Rs. 65,318.33 crore making them eligible to
avail fresh credit from the banking system.
Meanwhile, the
government is also implementing revival package for Short-term Rural
Cooperative Credit Structure involving financial outlay of Rs. 13,596
crore.
The Center has entered a trilateral agreement with the
state governments and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) and accordingly constituted a Task Force to look
into the issue of a large number of farmers, who had taken loans from
private moneylenders in the country.
Centre to set up 193 village courts
The Union Government on Thursday announced
the setting up of 193 Grama Nyayalayas (village courts) in various
states in the current year.
n a written statement to the Lok Sabha, Union
Law and Justice Minister, M. Veerappa Moily said: 'The village courts
will be set up in the States where the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
applies.'
'The Central Government would bear the non-recurring
cost of establishment of Gram Nyayalayas subject to a ceiling of
Rs.18.00 lakhs per Gram Nyayalaya,' he said
Moily also informed
the lower house that the Central Government would also bear 50 percent
of Rs.6.40 lakhs per annum as recurring cost of one Gram Nyayalaya for
the first three years.
He said the government has carried out
detailed consultations with state governments, high courts and other
stakeholders regarding implementation of the Gram Nyayalayas, Act 2008
and its impact on the administration of justice in the states.
Replying
another question Moily informed the members that the government has
introduced the National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009 in the Lok Sabha in
July, which envisages setting up of National Green Tribunal (NGT) for
effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to Environmental
protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
Meanwhile
he also clarified that there is no proposal under consideration of the
Centre to open up country's legal sector to foreign law companies.
However,
Moily, informed the house that the issue of allowing foreign law firms
to establish their officers to give legal advice and assistance on
foreign law is being discussed with all the stake holders including the
Bar Council of India.
Centre prepares Vision 2015 document for food processing industries
The Union Government on Thursday informed
the Lok Sabha that the vision document 2015 has been prepared in order
to increase the level of processing and to promote food processing
industries to exploit both the domestic and international market
potential for processed food products.
In a written statement to the lower house,
the Union Food Processing Industries Minister Subhodh Kanth Sahay said:
'The vision document envisages tripling the size of the processed food
sector by increasing the level of processing of perishables from 6
percent to 20 percent value addition from 20 percent to 35 percent and
share in global food trade from 1.5 percent to 3 percent by 2015.'
The
minister also informed the members, that the government has approved an
integrated strategy vision to promote agribusiness, strategy and action
plan for the food-processing sector.
In his reply, Sahay said the level of processing of fruits and vegetables in the country is estimated at 2.20 percent.
'The
low level of fruit and vegetable processing is due to non-availability
of processable varieties of raw materials at right quantity and
quality, seasonable nature of industry, lack of adequate post-harvest
infrastructure such as lack of cold chain facilities, transportation,
proper storage facilities etc,' he informed.
It is estimated
that the processing level in the food-processing sector has gone up
from 6 percent to 10 percent and value addition has gone up from 20
percent to 26 percent during last five years.
Sahay informed
the house that the ministry has been implementing various schemes for
promotion and development of food processing industries.
He also
informed the housed that a National Horticulture Mission has been
launched with an objective to boost the horticulture sector.
PM may sign major guns deal during US visit
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New Delhi: India is expected to initiate the
process for a major government-to-government deal in artillery guns
with the United States during the visit of prime minister Manmohan
Singh later this month.
If it goes through, it will break the jinx of Bofors that has held back artillery modernisation since the mid-1980s.
According
to military sources, work is under way for a foreign military sales
deal with the US for the purchase of ultra-light howitzer guns, worth
over $1 billion (Rs5,000 crore). A military source said the proposed
deal "could be taken forward" during Singh's visit to the US.
If
it goes through this will be the first major artillery gun purchase by
India since the Bofors scandal, over kickbacks in the purchase of the
artillery guns from Sweden, erupted into a political controversy.
Though
the proposal is being termed "serious" by sources, many are not willing
to commit if it will go through. Singapore Technologies, which had led
the race for the contract, has been blacklisted after its name cropped
up in a Central Bureau of Investigation probe into alleged corruption
by former Ordnance Factory Board chairman Sudipto Ghosh.
However,
pleading innocence, the Singapore firm is carrying out intense lobbying
at various levels to get back the contract. Army sources are not
willing to write off the Singapore firm from the contract.
The
army is preparing detailed notes for a deal for the much-needed
ultra-light howitzers. The proposal is for outright purchase of M777
towed artillery guns that have shown their capabilities in Afghanistan.
It is in service with the US Marine Corps and army, besides the
Canadian military.
http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_pm-may-sign-major-guns-deal-during-us-visit_1313510
Indira Gandhi proved India is not a soft state
 |
ASHOK B SHARMA
Posted: Saturday, Oct 31, 2009 at 1929 hrs IST
Updated: Saturday, Oct 31, 2009 at 1929 hrs IST
New Delhi: Nation remembers the former Prime
Minister of India, Indira Gandhi on the day of her martyrdom on October
31, 1984. The determined lady who was once considered as one of the
world’s powerful leader was the only Prime Minister of the country who
proved that India was not a soft state through her actions In the war
with Pakistan in 1971 leading to the creation of Bangladesh, annexation
of Sikkim in 1975 and suppression of separatist movement in the
country.
Another most important reason for which Indira
Gandhi needs to be remembered is her bold decision to nationalize
leading banks in the country about 40 years ago on July 14, 1969. This
proved to be wise and visionary, particularly, today as it insulated
the country’s banking sector from the direct impact of global financial
crisis. These nationalized banks worked under robust oversight and
regulations while deepening financial access and markets. After
nationalisation of banks a number of unemployed youth received loans
for entrepreneurship
It is hard to believe today after 25 years of her
death that India could once rebuff political pressure and military
threat from the world’s most powerful country – the United States of
America. The then US President, Richard Nixon disliked Indira Gandhi
and referred to her as a ‘witch’ and a ‘clever fox’ in his private
conversation with the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, which was
later made public.
In 1971 the Pakistani army heavily cracked down on
the civilian population of erstwhile East Pakistan and as a result over
10 million refugees fled to India. The Pakistan military action was in
disregard to the election verdict which caused the emergence of Awami
League as the single largest party.
The Pakistan military dictatorship under Agha
Muhammad Yahya Khan and the then political leaders of West Pakistan
apprehended the shifting of political capital from Islamabad to Dhaka
or separation of its eastern wing, despite assurances the Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to resolve the issue within the framework of
Pakistan.
The military repression in erstwhile East Pakistan
and the flight of refugees brought India into a war with Pakistan. The
US mooted a resolution in the United Nations Security Council warning
India going to war with Pakistan. Indira Gandhi signed a treaty of
friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union in August 1971 and the
Soviet Union vetoed US proposal in the UN.
Indira Gandhi also took measures to...
http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indira-gandhi-proved-india-is-not-a-soft-state/535653/
Farmer suicides haunt Orissa assembly
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Bhubaneswar: The Orissa assembly witnessed
pandemonium on Thursday. As soon as the day's proceedings began,
Congress members rushed to the well of the House and demanded that the
legislature make an obituary reference to the over 30 farmers who
committed suicide in the state in the past two months due to crop loss.
"The assembly must condole," leader of opposition Bhupinder Singh said.
But
the treasury benches were not inclined. "Committing suicide is a crime,
no obituary motion should be passed without thoroughly examining the
laws," they said.
Pandemonium followed and the House was
adjourned. Later, the government constituted a farmers' commission to
find out the reasons for the crop loss. The panel would suggest
measures to enhance the growth ratio of agriculture.
Fissures appear in farmers' front
LUCKNOW:
Farmers' unity in UP against low sugarcane price, it seems, is crumbling. Even
as a mahapanchayat presided by VM Singh, convener of the
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Sangathan and Congress leader, held on Wednesday in Lakhimpur Kheri, passed a
resolution to conditionally supply sugarcane to mills, a delegation of the
National Alliance of Farmers' Association (NAFA) met President Pratibha Patil in
Delhi and asked her protect interest of cane farmers.
While farmers,
led by Singh, softened their stand and opted for an agreement with mills,
majority of them led by Bhartiya Kisan Union are unrelenting. Hundreds of them
are in Delhi for past three days demanding scraping of Fair and Remunerative
Price (FRP) ordinance and increasing SAP. The Rashtriya Lok Dal along with the
Samajwadi Party will lay siege to Parliament on Thursday in protest. The issue
will also be raised in winter session of Parliament, also starting from
Thursday.
At the mahapanchayat in Palia, Lakhimpur, decision to
supply cane was taken on condition that the mills and cane societies will follow
the clause provided in the agreement in form C. In the said clause sugar mills
agree to pay at par with the highest payment made by any other sugar mill in UP.
Singh said that farmers need to vacate field for sowing of wheat. He said, cane
leaves will also help in meeting shortage of cattle fodder in the
state.
The vice-chairmen of Balarayan and Sampoornanagar factories of
Kheri, who were also present in the mahapanchayat, reportedly gave their consent
to follow the clause. Farmers decided that they will reach Lucknow on December,
15 to gherao the cane commissioner for declaration of Rs 280 per quintal as
State Advisory Price (SAP). Farmers have been demanding Rs 280 per quintal rate,
whereas the state government has fixed SAP as Rs 180-185 per
quintal.
On the other hand, NAFA delegation led by its patron Prof T
Haq met President and gave her a memorandum seeking her intervention to get
clause 3B deleted from the FRP ordinance. The clause proposes that state
government will have to pay the difference between SAP and FRP to sugar mills.
SAP is higher than FRP. The provision, it said, will deter state governments
from fixing higher SAP. The delegation also demanded that fixation of from FRP
should be more reasonable.
Haq said that UP government should declare
Rs 215 per quintal SAP this year so that it can motivate farmers to continue
cane farming next year. The NAFA is of the view that Rs 215 per quintal along
with bonus is a reasonable price for the sugarcane this year as farmers have
suffered heavy losses due to drought. The input cost of farmers has been between
Rs 176-210 per quintal in various areas depending on the severity of the drought
and other prevailing circumstances.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Fissures-appear-in-farmers-front/articleshow/5245341.cms
sugar
India Parliament Adjourns on Sugar Cane-Price ProtestBloomberg - - 1 hour ago 19 (Bloomberg) -- India's parliament adjourned for the day as opposition parties protested against the uniform sugar cane price, prolonging a tariff dispute ... Indian sugar snaps 4-day gaining streak on weak demand Reuters India Farmers' discontent over sugarcane pricing weighs on sugar shares India Infoline.com Ire over sugar ordinance forces govt into firefighting modeFinancial Express - 50 minutes ago The ordinance, in its preamble, also says that the state governments announcing higher pricing of levy sugar than that by the Centre would have to bear the ... Farmer protest, delay in crushing pull sugar stocks down Moneycontrol.com PM intervenes as Sugar farmers protest over pricing Commodity Online HC notice to govt on illegal use of kolhusTimes of India - 1 hour ago ALLAHABAD: The Allahabad High Court has asked the Uttar Pradesh government, UP Sugar Cooperative Cane Union Federation and others to file their reply in a ... Indian sugar extends gains on thin supply, demandReuters India - Nov 18, 2009 MUMBAI, Nov 18 (Reuters) - Tight supplies due to a delay in cane crushing, lower output estimate and improvement in demand helped Indian spot sugar to rise ... ANALYSIS-Sugar supply seen tight despite plantings boostReuters India - - 4 hours ago LONDON, Nov 19 (Reuters) - A doubling of sugar prices this year will trigger a boost in plantings in 2010/11, but the economic crisis and ... Banks ink Garanti trade deal Trade Finance (subscription) Winter session Day 1: Sugar tastes bitter, disruption wins over debateLivemint - - 5 hours ago The government's new sugarcane pricing policy left it with a bitter taste in its mouth as the first day of the winter session of Parliament began on a ... Sugar to leave a bitter taste in House Economic Times Pakistan expected to start importing sugar by DecReuters India - - 8 hours ago ISLAMABAD, Nov 19 (Reuters) - Pakistan is likely to start importing 500000 tonnes of white crystal sugar by December to meet domestic ... Sugar reserves reduces to 200000 tons as crisis continues The News International Medium sugar recovers on fresh buying, small sugar easesEconomic Times - 7 hours ago 19 Nov 2009, 1619 hrs IST, PTI MUMBAI: A divergent trend was noticed on the Vashi wholesale Sugar market here on Thursday as medium sugar recovered ... Nifty breaches 5000; realty, oil & gas, IT, banks dragMoneycontrol.com - 9 hours ago Sugar stocks were seeing huge selling pressure on news of sugar companies yet to begin crushing for the season. There were reports that sugar mill owners ... Can't get sugar? Try sweets in your teaReuters - - 12 hours ago As Pakistanis face an acute shortage of sugar, some families have found an easily available alternative to sweeten their tea: instead of a spoonful of sugar ... Security tightened at sugar mills in MuzaffarnagarIndian Express - 15 hours ago Security has been tightened at all sugar mills in Muzaffarnagar following threat from agitating farmers over sugarcane price. Agitating farmers burn documents and furniture Press Trust of India Sugar mills told to go into power generation for extra incomeBusinessWorld Online - 3 hours ago SUGAR MILLS should take advantage of expected high sugar prices in the next two to three years to invest in power generation to earn extra income. US likely to order more sugar Manila Standard Today High global sugar prices seen to prevail in next two years Philippine Star Govt closely watching sugar price - officialReuters India - - Nov 16, 2009 NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India, the world's biggest sugar consumer, is keeping a close eye on the prices of the sweetener and would not hesitate to act to rein ... Govt keeping watch on sugar prices: govt Economic Times Company to pay almost $400000 in back overtimeThe Associated Press - 4 hours ago SUGAR LAND, Texas - The US Labor Department says a British contractor has agreed to pay nearly $400000 in back overtime wages. Illovo sees higher sugar output, earnings to be flatCreamer Media's Engineering News - - 2 hours ago Sugar producer Illovo Sugar expected the group's sugar production for the current season to amount to about 1,7-million tons, 200 000 t higher than the year ... DJ CORRECT: Zambia Sugar Expansion Project Boosts Illovo Sugar -Co Trading Markets (press release) Sugar Land Mayor Robbed In Driveway - VIDEOFamily Badge - 6 hours ago SUGAR LAND, Texas -- Sugar Land's mayor is the latest victim of a driveway robbery in his city, KPRC Local 2 reported. Sugar Land mayor robbed at gunpoint in his driveway Houston Chronicle Sugar Land Mayor Robbed at Gunpoint 39online.com Sweet! Is Sugar the future of publishing?CNN - - 47 minutes ago An example is Sugar Publishing, the 3 1/2-year old blogging company that focuses on young women. Run by the husband-and-wife team Brian and Lisa Sugar, ... Egypt raises local sugar cane procurement pricesReuters South Africa - 1 hour ago CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt has raised by 17 percent the price at which it buys sugar cane from local farmers to 234 Egyptian pounds per tonne, the Investment ... BJP, RJD, SP hit out at Pawar over sugarcane policyPress Trust of India - 7 hours ago "This entire decision (to introduce the Sugarcane Control (Amendment) Order 2009 Ordinance) is to benefit sugar mills. Consumer Group Asks Government To Scrap Sugar SubsidyBernama - 6 hours ago KUALA LUMPUR, 19 Nov (Bernama) -- The Malaysian Consumers Association (Maconas) has urged the government to scrap the subsidy on sugar which costs about ... More results for sugar » |
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Sugarcane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sugar Canes | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cut sugar cane | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Phylum: | Magnoliophyta |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| (unranked): | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Saccharum L. |
| Selected species | |
Saccharum arundinaceum | |
Sugarcane, or sugar cane, is any of six to thirty-seven species (depending on taxonomic system) of tall perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae). Native to warm temperate to tropical regions of India and Asia, they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six meters (six to nineteen feet) tall. All sugar cane species interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. Brazil produces about one-third of the world's sugarcane.
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[edit] Cultivation and uses
Sugar cane is grown in over 110 countries with an estimated total production of 1,591 million metric tons[1] in 2007, more than six times the output of sugar beet. In 2005, the world's largest producer of sugar cane was Brazil, followed by India.[2] Sugar cane products include table sugar, Falernum, molasses, rum, cachaça (the national spirit of Brazil), and ethanol. The bagasse
that remains after sugar cane crushing may be burned to provide heat
and electricity. It may also, because of its high cellulose content,
serve as raw material for paper, cardboard, and eating utensils that, because they are by-products, may be branded as "environmentally friendly."
[edit] History of sugarcane
For a longer history, see History of sugar.
The diffusion of sugarcane in pre-Islamic times (shown in red), in the medieval Muslim world (green) and by Europeans (violet)[3]
Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.[4] Different species likely originated in different locations with S. barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea.[4] Crystallized sugar was reported 5,000 years ago in India.
Around the eighth century A.D., Arabs introduced sugar to the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. By the tenth century, sources state, there was no village in Mesopotamia that did not grow sugar cane.[3] It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by the Portuguese.
Boiling houses in the 17th through 19th centuries converted sugarcane juice into raw sugar.
These houses were attached to sugar plantations in the western
colonies. Slaves often ran the boiling process, under very poor
conditions. Made of cut stone, rectangular boxes of brick or stone
served as furnaces with an opening at the bottom to stoke the fire and
remove ashes. At the top of each furnace were up to seven copper
kettles or boilers, each one smaller and hotter than the previous one.
The cane juice began in the largest kettle. The juice was then heated
and lime added to remove impurities. The juice was skimmed, then
channeled to successively smaller kettles. The last kettle, which was
called the 'teache', was where the cane juice became syrup. The next
stop was a cooling trough, where the sugar crystals hardened around a
sticky core of molasses. This raw sugar was then shoveled from the
cooling trough into hogsheads (wooden barrels), and from there into the curing house.
Sugarcane is still extensively grown in the Caribbean. Christopher Columbus first brought it during his second voyage to the Americas, initially to the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In colonial times, sugar formed one side of the triangular trade of New World raw materials, European manufactures, and African slaves. France found its sugarcane islands so valuable, it effectively traded its portion of Canada, famously dubbed "a few acres of snow," to Britain for their return of Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Lucia at the end of the Seven Years' War. The Dutch similarly kept Suriname, a sugar colony in South America, instead of seeking the return of the New Netherlands (New York). Cuban sugarcane produced sugar that received price supports from and a guaranteed market in the USSR;
the dissolution of that country forced the closure of most of Cuba's
sugar industry. Sugarcane remains an important part of the economy of Belize, Barbados, Haiti, along with the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, and other islands.
Sugarcane production greatly influenced many tropical Pacific islands, including Okinawa and, most particularly, Hawaiʻi and Fiji.
In these islands, sugarcane came to dominate the economic and political
landscape after the arrival of powerful European and American
agricultural businesses, which promoted immigration of workers from
various Asian countries to tend and harvest the crop. Sugar was the
dominant factor in diversifying the islands' ethnic makeup, profoundly
affecting their politics and society.
Brazil is the biggest grower of sugarcane, which goes for sugar and ethanol for gasoline-ethanol blends (gasohol) for transportation fuel. In India, sugarcane is sold as jaggery, and also refined into sugar, primarily for consumption in tea and sweets, and for the production of alcoholic beverages.
[edit] Cultivation
Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or subtropical climate, with a minimum of 60 centimetres (24 in) of annual moisture. It is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom. It is a C-4 plant, able to convert up to 2 percent of incident solar energy into biomass.[citation needed] In prime growing regions, such as India, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia, Ecuador, Cuba, the Philippines, El Salvador and Hawaii, sugarcane can produce 20 kilograms (44 lb) for each square meter exposed to the sun.[citation needed]
Although sugarcanes produce seeds, modern stem cutting has become
the most common reproduction method. Each cutting must contain at least
one bud and the cuttings are sometimes hand-planted. In more advanced
countries like Australia, billet planting is common. Billets harvested from a mechanical harvester
are planted by a machine which opens and recloses the ground. Once
planted, a stand can be harvested several times; after each harvest,
the cane sends up new stalks, called ratoons. Successive
harvests give decreasing yields, eventually justifying replanting. Two
to ten harvests may be possible between plantings.[citation needed]
Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically. Hand harvesting
accounts for more than half of production, and is dominant in the
developing world. In hand harvesting the field is first set on fire. The fire burns dry leaves, and kills any lurking, venomous snakes, without harming the water-rich stalks and roots. Harvesters then cut the cane just above ground-level using cane knives or machetes. A skilled harvester can cut 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of sugarcane per hour.[citation needed]
Photo of three trailer truck filled with plant cane
Mechanical harvesting uses a sugarcane combine (or chopper harvester), a harvesting machine originally developed in Australia. The Austoft 7000 series was the original modern harvester design that has now been copied by other companies including Cameco and John Deere.
The machine cuts the cane at the base of the stalk, strips the leaves
and deposits the cane into a transporter, while blowing the thrash back
onto the field. Such machines can harvest 100 long tons (100 t) each
hour, but machine-harvested cane must rapidly arrive at the processing.
Once cut, sugarcane begins to lose its sugar content, and damage to the
cane during mechanical harvesting accelerates this decline.
[edit] Pests
The cane grub can inflict substantial reduce yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with Confidor or Lorsban. Other important pests are the larvae of some butterfly/moth species, including the turnip moth, the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis), the Mexican rice borer (Eoreuma loftini); leaf-cutting ants, termites, spittlebugs (especially Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois flavopicta), and the beetle Migdolus fryanus also are significant pests. The planthopper insect Eumetopina flavipes acts as a phytoplasma vector, which causes the sugarcane disease ramu stunt[5].
[edit] Processing
Manually extracting juice from sugarcane
Sugar crystals
The Santa Elisa sugarcane processing plant, one of the largest and oldest in Brazil, is located in Sertãozinho, Brazil
Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane
syrup. Three Rivers Historical Society Museum at Browntown, South
Carolina
Traditionally, sugarcane processing requires two stages. Mills
extract raw sugar from freshly harvested cane, and sometimes bleach it
to make "mill white" sugar for local consumption. Refineries, often
located nearer to consumers in North America, Europe, and Japan, then produce refined white sugar, which is 99 percent sucrose.
These two stages are slowly merging. Increasing affluence in the
sugar-producing tropics increased demand for refined sugar products,
driving a trend toward combined milling and refining.
[edit] Milling
Small rail networks are a common method of transporting cane to a mill. Refineries test newly arrived cane for Brix and trash percentage.
The mill washes, chops, and uses revolving knives to shred the cane.
Shredded cane is repeatedly mixed with water and crushed between
rollers; the collected juices (called garapa in Brazil) contain 10–15 percent sucrose, and the remaining fibrous solids, called bagasse,
are burned for fuel. Bagasse makes a sugar mill more than energy
self-sufficient; surplus bagasse goes in animal feed, in paper
manufacture, or to generate electricity for sale. The cane juice is
next mixed with lime to adjust its pH
to 7. This mixing arrests sucrose's decay into glucose and fructose,
and precipitates some impurities. The mixture then sits, allowing the
lime and other suspended solids to settle. The clarified juice is
concentrated in a multiple-effect evaporator to make a syrup about 60 percent sucrose by weight. This syrup is further concentrated under vacuum until it becomes supersaturated, and then seeded with crystalline sugar. On cooling, more sugar crystallizes from the syrup. A centrifuge separates the sugar from the molasses. Additional crystallizations extract more sugar; the final residue is called blackstrap.
Raw sugar is yellow to brown. Bubbling sulfur dioxide through the cane juice before evaporation bleaches many color-forming impurities into colorless ones. This sulfitation
produces sugar known as "mill white", "plantation white", and "crystal
sugar". Such sugar is the most commonly consumed in sugarcane-producing
countries.
[edit] Refining
Sugar refining further purifies the raw sugar. It is first mixed
with heavy syrup and then centrifuged in a process called 'affination'.
Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is
less pure than the crystal interior. The remaining sugar is then
dissolved to make a syrup, about 70 percent solids by weight.
The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, which combine to precipitate calcium phosphate.
The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb
others, and then float to the top of the tank, where they can be
skimmed off. An alternative to this "phosphatation" technique is 'carbonatation,' which is similar, but uses carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide to produce a calcium carbonate precipitate.
After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon. Bone char was traditionally used in this role, but its use is no longer common.[citation needed]
Some remaining color-forming impurities adsorb to the carbon. The
purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly
crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar.
As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses
by centrifuging. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the
remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again
crystallizing to produce brown sugar.
When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses
still contains 20–30 percent sucrose and 15–25 percent glucose and
fructose.
To produce granulated sugar,
in which individual grains do not clump, sugar must be dried, first by
heating in a rotary dryer, and then by blowing cool air through it for
several days.
[edit] Ribbon cane syrup
Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the southern United States, as far north as coastal North Carolina. The juice was extracted with horse or mule-powered crushers; the juice was boiled, like maple syrup,
in a flat pan, and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener. It
is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales
for their product[citation needed]. Most U.S. sugarcane production occurs in Florida and Louisiana, and to a lesser extent in Hawaii and Texas.
[edit] Production
| Top Ten Sugarcane Producers — 11 June 2008 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Country | Production (Tonnes) | Footnotes |
 Brazil | 514,079,729 | |
 India | 355,520,000 | |
 People's Republic of China | 106,316,000 | |
 Thailand | 64,365,682 | |
 Pakistan | 54,752,000 | P |
 Mexico | 50,680,000 | |
 Colombia | 40,000,000 | F |
 Australia | 36,000,000 | |
 United States | 27,750,600 | |
 Philippines | 25,300,000 | F |
 World | 1,557,664,978 | A |
| P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates); | ||
In India, the states of Uttar Pradesh (38.57 %), Maharashtra (17.76 %) and Karnataka (12.20 %) lead the nation in sugarcane production[6].
In the United States, sugar cane is grown commercially in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Texas.[7]
[edit] Cane ethanol
Ethanol is generally available as a by-product of sugar production.
It can be used as a biofuel
alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. It is a
promising alternative to gasoline, and may become the primary product
of sugarcane processing, rather than sugar.
A textbook on renewable energy[8] describes the energy transformation:
At present, 75 tons of raw sugar cane are produced annually per
hectare in Brazil. The cane delivered to the processing plant is called
burned and cropped (b&c), and represents 77% of the mass of the raw
cane. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated
from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field
as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout
for the next crop. Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of
b&c per hectare per year.
Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and
605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse).
Since the higher heating value of sucrose is 16.5 MJ/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse.
Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ.
This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter. Assuming an average
insolation of 225 W per square meter, the photosynthetic efficiency of
sugar cane is 0.38%.
The 135 kg of sucrose found in 1 ton of b&c are transformed into 70 liters of ethanol with a combustion energy of 1.7 GJ. The practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is, therefore, 76% (compare with the theoretical 97%).
One hectare of sugar cane yields 4000 liters of ethanol per year
(without any additional energy input, because the bagasse produced
exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product). This however
does not include the energy used in tilling, transportation, and so on.
Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13%.
[edit] Sugarcane as food
In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated, there are several foods and popular dishes derived directly from it, such as:
- Raw sugarcane: chewed to extract the juice
- Sugarcane Juice: Combining fresh juice, extracted by hand or small mills, with a touch of lemon and ice to make a popular drink, known variously as ganne ka rass, guarab, guarapa, guarapo, papelón, aseer asab, Ganna sharbat, mosto and caldo de cana
- Jaggery: Solidified molasses, known as Gur or Gud in India,
traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge and
then cooling and molding it in buckets. Modern production partially
freeze dry the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color. It
is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees, sweets and
desserts. - Molasses: as a sweetener and as a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese or cookies
- Rapadura: a candy
made of flavored brown sugar in Brazil, which can be consumed in small
hard blocks, or in pulverized form (flour), as an add-on to other desserts - Rum: especially in the Caribbean
- Syrup: a traditional sweetener in soft drinks, now largely supplanted (in the US at least) by high-fructose corn syrup, which is less expensive
- Rock candy: crystalized cane juice
[edit] Nitrogen fixation
Some sugarcane varieties are known to be capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with a bacterium, Acetobacter diazotrophicus. Unlike legumes and other nitrogen fixing plants which form root nodules
in the soil in association with bacteria, Acetobacter diazotrophicus
lives within the intercellular spaces of the sugarcane's stem. [9][10]
[edit] See also
- Brazil Cachaça
- Cachaça
- Cash crop
- Corn ethanol
- Ethanol fuel in Brazil
- Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
- Sugarcane juice
- Sugarcane Reserve
[edit] References
- ^ "FAOSTAT - Crop production". FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Link and reference involving U.N. FAO production figures
- ^ a b Watson, Andrew. Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. Cambridge University Press. p.26–7.
- ^ a b Sharpe, Peter (1998). Sugar Cane: Past and Present. Illinois: Southern Illinois University.
- ^ Eumetopina flavipes and Ramu Stunt
- ^ "Three largest producing states of important crops". http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/tab115.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ "Meagher: Sugarcane IPM". ipmworld.umn.edu. http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/meagher.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ da Rosa, A, Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes, 2005, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-088510-7, pp. 501-502
- ^ Z. Dong et al., A Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte of Sugarcane Stems (A New Role for the Apoplast), Plant Physiology, 1994, Vol 105, Issue 4 1139-1147
- ^ R. M. Boddey, S. Urquiaga, V. Reis and J. Döbereiner, Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane, Plant and Soil, Volume 137, Number 1 / November, 1991
- Bailey, L. H. and Bailey, E. Z. 1976. Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York
[edit] Further reading
- The Potential of Bagasse-Based Cogeneration in the US, Kevin Ho, Columbia University, 2006.
[edit] External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saccharum |
 | Look up sugarcane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- The Better Sugar Cane Initiative
- FAO production figures
- Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA)
- Corporate Sustainability in the Brazilian Sugar-Ethanol Sector, conducted by the Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development in a partnership with CSM/IMD.
- Environmental impacts of Sugar Cane
- Ethical Sugar NGO - specialized on social, communitarian and environmental sugarcane issues
- GBIF portal: Home
- National Federation of Sugarcane Planters-Philippines
- Sustainability of Brazilian bio-ethanol, conducted by the Copernicus Institute at Universiteit Utrecht.
- Websites of Sugar Regulatory Administration-Philippines
- Sugarcane Industry Zoning in Eastern Thailand
| |||||||||||||||||
Farmers' movements in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The farmers in India had to undergo great struggle in all the states to stop exploitation by the Jagirdars and Zamindars. Some of the movements were successful, but others failed. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who had formed in 1929 the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) in order to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights.[1] Gradually the peasant movement intensified and spread across the rest of India. All these radical developments on the peasant front culminated in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936 with Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President.[2] The farmer movements also started in 1907 under the leadership of Sardar Ajit Singh and in 1921 under Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel were successes, but others, such as the revolts in Chauri Chaura, Avadh and Mopla, were great losses. [3]
D. D. Kosambi and R.S. Sharma, together with Daniel Thorner, brought peasants into the study of Indian history for the first time."[4]
At the global level the French Revolution
had changed the course of history, as it was the working class which
became the vanguard of revolution in Europe. During the first half of
the 20th century, national liberation struggles started against
colonisation. In these colonies, very little industry was present and
their working class, if it existed at all, was still in infancy, making
the impetus for these rebellions have to come from somewhere else. It
was Mao's peasant revolution in China which became a catalyst for national liberation movements in many colonies, including India.
|
[edit] Farmer movements in Punjab
It was in Punjab that India's first farmers’ movement emerged. The role played by Ghadar party, led by Raja Mahendra Pratap,
in the political awakening of India was an important step. The Sikhs of
Punjab were the first to migrate to the United States and Canada in the
19th century. They financed and helped the formation of Ghadar party
which when gave the call to Indians abroad to return home and fight
British imperialism, had its call immediately heeded to. The majority
of those who did return, 8000 of them comprised Punjab's Sikhs. Despite
its apparent failure, the Ghadar Movement was to have a powerful impact
on Punjab politics and especially on the peasants. It established a
tradition of militant and secular anti-imperialism, enriched in
subsequent years by social radicalism, which was to continue to inspire
subsequent generations.gofii9uu8kid
The peasant conferences were held in Lahore, Faislabad, Lyallpur
and other places of West Punjab -- the most famous of them being
1938-39 Long Morcha in Lahore when peasants from all over Punjab
courted arrests for nine months in front of the assembly building.
The slogan of Pagri Sambhal O jatta (Hold your head high, O peasant) was first raised at a mass gathering in Lyallpur in 1907. Ten Thousand people -- the Hindus, the Muslims and the Sikhs alike -- attended this gathering.
[edit] Farmers’ movements in Gujarat
Mahatma Gandhi
had led two great revolts of communities of poor Indian farmers against
the tyranny of the British government and allied landlords in Champaran, Bihar, and Kheda, Gujarat. Success in both struggles had helped win the farmers economic and civil rights, and electrified India's people.
In 1920, the Indian National Congress under Gandhi's leadership launched the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Millions of Indians revolted against the British, boycotting the
courts, government services, schools and disavowing titles, pensions
and British clothes and goods. The freedom fighters, known as Satyagrahis,
peacefully protested authoritarian British laws, and called for India's
independence. Many thousands were beaten, tortured and arrested.
[edit] Bardoli Satyagraha
Bardoli Satyagraha of 1925 in the state of Gujarat, India during the British Raj was a major episode of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement.
In 1925, the taluka of Bardoli in Gujarat
suffered from floods and famine, which hurt the crop produce, leaving
farmers facing great financial troubles. However, the Government of the
Bombay Presidency
had raised the tax rate by 30% that year, and despite petitions from
civic groups, refused to cancel the rise in face of the calamities. The
situation for the farmers was grave enough, that they barely had enough
property and crops to pay-off the tax, let alone for feeding themselves
afterwards.
The Gujarati activists Narhari Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vyas and Mohanlal Pandya talked to village chieftains and farmers, and solicited the help of Gujarat's most prominent freedom fighter, Vallabhbhai Patel. Patel had previously guided Gujarat's farmers during the Kheda struggle, and had served recently as Ahmedabad's
municipal president. He was widely respected by common Gujaratis across
the state. Patel and Gandhi decided that the struggle be left entirely
to the people of Bardoli taluka.
Governor of Bombay ignored the request made by Patel to reduce taxes
but reciprocated by announcing the date of collection. Patel instructed
all the farmers of Bardoli taluka to refuse payment of their taxes.
Aided by Parikh, Vyas and Pandya, he divided Bardoli into several zones
- each with a leader and volunteers specifically assigned. Patel also
placed some Gujarati activists close to the government, to act as
informers on the movements of government officials. Patel instructed
the farmers to remain completely non-violent, and not respond
physically to any incitements or aggressive actions from officials. He
reassured them that the struggle would not end until not only the
cancellation of all taxes for the year, but also when all the seized
property and lands were returned to rightful owners.
The Government declared that it would crush the revolt. Along with tax inspectors, bands of Pathans
were gathered from northwest India to forcibly seize the property of
the villagers and terrorize them. The Pathans and the men of the
collectors forced themselves into the houses, took all property,
including cattle.
The government began to auction the houses and the lands. But not a
single man from Gujarat or anywhere else in India came forward to buy
them. Patel had appointed volunteers in every village to keep watch. As
soon as he sighted the officials who were coming to auction the
property, the volunteer would sound his bugle. The farmers would leave
the village and hide in the jungles. The officials would find the
entire village empty. They could never find out who owned a particular
house.
Members of the legislative councils of Bombay and across India were
angered by the terrible treatment of the protesting farmers. Indian
members resigned their offices, and expressed open support of the
farmers. Even many in the Raj’s offices heavily criticized the
Government.
In 1928, an agreement was finally brokered by a Parsi
member of the Bombay government. The Government agreed to restore the
confiscated lands and properties, as well as cancel revenue payment not
only for the year, but cancel the 30% raise until after the succeeding
year.
While Patel credited Gandhi's teachings and the farmers' undying
resolve, people across the nation recognized his vital leadership.
Gandhi and his fellow satyagrahis called him Sardar for the first time, which in Gujarati and most Indian languages means Chief or Leader. It was after Bardoli, that Sardar Patel became one of India's most important leaders.
[edit] Farmer movements in Rajasthan
Rajasthan is known as the land of kings and palaces and whose history is replete with encomium of their kings, the land known for “Sati”,
the land known for its vast tracts of deserts was witness to a history
in making, the successful agitation of farmers and peasants for their
right to livelihood.
The twenty-two princely states of erstwhile Rajputana
state did not form a common political collectivity which can be termed
as a unified political action model. Each state had its own territorial
area, which was exclusive politically in that it had its separate
administration nag and army. Each state retained its cultural and
linguistic distinctiveness. Political authority varied from ruler to
ruler depending upon the terms of contract or covenant with the
paramount power dating back to the period of subsidiary alliance
of Lord Wellesley. Obviously in a state like this, the freedom movement
was bound to be divided and segmented, depending upon the degree of
unity and cohesiveness among political players in each state. The two
states of Jaipur and Jodhpur provided differential patterns of political movements. [5]
Justice Kan Singh Parihar , the retired Judge of High Court of Rajasthan, has written about exploitation of farmers by Jagirdars prior to Independence as under:
“Every thing that the Kisan had, never treated as his own. In Jagir
areas all cultivators were really landless. There was no tenancy law
and one could be thrown away from the land one cultivated at the
pleasure of Jagirdar, his "malik". In most of the Jagirs a Jagirdar
would in the first instance be taking fifty percent of the produce.
This would be taken by actual division of the produce on the thrashing
floor or by appraisal of the standing crop (kunta). Then over and above the share of the produce the Kisan had to pay numerous "lags" or cesses.
Together with the share of the produce known as "Hasil" these cesses
meant that the Kisans had to part with more than eighty percent of
their produce. The findings of the Sukhdeonarain Committee in the years
1940-42 bear this out. If a Kisan had to marry his daughter he had to
pay "Chavri Lag", if he held a dinner then a "Kansa Lag"; if members of
the family separated then "Dhunwa Lag" and so on. If the Jagirdar had a
guest then fodder for his mount had to be supplied. Then there was
"begar" that is forced labour, for tilling the personal lands of the
Jagirdar. The homestead in which the Kisan lived in the Abadi had to be
vacated in case he ceased cultivating the land. He could not alienate
the plot to anyone.” [6]
Shri Kan Singh Parihar [1]
played a great role in drafting and enactment of Marwar Tenancy Act of
1949 and Marwar Land Revenue Act of 1949. Shri Parihar's idea of fixing
all tenants in cultivatory possession as Khatedars thus making all of
them almost the proprietors of all their fields, wells etc. without
paying any premium or compensation and further being relieved from
paying any lag bag (Cesses) etc., impacted these documents. This Marwar
Tenancy Act of 1949 and Marwar Land Revenue Act of 1949 became a role
model for the Rajasthan Assembly in 1955 and similar laws were passed
based on these Acts, thus greatly benefiting the farmers of Rajasthan.
[edit] Shekhawati farmers’ movement
The farmers of the Sekhawati region are considered to be the most
advanced in the state of Rajasthan. The Shekhawati region has the
highest literacy in the state. The most dominating farmer community in
the rural areas of Shekhawati is Jat. The Jats are politically and
economically very sound. The major land holdings in the present times
are with Jats. Then comes the Rajput community who were the jagirdars
before independence. The farmers of the region have done great struggle
to come to the present status. [7]
Before independence the conditions of the farmers were worst. The
farmers of the Shekhawati region were exploited and oppressed by the
Jagirdars during British Raj. They were deprived of fundamental rights. They were given inhuman treatment when the Jagirdars did not get cesses known as lāg (tax) or begār (unpaid work) in time, they were given hard punishments and their crop used to be destroyed. There were 37 kinds of begārs (work without pay) prevalent in Shekhawati. A newly married bride was forced to go first to Jagirdar. [3]
The Shekhawati Jat farmers’ movement had its genesis in the Jat
Praja Pati Maha-Yagna a socio-religious festival held in January, 1934.
It lasted ten days and was the biggest of its kind in Rajputana. It
facilitated a widespread involvement of Jats in a community festival.
Each Jat household attending it was to contribute some cash and an
unspecified quantity of ghee. A total of two hundred maunds of ghee
were used in the sacrificial flame. The function concluded with a
triumphal elephant ride hitherto prohibited by the rules of Sikar Thikana.
The success of this movement encouraged the Jats to hold more meetings
on local levels and print literature to glorify Jat history. The Yagna
became a dominant symbol of folklore which glorified it as the
beginning of an anti-feudal struggle. The peasants demanded remissions
in taxes and finally a Jat-Sikar Thikana Agreement was signed on August
23, 1934, by which the Thikana authorities conceded to abolish various
lags (taxes) and agreed to provide for a mobile dispensary. The
following year, the Kisan Sabha formally came into existence and under
its aegis the famous Sikar Andolan of 1935 was launched. With outside
mediation efforts of Jamnalal Bajaj, Sir Chhotu Ram - a renowned Jat leader of Punjab and Ratan Singh of All India Jat Mahasabha,
a settlement was arrived at and the Jats were promised remissions of
rent, abolition of internal cesses and an introduction of fixed rent
tenure. The Jats were also promised equal opportunities in Thikana
administration and were permitted to ride elephants and horses and to
construct schools for their children. The formation of a Jat Kisan
Panchayat was officially sanctioned and the right to agitate for
redressal of grievances in non-Khalsa areas was conceded. Much however,
could not be made out of these agreements for two reasons. First, the
subordinate Thikanedars of Sikar did not fully cooperate with Sikar
authorities to ensure compliance with the terms of these agreements.
Secondly, the beginning of settlement operations and reform of revenue
administration was a time-consuming process which entailed enormous
delay. This was interpreted by the Jats as a breach of agreement and
hence, they indulged in acts of disorder and violence, which were
perceived by Thikana authorities as signs of bad faith. In the
meanwhile two unsavoury incidents led to a termination of agreements.
The first, occurred at Khudi
village, where the sight of Jat bridegroom riding a horse incensed the
local Rajputs and the two sides readied themselves for an armed combat.
The state authorities asked the two parties to disperse but the Jats
refused. The state police charged and in the melee that followed,
several people were injured. The second incident took place at Kudan
village, where about one hundred armed Jats attacked Sikar revenue
officials. The police fired upon the armed mob, which resulted in
several casualties and injuries. A total of 104 Jats were arrested. [5] [7]
Farmers of the Shekhawati, mainly the Jats, united against
oppression of Jagirdars by forming ‘Sikar Jat-Kisan-Panchayat’ and
stopped giving "lags" or cesses to the Jagirdards. The ‘Jaipur
Praja-Mandal’ also supported the Shekhawati farmers’ movement against
abolition of Jagirdari system. The leaders of ‘Bijoria-Kisan-Movement’
of 1922, 1931, and 1932 supported the movement of Shekhawati farmers. [7]The
Jagirdars tried to suppress the movement in many ways. Many farmers
were killed and a large number were sent to jail. A Jat farmer was
beaten to death in the market of Sikar town; his dead body was thrown
and insulted. This movement got support from famous Kisan leaders like,
Baldev Ram Mirdha, Nathuram Mirdha and Kumbharam Arya. After a long struggle the farmers got rid of oppression and got the ownership right over the land they were cultivating. [3]
The leading Jat farmers of Shekhawati region, who played important
role in the movement for abolition of the Jagirdari system, were: [3]
- Sardar Har Lal Singh, Mandasi
- Iswar Singh Bhamu Bhairupura,
- Hari Singh Burdak and Hardeva Palthana,
- Prithvi Singh Gothra,
- Ganeshram Kudan,
- Panne Singh Bataranau,
- Goru Singh Katrathal,
- Deva Singh Bochalya,
- Chandrabhan Singh,
- Hardev Singh Nehra Harsawa.
Shekhawati farmers’ movement against abolition of Jagirs got great support from outside Kisan leaders like Sir Chhotu Ram from Haryana, Kunwar Ratan Singh and Thakur Deshraj from Bharatpur, Kunwar Hukum Singh from Aangai.
[edit] Marwar farmers’ movement
The farmers of the Marwar region are considered to be the most simple in the state of Rajasthan. The most dominating farmer community in the rural areas of Marwar is Jat. The Jats are politically and economically very sound. The major land holdings in the present times are with Jats.
Though the position of Kisān (farmer) in what was Khālsā
(under the direct control of the state) was better in comparison to a
Kisan of the Jagir areas, he was only a little above a beast of burden.
In Jagir areas of Marwar state before independence all cultivators were
really landless. There was no tenancy Law and one could be thrown away
from the land one cultivated at the pleasure of Jagirdar, his "malik".
In most of the Jagirs a Jagirdar would in the first instance be taking
fifty percent of the produce. This would be taken by actual division of
the produce on the thrashing floor or by appraisal of the standing crop
(kuntā). The latter method proved at times more onerous as the appraisal depended on the whims of the Kāmdār. Then over and above the share of the produce the farmer had to pay numerous "lags" or cesses. There were 64 kinds of begars (work without pay) prevalent in Marwar. Then the bigger Jagirdars
had judicial powers including magisterial powers. Further they had
their own police force besides the revenue staff. This enabled them to
keep their stronghold on the farmers. Over and above this policy of
divide and rule was fully practiced. By offering the temptation of
giving better land for cultivation one farmer would be set against
another. There were no schools worth the name in rural areas and the
masses were steeped in ignorance.
The oppression of the public by traditional Samantas (chiefs) and Jagirdars
(feudatories) of Marwar state made their life difficult, which led to a
class war. In urban areas, Jaynarayan Vyas started agitation against
oppression, under the banner of "Marwar Lok Parishad" founded on 16 May
1938. This movement was supported by National Congress. The persons who played important role in "Marwar Lok Parishad" were: Shiv Dayal Dave and Jorawar Singh Oswal of Nagaur, Rajpurohit Manji Jagarwal of Bagra, Marwar (Jalore District), Kishanlal Sahu, Manak Chand Konari and Sari Mal of Kuchaman City, Tulsiram of Didwana, Srikishan Pandit of Kolia and Sukhdev Dipankar of Ladnu.
Rural masses of Marwar were united by Kisan Kesari-Baldev Ram Mirdha under the banner of "Marwar Kisan Sabha" founded in 1940. After the formation of Rajasthan, Baldev Ram Mirdha who had by then retired from Government service formed the "Rajathan Kisan Sabha" and unified the Kisāns of Rajasthan under its banner. He was its first president. Since the broad objectives of the Kisān Sabhā and the congress were identical the congress leaders approached Baldev Ram Mirdha to unite the Rajasthan Kisān Sabhā
with the Congress. Baldev Ram Mirdha was a visionary and he realized
that the two could not and should not remain separate. Therefore, he
just made one demand from the national leaders that the Jagirs be
abolished forthwith in Rajasthan. This was agreed to by the Congress
high command with the result that the Jagirs were soon abolished. A
tenancy law was passed and the cultivating farmers were made the owners
of the land.
[edit] Gharsana farmers' movement
The tehsil town of Gharsana and the neighbouring Raola in Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan
is currently site of clashes between the police and the farmers
agitating for irrigation water. The farmers, and their leaders who led
the agitation under the banner of Kisan Mazdoor Vyapari Sangarsh
Samiti, were either nursing their injured or in hiding. About 20
injured have been admitted to the Gharsana hospital and the district
hospital in Sriganganagar. The authorities said curfew was clamped in
Raola as a precautionary measure as in the previous agitation by the
farmers on the same issue in October-November 2004 both Raola and
Gharsana had witnessed serious violence. [8]
Earlier in October 2004, Defying prohibitory orders, hundreds of
farmers had gheraoed the SDM’s office at Gharsana town in Sriganganagar
district, reviving their agitation for irrigation water after the
October 27, police firing which claimed five lives. With a view to
appeasing the agitating farmers, the Vasundhara Raje
Government ordered the removed of the Divisional Commissioner of the
region, Mr Ramavtar Raghuvanshi, and Superintendent of Police, Mr Sunil
Dutt, while two officers of the Rajasthan Administrative Service, Mr
Indra Singh Rao and Mr Hitesh Kumar, have been placed under suspension.[9] The farmers' agitation led the Government to impose curfew in July 2005 also. [10]
Farmers of Gharsana, at Ganganagar in Rajasthan, are on path of confrontation with the BJP government for the release of water from Pong Dam to the Phase I areas of Indira Gandhi Canal,
the lifeline of farmers in the Gharsana-Raola agriculture belt. At a
juncture when India is importing wheat from other countries, the state
government is dissuading farmers in the region from cultivating wheat
during the rabi season. The farmers have been told to sow barley or
mustard, rather than wheat, which is a water-intensive crop. The
movement has gained momentum with the Kisan Mazdoor Vyapari Sangharsh
Samiti, the committee of farmers, labourers and agro-traders of the
region deciding to go ahead with sowing wheat. The strife over water
has seen the peasants and the state administration clash often in the
past three years. Seven farmers were killed and many were injured when
police fired at protesters in 2004. [11]
Peasant Movement TEVAGA in West Bengal Just before
Independence,1946,Earmers of Nandigram,Sutahata and Mahishadal of South
Midnapore District revolt against Zamindari Pratha.They demand Adi nay
Tevaga(1/3 cultivated crops would get Zamindar and 2/3 is their
share.Bimala Majee, Ananta Majee and Bhupal Panda were the leaders of
Tevaga in South Midnapore.Hindu and Muslim peasants unitedly fight
against Zaminders,Zotdars.Participation of Hind and Muslim women were
significant in Tevaga.Tevaga continues till 1949.
[edit] Leaders of peasant movements
- Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Vallabhbhai Patel
- Abraham George
- Sir Chhotu Ram
- Jamnalal Bajaj
- Baldev Ram Mirdha
- Raja Mahendra Pratap
- Charan Singh
- Chaudhari Devi Lal
- Chaudhari Kumbharam Arya
- Daulatram Saran
- Gyan Prakash Pilania
- Mahendra Singh Tikait
- Nathuram Mirdha
- Sardar Ajit Singh
- Sardar Har Lal Singh
- Pitambar Singh,Baldia Farmer Activist,Chairman-Cooperative Ganna Samiti Ltd.Haldaur,Bijnor,U.P.
- Rajpurohit Manji Jagarwal
Ananta Majee Bimala Majee in Tevaga Peasant Movement in West Bengal
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp. 523 (at p 406). ISBN 978-8125025962.
- ^ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp. 523 (at p 407). ISBN 978-8125025962.
- ^ a b c d Dr Natthan Singh, Jat-Itihas, (Jat History), Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, F-13, Dr Rajendra Prasad Colony, Tansen marg, Gwalior, M.P, India 474 002 2004
- ^ Habib, Irfan (Seventh reprint 2007). Essays in Indian History. Tulika. p. 381 (at p 109). ISBN 978-8185229003.
- ^ a b
Dr Vir Singh, The Jats- their role and contribution to the socio
political life and Polity of North and north West India- Vol 2.Edited
and com piled by Dr Vir Singh, ISBN 81-88629-51-0, distributed by D K Publishers, 4834 Ansari Road, New Delhi, web site www://dkpd.com. - ^ Justice Kan Singh Parihar,
SOUVENIR-1998 of Parivar Parichay, page 47 , Published by – The
souvenir sub committee of Parivar Parichay, 4/28, Lodi Colony, New
Delhi – 110003, - ^ a b c Princely States Report
- ^ The Hindu; 18 October 2006
- ^ Tribune India, 24 November 2004
- ^ Tribune India, 20 July 2005
- ^ the Statesmen:Rajasthan farmers gear up for showdown
Tevagai Baba-Ma by Biplab Majee,Prakashana,Midnapore
ManushiNo32,1986(Article-Women's Role in the Tevaga Movement-An
Interview with Bimala Majee by Peter Casters0
[edit] External links
- Social movements types at Sociology Guide discusses under this general title the peasant movement in India
[edit] Further reading
- Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
- Swami And Friends: Sahajanand Saraswati And Those Who Refuse To Let The Past of Bihar's Peasant Movements Become History By Arvind Narayan Das, Paper for the Peasant Symposium, May 1997 University Of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- AIKS (All India Kisan Sabha), Proceedings and Resolutions, 1954- 1959, New Delhi.
- AIUKS (All-India United Kisan Sabha), 1949, The Programme and Charter of Kisan Demands, Patna.
- Bagchi, A.K., 1976, `Deindustrialisation in Gangetic Bihar, 1809- 1901' in Essays in Honour of Prof. S.C. Sarkar, New Delhi.
- Banaji, Jairus, 1976, "The Peasantry in the Feudal MOde of
Production: Towards an Economic Model", Journal of Peasant Studies,
April.
- Bandopadhyay, D., 1973, `Agrarian Relations in Two Bihar Districts', Mainstream, 2 June, New Delhi.
- Banerjee, N., 1978, `All the Bakcwards', Sunday, 9 April, Calcutta.
Bihar, 1938, Board of Revenue, Average Prices of Staple Food Crops from
1888, Patna.
- Bihar, 1939, Legislative Assembly Proceedings, Vol. 4 Part 1, 16 January -- 15 March, Patna.
- Bihar, 1972, Legislative Assembly, Report of the Committee to Inquire into Atrocities at Gahlaur, Patna.
- Bihar & Orissa, Rev(enue) Pro(ceedin)gs, 1923, Progs. No.3,
Enclosure 1, Letter from Settlement Officer, Santal Parganas, 12
October 1923, para 2.
- Bihar & Orissa 1924, Bihar and Orissa in 1923, Patna.
- Bihar & Orissa, 1926, Bihar and Orissa in 1924-25, Patna.
- Bihar & Orissa, 1929, Bihar and Orissa in 1927-28, Patna.
- Bihar & Orissa, 1930, BIhar and Orissa in 1928-29, Patna.
- Bihar & Orissa, 1934, Report on the Administration of Civil Justice in the Province of Bihar and Orissa, 1933, Patna.
- BPKS (Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha), 1936, Bihar Prantiya Kisan
Sabha ka Vidhan -- (Constitution of the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha),
in Hindi, Patna.
- BPKS, -- a, Bihar Prantiya Kisan Sabha ka Ghoshna Patra aur Kisanon
ki Maangen (Manifesto of the BPKS and Peasants' Demands), in Hindi,
Bihta, n.d.
- Brahmanand, 1971, Rahul Sankrityayana, in Hindi, Delhi.
- Judith M. Brown, 1972, Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915-1922, London.
- BSCRO (Bihar State Central Records Office) File 281/1929, Political (Special) Department, Sonepur Mela Kisan Sabha Meeting.
- BSCRO, File 34/1931, Letter of N.F. Peck, Shahabad District Magistrate dated 15 December 1931.
- BSCRO, File 21/1933, Agrarian Affairs, Kisan Sabhas.
BSCRO, File 163/1934, Notes and Orders on Swami Sahajanand's Gaya Report, 12 November 1934.
- BSCRO, File 16/1935, Extract from Fortnightly Report of the Commissioner of Bhagalpur, 4 April 1935.
- BSCRO, File 16/1935, Fortnighly Report from J.R. Dain, Commissioner of Bhagalpur, 2 December 1935.
- BSCRO, File 16/1935(I), report on Swami Sahajanand, Nasirganj, Shahabad district, 18 January 1935.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1971, `Agrarian Movements in Bengal and Bihar, 1919-1939' in B.R. Nanda, ed., Socialism in India, New Delhi.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1975, `The Process of Depeasantisation in Bengal
and Bihar, 1885-1947', Indian Historical Review, 2(1), July, New Delhi.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1975a, `Land Market in Eastern India, 1793-1940',
Indian Economic and Social History Review, 13 (1 & 2), New Delhi.
- Chaudhuri, B.B., 1976, `Struggle for Produce Rent in Bihar, 1793-
1930', Paper presented to Seminar at A.N.S. Institute of Social
Studies, Patna, Cyclostyled.
- Collins, A., 1927, Bihar and Orissa in 1925-26, Patna.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1976, `Promises to Keep', National Labour Institute Bulletin, December, New Delhi.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1981, Agrarian Unrest and Socio-economic Change in Bihar, 1900-1980, Delhi : Manohar.
- Arvind Narayan Das (ed.),1982, Agrarian Movements in India : Studies on 20th Century Bihar, London : Frank Cass.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1992, The Republic of Bihar, New Delhi : Penguin.
- Arvind Narayan Das, 1996, Changel : The Biography of a Village, New Delhi : Penguin.
- Datta, K.K., 1957, History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar, Patna.
- Devanand, Swami, 1958, Virat Kisan Samaroh (Massive Peasant Convention), in Hindi, Bihar Kisan Sangh, Bihta.
- Diwakar, R.R., ed., 1957, Bihar Through the Ages, Patna.
- Engels, Frederick, 1969, "Preface to the Second Edition of The
Peasant War in Germany" in Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels, Selected
Works, Vol. II, Moscow.
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, 1921, `The Zamindar and the Ryots', Young India, Vol. III (New Series) No. 153, 18 May.
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, 1940, An Autobiography or The Story of My experiments in Truth, Ahmedabad.
- Walter Hauser,
1961, `Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan
Sabha, 1929-1942'. Ph.D. Thesis, Chicago University, (Forthcoming
publication)
- India, 1976, Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, New Delhi.
JSES (Journal of Social and Economics Studies), 1976, `Sarvodaya and
Development', Vol. IV No.1, Patna.
- Lacey, G. 1928, Bihar and Orissa in 1926-27, Patna
- Maharaj, R.N., 1976, `Freed Bonded Labour Camp at Palamau', National Labour Institute Bulletin, October, New Delhi.
- Mansfield, P.T., 1932, Bihar and Orissa in 1930-31, Patna.
- Marx, Karl, 1973 Grundrisse, Harmondsworth.
- Mishra, G., 1968. `The Socio-economic Background of Gandhi's
Champaran Movement', Indian Economic and Social History Review, 5(3),
New Delhi.
- Mishra, G., 1978, Agrarian Problems of Permanent Settlement: A Case Study of Champaran, New Delhi.
- Misra, R.N., 1952, Kisan ki Samasyayen (Problems of Peasants), in HIndi, Darbhanga.
- Mitra, Manoshi, 1983, Agrarian Social Structure in Bihar: Continuity and Change, 1786-1820, Delhi : Manohar.
- Mitra, N., ed, 1938, Indian Annual Register, July-December 1937, Vol. II, Calcutta.
- Narayan, K. , 1938, Bihar and Orissa in 1935-36, Patna.
- Jawaharlal Nehru, 1936, An Autobiography, London.
- O'Malley, L.S.S., 1913, District Gazetters, Calcutta.
- Owen, G.E., 1922, Bihar and Orissa in 1921, Patna.
- Pouchepadass, J., 1974, `Local Leaders and the Intelligentsia in
the Champaran Satyagraha', Contributions to Indian Sociology, New
Series, No.8, November, New Delhi.
- Prasad, P.H., 1979, `Semi-Feudalism: Basic Constraint in Indian
Agriculture' in Arvind N. Das & V. Nilakant, eds., Agrarian
Relations in India, New Delhi.
- Rajendra Prasad, 1949, Satyagraha in Champaran, Ahmedabad.
- Rajendra Prasad, 1957, Autobiography, Bombay.
- Prior, H.C., 1923, Bihar and Orissa in 1922, Patna.
- Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.
- N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.
- N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.
- Swami Sahajanand, 1916, Bhumihar Brahman Parichay (Introduction to Bhumihar Brahmins), in Hindi, Benaras(?)
- Swami Sahajanand,
1940, Address of the Chairman, Reception Committee, The All India
Anti-Compromise Conference, First Session, Kisan Nagar, Ramgarh,
Hazaribagh, 19 & 20 March, 1940, Ramgarh, 1940.
- Swami Sahajanand, 1944, Presidential Address, 8th Annual Session of the Kisan Sabha, Bezwada.
- Swami Sahajanand, 1947, Kisan Sabha ke Sansmaran (Recollections of the Kisan Sabha), in Hindi, Bihta.
- Swami Sahajanand, 1948, Gita Hridaya (Heart of the Gita), Allahabad.
- Swami Sahajanand, 1952, Mera Jeewan Sangharsha (My LIfe Struggle), in Hindi, Patna.
- Swami Sahajanand, a, Brahman Samaj ki Sthiti (Situation of the Brahmin Society) in Hindi, Benaras (?), n.d.
- Swami Sahajanand, -b, Karmakalap, in Sanskrit and Hindi, Benaras (?)
- Swami Sahajanand, -c, Jhootha Bhay Mithya Abhiman (False Fear False Pride), in Hindi, Patna(?).
- Swami Sahajanand, -d, Kisanon ko Phansane ki Taiariyan (Plans to Ensnare Peasants), in Hindi, Bihta.
- Swami Sahajanand, -e, The Origin and Growth of the Kisan Movement in India, Bihta, Unpublished ms.
- Swami Sahajanand, -f, Gaya ke Kisanon ki Karun Kahani (Pathetic Plight of the Peasants of Gaya), in Hindi, Patna (?)
- Sahajanand, Swami, -g, Khet Mazdoor (Agricultural Labourer), in
Hindi, written in Hazaribagh Central Jail. See Hauser Walter, op cit.
- Swami Sahajanand, -h, Maharudra ka Mahatandav, in Hindi, Bihta (?), n.d.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1961, Meri Jeewan Yatra (My Journey through Life), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- The Searchlight (Patna) (newspaper).
- Shanin, Teodor, 1978, "Defining Peasants: Conceptualisations and
Deconceptualisations: Old and New in a Marxist Debate", Manchester
University.
- Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Singh, K.S., n.d. `Agrarian Transition in Chotanagpur', Unpublished ms.
- Anugrah Narayan Sinha, 1961, Mere Sansmaran (My Recollections), in Hindi Patna.
- Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.
- Solomon, S., 1937, Bihar and Orissa in 1934-35, Patna.
- Stevenson Moore, C.J., 1901, Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operations in Muzaffarpur District, 1892-99, Calcutta.
- Sudhakar, T.S., 1973, Lok Nayak Sswami Sahajanand Saraswati, in Hindi, Gaya.
- Sudhakar, T.S. -- , Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayana, in Hindi, Gayaa.
- Swanzy, R.E., 1938, Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers, Patna.
- Sweeney, J.A., 1922, Final Report on the Survey and Settlement
(Revision) Operations in the District of Champaran, 1913-19, Patna.
- Wasi, S.M., 1938, Bihar in 1936-37, Patna
- Williams, R.A.E., 1933, Bihar and Orissa in 1931-32, Patna.
- Dr Mridula Mukherjee : Peasants in India's Non-Violent Revolution
Practice and Theory, Published by Sage Publications, New Delhi, India
- Sunhil Sahasrabudhey, Sunil Sahasraludhey: Peasant Movement in Modern India, Publisher: South Asia Books (03/01/1990) ISBN 81-85076-66-9
- Brass, Tom (ed.), New Farmers' Movements in India, London: Frank Cass, 1995.
- Dhanagare, D. N. Peasant Movements in India, 1920-1950. Delhi: 1983
- Land Tenure and peasant in South Asia. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1977
- Ghosha, Aruna. Agrarian Structure and Peasant Movements in Colonial
and Post-Colonial India (An Annotated Bibliography). Calcutta:
K.P.Bagchi and Company, 1990 - Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983
- Peasant resistance in India, 1858-1914. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992
- Henningham, Stephen. Peasant Movements in Colonial India, North Bihar, 1918-1942
- Pandey, Gyanendra. "Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism: The
Peasant Movement in Awadh, 1919-1922." in Subaltern Studies, I, Editor
Ranajit Guha. ed rpt in Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982 - Government, Landlord and Peasant in India: Agrarian Relations under
British Rule, 1865-1935. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlas, 1978 - Stokes, Eric. The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society
and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1978
Indian Economy Overview
India
has been one of the best performers in the world economy in recent
years, but rapidly rising inflation and the complexities of running the
world’s biggest democracy are proving challenging.
India’s economy has been one of the stars of global economics in recent
years, growing 9.2% in 2007 and 9.6% in 2006. Growth had been supported
by markets reforms, huge inflows of FDI, rising foreign exchange
reserves, both an IT and real estate boom, and a flourishing capital
market.
Like most of the world, however, India is facing testing
economic times in 2008. The Reserve Bank of India had set an inflation
target of 4%, but by the middle of the year it was running at 11%, the
highest level seen for a decade. The rising costs of oil, food and the
resources needed for India’s construction boom are all playing a part.
India has to compete ever harder in the energy market place in
particular and has not been as adept at securing new fossil fuel
sources as the Chinese. The Indian Government is looking at
alternatives, and has signed a wide-ranging nuclear treaty with the US,
in part to gain access to nuclear power plant technology that can
reduce its oil thirst. This has proved contentious though, leading to
leftist members of the ruling coalition pulling out of the government.
As part of the fight against inflation a tighter monetary
policy is expected, but this will help slow the growth of the Indian
economy still further, as domestic demand will be dampened. External
demand is also slowing, further adding to the downside risks.
The Indian stock market has fallen more than 40% in six months
from its January 2008 high. $6b of foreign funds have flowed out of the
country in that period, reacting both to slowing economic growth and
perceptions that the market was over-valued.
It is not all doom and gloom, however. A growing number of
investors feel that the market may now be undervalued and are seeing
this as a buying opportunity. If their optimism about the long term
health of the Indian economy is correct, then this will be a needed
correction rather than a downtrend.
The Indian government certainly hopes that is the case. It views
investment in the creaking infrastructure of the country as being a key
requirement, and has ear-marked 23.8 trillion rupees, approximately
$559 billion, for infrastructure upgrades during the 11th five year
plan. It expects to fund 70% of project costs, with the other 30% being
supplied by the private sector. Ports, airports, roads and railways are
all seen as vital for the Indian Economy and have been targeted for
investment.
Further hope comes from the confidence of India’s home bred
companies. As well as taking over the domestic reins, where they now
account for most of the economic activity, they are also increasingly
expanding abroad. India has contributed more new members to the Forbes
Global 2000 than any other country in the last four years.
Recent Growth Trends in Indian Economy
India’s Economy has grown by more than 9% for three years
running, and has seen a decade of 7%+ growth. This has reduced poverty
by 10%, but with 60% of India’s 1.1 billion population living off
agriculture and with droughts and floods increasing, poverty
alleviation is still a major challenge.
The structural transformation that has been adopted by the national
government in recent times has reduced growth constraints and
contributed greatly to the overall growth and prosperity of the
country. However there are still major issues around federal vs state
bureaucracy, corruption and tariffs that require addressing. India’s
public debt is 58% of GDP according to the CIA World Fact book, and
this represents another challenge.
During this period of stable growth, the performance of the
Indian service sector has been particularly significant. The growth
rate of the service sector was 11.18% in 2007 and now contributes 53%
of GDP. The industrial sector grew 10.63% in the same period and is now
29% of GDP. Agriculture is 17% of the Indian economy.
Growth in the manufacturing sector has also complemented the
country’s excellent growth momentum. The growth rate of the
manufacturing sector rose steadily from 8.98% in 2005, to 12% in 2006.
The storage and communication sector also registered a significant
growth rate of 16.64% in the same year.
Additional factors that have contributed to this robust
environment are sustained in investment and high savings rates. As far
as the percentage of gross capital formation in GDP is concerned, there
has been a significant rise from 22.8% in the fiscal year 2001, to
35.9% in the fiscal year 2006. Further, the gross rate of savings as a
proportion to GDP registered solid growth from 23.5% to 34.8% for the
same period. G20
India is part of the G-20, Group of Twenty.
Agriculture in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The fertile Ganges River Delta—known for severe flooding and tropical cyclones—supports cultivation of jute, tea, and rice. Fisheries are both produced and exported from this region.
Agriculture in India has a long history dating back to ten thousand years.
Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and logging accounted for 16.6% of the GDP in 2007, employed 60% of the total workforce[1]
and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the
largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall
socio-economic development of India.
India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper.[2] It also has the world's largest cattle population (281 million).[3] It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and inland fish.[4] It is the third largest producer of tobacco.[4] India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of banana and sapota.[4]
India's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat.[5]
|
[edit] Initiatives
The required level of investment for the development of marketing,
storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The
government has implemented various schemes to raise investment in
marketing infrastructure. Among these schemes are Construction of Rural Go downs, Market Research and Information Network, and Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardization.[6]
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), established in 1905, was responsible for the research leading to the "Indian Green Revolution" of the 1970s. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields, including research and education.[7] The Union Minister of Agriculture is the President of the ICAR. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute
develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments,
analyses data in agriculture, and specializes in statistical techniques
for animal and plant breeding. Prof. M.S. Swaminathan is known as "Father of the Green Revolution" and heads the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.[8] He is known for his advocacy of environmentally sustainable agriculture and sustainable food security.
[edit] Different types of Agriculture
There are 10 types of agriculture in India
- shifting agriculture
- subsistence farming
- intensive agriculture
- extensive agriculture
- commercial agriculture
- plantation agriculture
- mixed farming
- monoculture
- dry farming
- crop rotation
[edit] Problems
Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some
two-thirds of India’s people depend on rural employment for a living.
Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor
environmentally sustainable and India's yields for many agricultural
commodities are low. Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost
universal lack of good extension services are among the factors
responsible. Farmers' access to markets is hampered by poor roads,
rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation.—World Bank: "India Country Overview 2008"[9]
The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors:
- According to World Bank's "India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development", India's large agricultural subsidies
are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Overregulation of
agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty.
Government intervenes in labor, land, and credit markets. India has
inadequate infrastructure and services.[10] World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating.[10] - Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in
implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and
marketing services for farm produce. - The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 20,000
m²) and is subject to fragmentation, due to land ceiling acts and in
some cases, family disputes. Such small holdings are often over-manned,
resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour. - Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings.
- Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 52.6% of the land was irrigated in 2003–04,[11] which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the Monsoon season. A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy as a whole, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth.[12] Farm credit is regulated by NABARD,
which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the
subcontinent. At the same time overpumping made possible by subsidized
electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels.[13][14][15]
[edit] History
Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.[16] Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture.[17][18] Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year.[19] Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India.[19][20] Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped and venerated.[21]
The middle ages
saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in India
and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world
under Islamic patronage.[22][23] Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth.[24][25] Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural program.[26][27]
[edit] See also
[edit] Gallery
 Natural vegetation in India. |  Natural vegetation zones in South Asia. |
[edit] Notes
- ^ "CIA Factbook: India". CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Agriculture sector Indo British Partnership network, Retrieved on December 2007
- ^ Lester R. Brown World's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure Earth Policy Institute, Retrieved on- February 2008
- ^ a b c Indian agriculture Agribusiness Information Centre, Retrieved on- February 2008
- ^ "The Food Chain in Fertile India, Growth Outstrips Agriculture". New York Times. 22 June 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/business/22indiafood.html?_r=1.
- ^ Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on- February 2008
- ^ Objectives Indian agricultural research institute, Retrieved on December 2007
- ^ MS Swaminathan Times Inc. Retrieved on- 21 February, 2008
- ^ "India Country Overview 2008". World Bank. 2008. http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html.
- ^ a b "India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development". World Bank. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273764~menuPK:548214~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html.
- ^ Multiple authors (2004). Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2004. http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/4.6(a)All%20lndia%20Area,%20Production%20and%20Yield%20of%20Rice.xls.
- ^ Sankaran, S. "28". Indian Economy: Problems, Policies and Development. pp. 492–493.
- ^ Satellites Unlock Secret To Northern India's Vanishing Water
- ^ Columbia Conference on Water Security in India
- ^ Keepers of the spring: reclaiming our water in an age of globalization, By Fred Pearce, page 77.
- ^ Gupta, page 54
- ^ Harris & Gosden, page 385
- ^ Lal, R. (August 2001), "Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000", Soil and Tillage Research 61 (1-2): 3–12 [3], doi:
- ^ a b agriculture, history of. Encyclopedia Britannica 2008.
- ^ Shaffer, pages 310-311
- ^ Gupta, page 57
- ^ Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, "Water Works and Irrigation System in India during Pre-Mughal Times", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Feb., 1986), pp. 52–77.
- ^ Shaffer, page 315
- ^ Palat, page 63
- ^ Kumar, page 182
- ^ Roy 2006
- ^ Kumar 2006
[edit] External links
- Indian Agriculture. U.S. Library of Congress.
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research Home Page.
- Website of The Indian Farmers Association
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Charan Singh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Chaudhary Charan Singh | |
| In office 28 July 1979 – 14 January 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Morarji Desai |
| Succeeded by | Indira Gandhi |
| Born | 23 December 1902(1902-12-23) Noorpur, United Provinces, British India |
| Died | 29 May 1987 (aged 84) |
| Political party | Janata Party |
| Spouse(s) | Gayatri Devi |
| Religion | Hindu |
| Signature |  |
Chaudhary Charan Singh (Hindi: चौधरी चरण सिंह Caudharī Caraṇ Siṅh; 23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was the sixth Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980.
Born into a Aryan Kshatriya Jaat family of Tevatia clan in 1902[1][2],
Charan Singh entered politics as part of the Independence Movement.
After independence he became particularly notable in the 1950s for
opposing and winning a battle against Nehru's
socialistic and collectivist land use policies, for the sake of the
Indian Farmer, which endeared him to the agrarian communities
throughout the nation, particularly in his native Uttar Pradesh.
The leader of the Bharatiya Lok Dal, a major constituent of the Janata coalition, he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister in 1977 by Jayaprakash Narayan's choice of Morarji Desai. He settled at the time for the largely honorary post of Deputy Prime Minister of India.
However, the internal stresses of the coalition's government caused him
to leave the government with the former Lok Dal, after being promised
by Mrs. Gandhi the support of the Congress Party
on the floor of the House in any efforts to form a government. He was
sworn in as Prime Minister with the support of just 64 MPs.
During his term as Prime Minister the Lok Sabha never met. The day
before the Lok Sabha was due to meet for the first time the Indian
National Congress withdrew their support from his Bharatiya Lok Dal
Government. Choudhary Charan Singh resigned and fresh elections were
held six months later.
He continued to lead the Lok Dal in opposition till his death in 1987, when he was succeeded as party president by his son Ajit Singh. His association with the causes dear to farming communities in the North caused his memorial in New Delhi to be named Kisan Ghat. (In Hindi, Kisan is the word for farmer.)
The university of Meerut city in Uttar Pradesh, India, is named after him (Chaudhary Charan Singh University).
[edit] Early Years - Pre Independence India
Charan Singh's ancestor was the prominent leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Raja Nahar Singh of Ballabhgarh (in present day Haryana). Maharaja Nahar Singh was sent to the gallows in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. In order to escape the oppression from the British Government
following their defeat, the Maharaja's followers, including Charan
Singh's grandfather moved eastward to district Bulandshaher in Uttar
Pradesh.
Charan Singh was born on 23 December 1902 in village Noorpur, town Hapur, Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh. He was a good student, and received a Masters of Arts degree in 1925 and Law degree in 1926 from "Meerut" University.
In February 1937 he was elected Chhaprouli (Baghpat) to the
Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (United Provinces) at the age of
34. In 1938 he introduced an Agricultural Produce Market Bill in the
Assembly which was published in the issues of The Hindustan Times of
Delhi dated 31 March 1938. The Bill was intended to safeguard the
interests of the farmers against the rapacity of the traders. The Bill
was adopted by most of the States in India, Punjab being the first state to do so in 1940.
Charan Singh followed Mahatma Gandhi
in non-violent struggle for independence from the British Government,
and was imprisoned several times. In 1930 he was sent to jail for 6
months by the British for contravention of the salt laws. He was jailed
again for one year in November 1940 for individual Satyagraha Movement.
In August 1942 he was jailed again by the British under DIR and
released in November 1943.
[edit] Independent India
In 1952, he became the Revenue Minister of state of Uttar Pradesh,
the most populous state in independent India. He was dedicated to
enforcing and implementing the provisions of the Zamindari
Abolition and Land Reform Act of which he was the major architect. It
has been argued by leading political scientists that success of Indian
Democracy lies in successful implementation of this reform. Pakistan on
the other hand did not have similar reforms, and the power is
concentrated amongst the few powerful landlords or Zamindar who run
their lands as their private fiefdom, and use their influence to
further their wealth.
Charan Singh opposed Nehru
on his Soviet Style Economic reform. Charan Singh was of the opinion
that cooperative farms would not succeed in India. Being a son of a
farmer, Charan Singh opined that the right of ownership was important
to the farmer in remaining a cultivator. Charan Singh's political
career suffered due to his open criticism of Nehru's economic policy.
Charan Singh left the Congress party in 1967, and formed his own political party. With the help and support of Raj Narain and Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya,
he became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1967, and later in 1970.
In 1975, he was jailed again, but this time by then Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi, daughter of his former rival Nehru. She had declared the state of 'Indian Emergency (1975-1977)'
and jailed all her political opponents. The Indian populace voted her
out, and the opposition party, of which Chaudhary Charan Singh was a
senior leader came into power. He served as Deputy prime minister and
home minister in Janata government headed by Morarji Desai.
He became Prime Minister in 1979 after Morarji Desai. His speech to
the nation on India's Independence Day (15 August 1979) was very
prophetic in which he identified Pakistan's nuclear ambition as a major
threat to India. He also mentioned that Indian labour laws had to be
refined if India were to become competitive in world economy. He also
opened high level diplomatic relations with Israel, which Indira
Gandhi's government which took office following the 1980 elections
curtailed.'
Charan Singh died on 29 May 1987. He was survived by his wife, Gayatri Devi and 6 children. His grandson Jayant Chaudhary is recently elected to 15th Lok Sabha from Mathura
Charan Singh has written several books. Some of them are:
- India's Economic Policy - The Gandhian Blueprint
- Economic Nightmare of India - Its Cause and Cure
- Cooperative Farming X-rayed
[edit] Timeline
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Chandra Bhanu Gupta | Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 03 April 1967 – 25 February 1968 | Succeeded by Chandra Bhanu Gupta |
| Preceded by Chandra Bhanu Gupta | Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 18 February 1970 – 02 October 1970 | Succeeded by President's Rule Administered by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Dr Bezwada Gopala Reddy title/post subsequently held by Tribhuvana Narayana Singh |
| Preceded by H. M. Patel | Finance Minister of India 1979 – 1980 | Succeeded by R. Venkataraman |
| Preceded by Morarji Desai | Prime Minister of India 1979 – 1980 | Succeeded by Indira Gandhi |
[edit] References
- ^ The Churchill Centre (2002). "India: Making headway with the critics". The Churchill Centre. http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=932. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
- ^ Rediff.Com (2003-11-27). "The anti-reservation man". Rediff.Com. http://ia.rediff.com/election/2003/nov/27akd.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
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Mahendra Singh Tikait
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
'Mahendra Singh Tikait' is a popular Indian leader of farmer's from Western Uttar Pradesh in India. He was born in 1935 at village Sisauli in Muzaffarnagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India. He is a Jat of Raghuvanshi gotra. He is Choudhary of Balyan Khap. Tikait was a "Title" conferred to Head of Baliyan Khap by ruler of Thanesar, Raja Harshavardhana,
in 7th century. From the time of Raja Harshvardhan the title 'Tikait'
is being used by the Choudhary of Balyan Khap, along with his name, way
down to generations. He inherited the Chaudharyship of the Khap Baliyan
at the age of eight when his father Ch. Chauhal Singh died in 1943.
Chaudhary of Baliyan Khap
The Chaudharyship of the Baliyan khap had been vesting in his family
for the last thirteen centuries. The chaudharyship of a khap panchayat
is a hereditary position. A Chaudhary enjoys administrative,
adjudicative and executive powers over the khap villages. The chaudhary
is held in high esteem and his decisions are binding on his people. At
a panchayat meeting of the khap Baliyan held at Sisauli on May 12,
1941, a resolution was passed which said : " We will work with our
body, heart and soul under the leadership of our Chaudhary for the good
of our Khap. Towards this end the Chaudhary of a khap has the right
even to demand our lives."Thus the Chaudahry of a khap panchayat enjoys
supreme powers.
Leader of Farmers and Peasants
He is a farmer leader and President of Bharatiya Kisan Union.
He has led a number of mass Kisan movements against the state and
central governments in India to support the rights of the farmers. He
lead many international delegations with him around the globe.The
character of Kisan movements since the 1970s has been a matter of
considerable debate.Bhartiya Kisan Union(BKU)works in close
cooperations with international organizations like La Via
Campesina,Farmers Coordination Committee India etc.
The BKU received national attention in 1988,when its supporters
organised a virtual siege in Meerut in pursuit of higher prices for
Sugarcane, cancellation of loans and lowering of water and electricity
rates.
In 2006, around one lakh farmers were in Mumbai during heavy rains
to protest against Government's WTO and anti-farmers policies.A
memorandum addressed to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was released
urging to keep agriculture out of WTO. Mahendra Singh Tikait, president
of BKU said " It does not matter how much it rains here. We will not
stop our fight.The Government will have to hear us. We need a change of
Policies".
There is a need of the hour to make reforms in Agricultural Sector.
It is a high-time to correct the rotten-mess of mandis which have
created because of badly-implemented government policies.Small farmers
and peasants-two third of humanity are the endangered species in the
agenda and corporatized agriculture. The policies of corporate-driven
globalised and industrialized deliberately destroy small farmers,
making them disposable. The Indian Peasantry, the largest body of
surviving small farmers in the world, today faces a crisis of
extinction......That is the voice Bharatiya Kisan Union(BKU) raised at
national platform!!!
Rise of Bhartiya Kisan Union:
Poverty and Lack of Political power was a constant theme in the
discourse of Tikait, the leader of Kisan Union.After the death of
former Prime Minister of India late Ch.Charan Singh(1979-80)in western U.P. he was called the second 'messiah' of kisans. On 17 October 1986
he formed a non-political organization named 'Bhartiya Kisan
Union(BKU)' to protect the interests of all the farmers of India who
form an overwhelming majority in the population of the country.
One journalist asked him "Whether the Kisan Union also represnted
the land-less labourers, Tikait attempted to side-step the question by
saying": There is no Mazdoor(Labourers) as such. We are all
labourers...Some are big labourers, some are small...Who is the rich
farmer? There is no rich farmer.The house we are sitting in belongs to
a farmer who is considered the third richest in this village of 20,000
people.And yet he does not have even 18 acres of land-the ceiling".
One thing is very certain that Ch. Mahendra Singh Tikait has been eminently successful in Western Uttar Pradesh.
Mahendra Singh Tikait-Rural Agitation and Farmer's Movement:
One of the reasons Ch. Tikait attracted so much was his firm rural
mentality which BKU and Tikait seemingly exhibited. This apparently
came when Urban Intellectuals establishing a dialogue with him and the
farmers. He has shunned and ridiculed political parties.They(BKU)
pursued their mass protests such as demonstrations, sit-ins,and passive
resistance...(dharnas and gherao) to mobilise mass movements of farmers
and yet has achieved repeated success.The farmers in West UP..the
villages adjoining his village has not paid electricity bills for a
long time and they have not been penalised by the sucessive governments.
Remarks against Mayawati:
Ch.Tikait was arrested and later released on bail on April 2, 2008
for allegedly making derogatory and caste based remarks against Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati at a rally in Bijnore on March 30, 2008 [1].
Almost 6000 men from the security forces had surrounded Tikait in his
village since April 1. The entire row sparked off after Tikait had
referred to Mayawti by her caste.
Farmers plan protest march against talks: Thousands of
farmers, under the banner of the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU), are
expected to take part in a protest march on Thursday against India
hosting an informal WTO meeting in the Capital, BKU said on Wednesday
Only whores choose their partners:Recent Controversy
Tikait famously told that "Only whores choose their partners".[3]
[edit] References
- ^ Tikait arrested | 'Calling Maya names was a mistake'
- ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Farmers-plan-protest-march-against-talks/articleshow/4966118.cms
- ^ Only whores choose their partners
[edit] External links
- Mahendra Singh Tikait Arrested before Surrender In Muzaffarnagar
- Mahendra Singh Tikait addressing a press conference in Mysore
- Tikait, supporters arrested to prevent BKU rally
- Tikait declares: Love marriages are dirty
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