Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time- Two Hundred Forty Seven
Palash Biswas
http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/
Subverting Caste: Revisiting Ambedkarite Equality
by S Japhet - 2005
Subverting Caste: Revisiting Ambedkarite Equality 345. Ambedkar's life was rife with complexities, deeply rooted in. India's caste politics. ...
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Mishra Commission
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ranganath Mishra Commission is an enquiry commission assigned by Government of India to study and find solution for the minority status of India. The report was conducted by National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities.[1]. The report focused on the issue of The report was submitted to the government on 21 May 2007.[2]
[edit] Main Findings
- 15% of jobs in government services and seats in educational institutions for minorities
- reserves 8.4% out of existing OBC quota of 27% for minorities
- SC reservation to Dalit converts[1]
[edit] Leaked
TwoCircles.net, an online Indian news organization has started publishing excerpts from this report since June 2009.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Para 3 of the Constitutional (Scheduled Caste)
- ^ Plea to table Ranganath Mishra Commission report
- ^ Misra Commission report excerpts
[edit] External links
Misra Commission Report
A Brief
PART - 1
INTRODUCTION
A) Setting up of the Commission
B) Functioning of the Commission
C) Representation of parties
D) Collection of facts
E) Interference with the working
F) Camera proceedings
G) Role of the Citizens Justice Committee
H) Examination of persons other than deponents
DELHI
2. (a) General
2. (b) Incidents
2. (c) Consideration of affidavits
2. (d) Role played by the Railway Administration
2. (e) Deaths in Delhi
3. An assessment of the situation
4. Damage to Gurudwaras and Educational Institutions at Delhi
5. Role of the Police
6. Action against others
7. Delay in calling in the Army
8. Allegation against D.T.C.
KANPUR
9. Incidents
10. Consideration of some affidavits
11. Assessment of Events
BOKARO & CHAS
12. Incidents and Consideration of Affidavits
13. A few Notable Instances
14. Prosecuting the Offender
15. Compensation to Riot Victims
16. Commission takes some steps for Rehabilitation
PART - 2
17. More Manpower and Reorganisation
18. Voluntary Social Agencies
19. Education
20. Evolving a Common Code of Conduct
21. Mass Media
ABBREVIATIONS
1. AIIMS -All India Institute of Medical Sciences
2. BRVRC -Bokaro Riot Victims Rehabilitation Committee
3. CCPH -Citizens’ Committee for Pace & Harmony
4. CJC -Citizens’ Justice Committee
5. DSGMC -Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee
6. KRICC -Kanpur Riots Inquiry Coordination Committee
http://www.witness84.com/reports/misra/
Sachar panel recommends Equal Opportunity Commission
The underprivileged needs to be given better opportunities, says Sachar Commission.
BY A CORRESPONDENT
November 30, 2006
Constituting
an Equal Opportunity Commission to look into the grievances of the
deprived groups is among the recommendations that the Justice Rajinder
Sachar Committee has put forward to the government. The Sachar
Committee report on the social, economic and educational status of
Muslims in the country that was tabled in the Lok Sabha by Minority
Affairs Minister A R Antulay on Thursday.
Reports said that controversial Committee’s report has urged the
government to enunciate policies to deal with the deprivations of
Muslims and which would sharply focus on inclusive development and
mainstreaming of the community.
The panel report has also found that the deprived communities lag on
all socio-economic indices such as education, health, employment,
credit, infrastructure and public programmes. On the condition of
Muslims, the seven-member committee has found that the Muslims have had
to bear the brunt of the so-called competitive forces unleashed by
liberalization, despite the economic boom that has taken the country by
storm.
According to the report, India is going through a high growth phase and
this was the time to help the underprivileged to utilize new
opportunities through skill development and education. It added that
the lack of access to critical infrastructural facilities is a matter
of concern for the Muslims.
The committee report also advocates that a group of Muslims with
traditional occupations as that of SCs be designated as Most Backward
Classes (MBCs) and provided sops including reservation.
On the educational deprivation faced by Muslims, the panel notes that
from lower levels of enrolment to a sharp decline in participation in
higher levels of education, the situation of Indian Muslims is indeed
very depressing compared to other socio-religious groups.
It has also recommended to the University Grants Commission that it
should evolve a system where part of the allocation to colleges and
universities is linked to the diversity in the student population.
http://www.dancewithshadows.com/society/sachar-equal-opportunities-commission.asp
Sachar Committee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to Main findings of the report: The entire Sachar Report is available for download at ... banks, Indian Minority Commission, different state ...
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Apex court refuses to suspend Nanavati Commission report (Lead)
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sify.com/topics/Sachar-Commission-Report.html - Cached -2006 Sachar committee report | Indian Muslims
Sachar panel recommends Equal Opportunity Commission
Did you mean to search for: Sachar commision report
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Indian National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities has
recommended a 10 percent quota for Muslims in all government jobs. The
commission’s report, headed by former chief justice Rangnath Mishra,
was tabled by Minority Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid in the Lok
Sabha on Friday. The commission said a 10 percent quota should be
reserved for Muslims and five percent for other minorities in central
and state government jobs in all cadre and grades. The other
recommendations include delinking of Scheduled Caste (SC) status from
religion and abrogation of the 1950 Scheduled Caste Order, which “still
excludes Muslims, Christians, Jains and Parsis from the SC net”. The
order originally restricted the SC status to Hindus only but was later
opened to Buddhists and Sikhs
Better Abolish Reservation since it has ceased to be the Constitutional Safeguard for Equal Opportunity for the Deprived Communities and is being UTILISED as the best Machinery to mobilise CAPTIVE Vote bank!
Better Abolish RESERVATION just because it has been made IRRELEVANT thanks to Neoliberal Economic reforms and the Communities having RESERVATION do land themselves in intense ALIENATION as they fail to take streets in RESISTANCE!
Better Abolish Reservation for the DIVERSION of AMBEDKARITE Ideology in Complete Casteology meant and limited in Power Politics which has nothing to do with the upliftment and empowerment of the communities which enjoy reservation!
Abolish RESERVATION just because the Indigenous Production System and Livelihood have been Eliminated and there is no scope for job or recruitment in Government sector in the given Conditions of IT Priority, SERVICE and Realty sector BOOM, Disinvestment and Divestment.
Reservation has to be ABOLISHED as it has undermined the deprived communities most from within developing CREAMY Layer which NEVER returns to ROOTS and finds SALVATION in upgrading itself with Privileged Job, status and inter caste marriage and Never Identifies itself with the Original Identity.
Reservation should be ABOLISHED as it has been limited just in Political Reservation to uplift the unworthy, unfaithful, opportunist, Mediocre TRAITORS to use their own communities in the best interest of the Ruling Hegemony.
Abolish Reservation because it has become the best means of Political ENSLAVEMENT.
I have been writing since very long that Incomplete and unjustified Reservation is more dangerous than Manusmriti itself. Santhal in Assam have not to get RESERVATION. Bheel Community in Rajsthan does not have Reservation. Meena and Gurjars are fighting amongst themselves as the Meena community getting the most of the RESERVATION would Never Share the ST status with Gurjars.
Our people, the SC Communities ejected from their Homeland in East Bengal and landed in West Bengal as Partition victims only to be ousted of Bengali Geopolitics and History to ensure winning Vote bank Equation and favourable Demography for the Brahaminical Hegemony and have been scattered all over the Country would NEVER get Reservation as they got and lost in some states and Never got in other states during last six decades. In Uttar Pradesh ND Tiwari and KC pant used our People as Captive Vote bank and Refugee leaders including my father Pulin Babu followed them believing they would include our Communities in SC. Mulayam Singh Yadav recommended RESERVATION for the Refugees in UTTAR Pradesh and Mayawati withdrew it just because her Community Balmiki is not ready to share RESERVATION with Bengalies. In Chhattish Garh, Ajit Jogi recommended but Raman Singh is not ready to pursue. In Uttarakhand our People do have Reservation in Educational institutions as Students but they are deprived of JOB and political reservation.
Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar succeeded to have the Constitutional safeguard for the deprived Depressed Communities with the Vision that the persons enjoying RESERVATION would REPRESENT their respective Communities and it had not to be the means of Livelihood or Status. It NEVER happened and Reservation ended in Status and Livelihood. Those who get RESERVATION are not ready to pay back any damn thing to their Communities.
RESERVATION Must Be ABOLISHED as it has DUMPED AMBEDKARITE Ideology consisting of Alternative Economics of Human and Resource Manage meant, Revenue management and Policy making, Trade Union Movement, Empowerment, Internal Democracy, Rights of the Working Class, rights for Women and Children . The Post Ambedkarite subaltern Movement are never concerned with these Vital Element of Ambedkarite Ideology and they speak to annihilate Caste but use their Caste Identity for their Benefit only. As the Marxists speak for Class Struggle for the Dictatorship of the the Proletariat and do everything to destroy the Proletariat. The Ambedkarites do everything to destroy their own Communities.
RESERVATION has to be ABOLISHED since the POLITICAL leadership emerged thanks to RESERVATION have DAMAGED the Deprived Communities more that the ZIONIST Brahaminical Hegemony.
Finally RESERVATION has to be ABOLISHED as it has turned to be the BEST PLOY to pit us against each other leading to Hatred, Violence and Disorganisation all for Political Gains only!
The government-appointed Justice Rangnath Commission has recommended 10% reservation for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in government jobs and favoured Scheduled Caste status for Dalits in all religions.I am AFRAID that it has struck the Pandora`s Box once again as it happened while VP Singh decided to implement Mandal Commision Report and the Hegemony was Successful to mobilise the nationwide Anti Reservation Movement.
I am afraid that the report is going to strengthen the Hindutva Forces once again to divide the country Vertically and the Communities already getting all the benefits of Reservation and Quota would NEVER allow any share whatsoever. It would further create more troubles for the Muslims who have been targeted to Hatred and Persecution INFINITE since the Partition as the Brahaminical hegemony succeeded to Manipulate the History and enslaved the Muslim Community as BONDED Vote Bank.
I am afraid that the report is meant to Consolidate Congress Vote Bank snatching it from Mayawati, Lalu Prasad and Mulayam Singh Yadav for which these personalities have lost no time to welcome it lest they would lost the meat within their Vote bank. In Return, I must aware, the Muslims would get NOTHING as they got NOTHING since the Partition and they dared not to demand their just share for the imposed guilt of Partition thrust upon them.
Holding that backwardness of minorities emanates from lack of
education, Rangnath Mishra Commission has recommended 15 per cent
reservation for such communities, including 10 per cent for Muslims, in
all general educational institutions.
Without Empowerment and Internal Democracy in conditions of Sustained Manusmriti Apartheid Rule in a Brahaminical Zionist Rotten system fascist Feudal elements do prove Die Hard. Let me Explain.
For Example, With Sushma Swaraj becoming the Leader of the Opposition, three of the
top slots have gone to women leaders for the first time
Parliament.
Just identify, who are these women! Sonia belongs to the Ruling Gandhi Nehru dynasty.Meera is the daughter of BABU Jagjivan ram. Sushama is the wife of a top Bureaucrat.
Tell me, would it change anything in the life of Indian Women and children. The Women getting Job and status belong to a solid backgroun otherwise Indian women and their Children live the most Miserable life.
In the Indian Rural world, Women achieved status in Panchayats, Local Bodies are best represented by their Male family members and nobody recognises them. Their Husbands do enjoy the status and decision making. Only daughres, wives or widows of Prominent Personalities get the Ticket or they have to ensure the Ticket with Extra curricular activities!
Meira Kumar is the Speaker, the first woman leader to
adorn the high office while Sonia Gandhi is the chairperson of Congress
Parliamentary Party.
Incidentally, the current Lok Sabha has the
highest number of women members -- 59 -- since Independence. Of them, 23 belong
to Congress followed by 13 of the BJP. There are four woman members each from
the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and the BSP.
Sonia Gandhi was
the first woman to become the Leader of the Opposition in 1999. Interestingly at
that time, she defeated Swaraj in the Bellary constituency of Karnataka for her
maiden entry to the Lok Sabha.
Swaraj's elevation to the top job
could lead to greater coordination in the opposition ranks given the fact that
she had a good rapport with leaders like Lalu Prasad and Mulayam Singh Yadav,
having been a part of the Janata Party earlier.
The National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities,
headed by the former chief justice of India, has "strongly" recommended
that there should be a law earmarking 15 per cent seats for the
minorities.
"As by the force of judicial decisions the minority intake in
minority educational institutions has, in the interest of national
integration, been restricted to about 50 per cent, thus virtually
earmarking 50 per cent or so for the majority community. We strongly
recommend that, by the same analogy and for the same purpose, at least
15 per cent seats in all non-minority educational institutions should
be earmarked by law for the minorities," the report of the commission
tabled in the Lok Sabha on Friday said.
Giving the break up within the recommended 15 per cent of earmarked
seats, the commission said 10 per cent should go to the Muslims while
five per cent should be allotted to other minorities.
To ameliorate their economic condition, the Commission has suggested
earmarking of 15 per cent of the total share for minorities in all
government schemes.
The report of the National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities, headed by former Chief Justice of India Rangnath Mishra, was tabled by Minority Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid in the Lok Sabha lastday.
Among a host of recommendations, the Commission recommends delinking of Scheduled Caste status from religion and abrogation of the 1950 Scheduled Caste Order which "still excludes Muslims, Christians, Jains and Parsis from the SC net."
The Order originally restricted the SC status to Hindus only but was later opened it to Buddhists and Sikhs.
With regard to quota, the Commission says that 10% should be reserved for Muslims and five% for other minorities in central and state government jobs in all cadre and grades.
It added that in case of non-availability of Muslims to fill the 10% earmarked seats, these may be made available to other minorities but in "no case" shall any seat within the recommended 15% shall be given to anybody from the majority community.
Member Secretary of the Commission Asha Das has, however, given a note of dissent on the the Commission's recommendation for conferment of SC status on Dalit converts to Christianity and Islam saying there was "no justification" for it.
Besides, she has said that as Dalit converts to Christianity/Islam do not qualify for inclusion as SCs, they should continue to form part of OBCs and avail facilities and reservations given to the OBCs until a comprehensive list of Socially and Educationally Backward (SEB) is prepared.
The Commission has, however, rejected the contentions made by Das in the dissent note and said "(we) firmly stand by every word of the recommendations, we have made under this term of reference."
The Commission also suggested an alternative route for reservation to minorities if there is "insurmountable difficulty" in implementing the recommendation for 15 reservation.
In this regard it said since minorities constitute 8.4 percent of the total OBC population according to the Mandal Commission report so in the 27 percent OBC quota, an 8.4 percent sub quota should be earmarked for minorities.
The internal break-up should be 6 percent for the Muslims, commensurate with their 73 percent share in the total minority population at the national level and 2.4 percent for other minorities.
Besides it has recommended that the reservation now extended to the Scheduled Tribes, which is a religion neutral class, should be carefully examined to assess the extent of minority presence in it and take remedial measures.
The Commission noted that the minorities especially the Muslims are very much under-represented and sometimes wholly unrepresented in government jobs.
The report of the National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities headed by former Chief Justice of India Rangnath Mishra, is considered a step ahead of Sachchar Committee report that went into the backwardness of minorities mainly Muslims.
The Commission, was notified in October 2004 and began functioning in 2005. Two years later, it submitted its report to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in May 2007.
There were consistent demands from other parties except BJP for tabling the report in Parliament and implement its recommendations. A number of MPs from different parties had also demanded that the government should come out with Action Taken Report (ATR) on it.
However, Khurshid had made it clear that ATR was not mandatory as the particular Commission was not constituted under the Commission of Enquiry Act.
The Terms of Condition (ToR) for the Commission were for identifying socially, economically and backward classes among religious and linguistic minorities and suggesting measures of welfare for minorities including reservation.
The Rangnath Mishra Commission report
recommending 10 per cent reservation for Muslims in government jobs,
has been welcomed by RJD and LJP but came under attack from VHP which
dubbed it as "Jehadi conspiracy".
In a statement, the LJP said "since minorities,
especially Muslims are very much under-represented and sometimes wholly
unrepresented in government employment, we recommend that 15 per cent
of posts in all cadres and grades under Central and state governments
should be earmarked for them..."
It also said at least 15 per cent in all
non-minorities educational institutes should be earmarked by law for
minorities in the break-up, adding the same pattern should be followed
for them in all government schemes like NREGA.
The Ram
Vilas Paswan-led party also demanded that action taken report along
with a time-bound implementation schedule of the recommendations should
be made public at the earliest.
While welcoming the recommendations, RJD chief Lalu Prasad threatened an agitation if government fails to implement them.
Prasad said he had raised demand for tabling the
report in Parliament umpteen times when he was the Railway Minister in
UPA-I. "We were the ones, who had got the recommendations of Mandal
Commission implemented. Minorities have negligible presence in
government jobs since Independence. Hence, the recommendations must be
implemented," Prasad said.
VHP secretary general Pravin Togadiya described 10
per cent reservation for Muslims and five per cent to other minority
groups as "anti-Constitutional and nation destructing Jehadi conspiracy
by those who refuse to control population quoting Islam. Hindu SCs and
others who accept family planning, are cheated by this".
Economic Times reports:
THE Ranganath Commission has recommended Scheduled Caste status to Dalit
Hindu converts to Christianity and Islam. It has also
reservation for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in government jobs. But this
report that contains politically unpalatable recommendations is certain to put
in the deep freezer.
The commission has recommended delinking of
Scheduled Caste status from religion and abrogation of the 1950 Scheduled Caste
Order which “still excludes Muslims, Christians, Jains and Parsis from the
Supreme Court net.” The order originally restricted Scheduled Caste status
to Hindus alone, but was later opened to Buddhists and Sikhs. “We
recommend that all those social and vocational groups among minorities who but
for their religious identity would have been covered by the present net of
Scheduled Castes should be unquestionably treated as socially backward,
irrespective of whether the religion of those other communities recognise the
caste system or not,” the Commission said.
It also said that
“those groups among minorities whose counterparts in the majority
community are at present covered by the net of Scheduled Tribes should also be
included in that net. More specifically, members of the minority communities
living in any tribal area from pre-independence days should be so included
irrespective of their ethnic characteristics,” the commission
recommended.
The commission, which felt that education is a crucial
factor for development and enhancement of social and economic status, told the
government that “the focus has to be not only for extending the education
facilities for all, but also ensuring the quality of
education.”
The commission said that 10% seats should be
reserved for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in Central and state government
jobs in all cadre and grades. It added that in case of non-availability of
Muslims to fill the 10% earmarked seats, these may be made available to other
minorities, but in “no case” shall any seat within the recommended
15% shall be given to anybody from the majority community.
Member
Secretary of the Commission Asha Das has given a note of dissent on the the
Commission’s recommendation for conferment of SC status on Dalit converts
to Christianity and Islam saying there was “no justification” for
it.
Besides, she has said that as Dalit converts to
Christianity/Islam do not qualify for inclusion as SCs, they should continue to
form part of OBCs and avail facilities and reservations given to the OBCs until
a comprehensive list of Socially and Educationally Backward (SEB) is prepared.
The Commission, however, rejected the contentions made by Das in the dissent
note and said: “We firmly stand by every word of the recommendations, we
have made under this term of reference.”
The government has not
placed an Action Taken Report on the recommendation in Parliament. In any case,
the government is not bound to come out with an ATR as the panel was not set up
under the Commissions of Inquiry Act.
The recommendation of
‘religion-based’ quota not just goes against the Constitution, it
could also give a handle to the Opposition to beat the government with. There is
constitutional restriction on Christian and Muslim Dalits being allowed access
to reservation.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Ranganath-recommends-15-quota-for-Dalit-minorities/articleshow/5354328.cms
Guj Assembly: Cong walkout on Rangnath Mishra report
Opposition Congress today
staged a walkout from the state Assembly on the issue of
discussion on Rangnath Mishra Commission's recommendations.
The commission favours reservation to minorities and
giving SC status to the converted Dalits.
Gujarat minister for social justice and empowerment
Fakirbhai Patel introduced a resolution in the Assembly,
asking the Central government to not implement the
recommendations which will create social divisions in the
country.
However, leader of opposition Shaktisinh Gohil demanded
that since the matter is sub judice and the report has just
been placed before Parliament, it could not be discussed in
the state Assembly.
But the speaker, Ashok Bhatt, allowed discussion on the
issue, which promoted the Opposition to walkout on the last
day of the three-day brief Assembly session.
Rangnath Commission report unconstitutional: VHP
Criticising Justice Rangnath
Mishra Commission report recommending 10 per cent reservation
for Muslims, Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) today said religion
based reservation is unconstitutional.
The report of the National Commission for Religious and
Linguistic Minorities headed by former CJI Ranganath Mishra
was tabled by Minority Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid in the
Lok Sabha today.
The Commission has recommended 10 per cent reservation
for Muslims and five per cent for other minorities in
government jobs.
"VHP rejects in toto the Rangnath commission report
because it is unconstitutional, anti-national and anti-Hindu,"
VHP international general secretary Praveen Togadia told media
persons here.
"Khurshid who had recently called salaries of CEOs as
vulgar, has by tabling the Rangnath Commission report shown
the country his 'constitutional vulgarity'," he said.
Dramatic turn of events at Copenhagen in the last few hours
WASHINGTON:
US President Barack Obama walking uninvited into a meeting of Prime Ministers of
China and India
moment for striking of a political deal to salvage the Copenhagen Climate
Summit.
With hopes fading of a
summit draft, infact, it was a dramatic turn of events last night, which led to
a breakthrough when all seemed lost.
Several key world leaders,
including Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had to turn back from the airport to
huddle straight into a meeting at the Bella Centre in what was the last ditch
effort by Obama to hammer a deal.
Obama was keen for a
one-to-one meeting with Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao.
It was no less a surprise for
Obama, himself, and the White House team in Copenhagen when he went into a late
afternoon bi-lateral meeting with Wen to find that three other world leaders
were already there in the room - Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, Brazilian
President, Lula da Silva and South African President, Jacob Zuma.
Later, US officials said "The
only surprise we had, in all our history was...that in that room wasn't just the
Chinese having a meeting...but all four countries that we had been trying to
arrange meetings with where indeed all in the same room...The President's
viewpoint is, I wanted to see them all and now is our
chance."
Obama and his team
appeared to be taken aback at this as the US President had scheduled a last
minute bilateral meeting with the Chinese Premier, followed by a joint meeting
with the Indian, Brazilian and South African leaders. But, it appeared that the
Chinese, Brazilian, Indian and South African leaders wanted to meet him
together, rather than in separate sessions.
Apprehending that the
Copenhagen Summit has almost headed towards a dead end, Obama postponed his
scheduled departure for the US and told his advance team that he wanted to meet
the Chinese premier separately; followed by a joint meeting with the India,
Brazilian and South African leaders.
The Chinese team, initially
reluctant, told the White House officials that most of the team were already on
the airport, while Wen was in his hotel, getting ready to leave. When they
called Indian team, they were told that Singh is at the airport. This happened
around 4 pm local time.
"I
think they thought the meeting was done. I think they thought there wasn't
anything left to stay for, in all honesty," a senior administration official
said. And when they called Brazil, White House was told no meeting without
India, as they knew that Singh was on his way back.
Zuma agreed as he did not had
the latest information about Singh.
"Brazil tells us that they
don't know if they can come because they want the Indians to come. The Indians
were at the airport. Zuma is under the impression that everybody is coming," a
senior Administration official said. And when Zuma came to know that Singh was
at the airport, he also backed out of the meeting.
India, China triumph: No legally binding deal for now
President Barack Obama said the United States, China and several other countries
reached an ``unprecedented breakthrough'' Friday to
emissions — including a mechanism to verify compliance — after a
frenzied day of diplomacy at the UN climate talks.
The agreement,
which also includes the developing nations of India, South Africa and Brazil,
requires each country to list the actions they will take to cut global warming
pollution by specific amounts, a senior Obama administration official said. The
official described the deal on the condition of anonymity because specific
details had not been announced.
The deal reiterates a goal that
eight leading industrialized nations set earlier this year on long-term emission
cuts and provides a mechanism to help poor countries prepare for climate change,
the official said.
But it falls far short of committing any nation
to emissions reductions beyond a general acknowledgment that the effort should
contain global temperatures along the lines agreed to by the leading economic
nations in July.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel said the talks were
extremely difficult and: ``I must also say that I view the outcome with mixed
feelings.''
A European Union news conference to announce the EU
reaction was postponed and an official said an overall agreement involving those
nations not included in the deal that Obama announced was still being
negotiated.
Obama suggested that the five-nation agreement would be
adopted by the larger summit in its closing hours.
``I am leaving
before the final vote,'' he said. ``We feel confident we are moving in the
direction of a final accord.''
If the countries had waited to reach
a full, binding agreement, ``then we wouldn't make any progress,'' Obama said.
In that case, he said, ``there might be such frustration and cynicism that
rather than taking one step forward we ended up taking two steps back.''
Obama spent the final scheduled day of the climate talks huddling
with world leaders, including Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, in a bid to salvage
the global warming accord amid deep divisions between rich and poor nations.
In announcing the five-nation deal, Obama said getting a legally
binding treaty ``is going to be very hard, and it's going to take some time.''
``We have come a long way, but we have much further to go,'' he
said.
The president said there was a ``fundamental deadlock in
perspectives'' between big, industrially developed countries like the United
States and poorer, though sometimes large, developing nations. Still he said
this week's efforts ``will help us begin to meet our responsibilities to leave
our children and grandchildren a cleaner planet.''
The deal as
described by Obama reflects some progress helping poor nations cope with climate
change and getting China to disclose its actions to address the warming problem.
He said the nations of the world will have to take more aggressive
steps to combat global warming. The first step, he said, is to build trust
between developed and developing countries.
The five-nation
agreement includes a method for verifying reductions of heat-trapping gases, the
official said. That was a key demand by Washington of China, which has resisted
international efforts to monitor its actions.
‘Income must be lone criteria for quota’
Special Correspondent
Misra panel recommends extension of reservation to all religious minorities |
Commission suggests that Scheduled Caste status be delinked from religion
It calls for an overhaul of the entire reservation policy
NEW DELHI: The National Commission for Religious and Linguistic
Minorities has recommended the extension of quota to all religious
minorities — including Hindus where they are in a minority — while
advocating an overhaul of the reservation policy to make income the
lone criteria for affirmative action.
In its report tabled in Parliament on Friday, the Commission said
Scheduled Caste (SC) status should be delinked from religion to make
the SC net fully religion-neutral like that of the Scheduled Tribes
(STs).
For this, Para 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950 —
which originally restricted the SC net to Hindus and later opened it to
Sikhs and Buddhists — should be wholly deleted by appropriate action.
Unscheduled
Though it was not scheduled to be tabled on Friday, the report of
the Commission headed by former Chief Justice of India Ranganath Misra
was hurriedly presented to the House by Union Minister of State for
Minority Affairs Salman Khursheed after the decision to adjourn the Lok
Sabha sine die was taken in the morning following the first
adjournment.
Calling for an overhaul of the entire reservation policy, the
Commission, which submitted its report to the Government on May 10,
2007, has stressed the need to limit the benefits of reservation to the
socially and economically backward.
Educational institutions
For this purpose, the Commission has suggested that the Below
Poverty Line (BPL) lists prepared on the basis of social/educational
and economic criteria should be used, as they are scientifically
prepared and revised periodically.
“BPL lists should, therefore, be made eligible for grant of
reservation without distinction on caste, class, group or religion
basis.”
Working on the premise that socio-economic backwardness emanates
from educational backwardness, the Commission has recommended that at
least 15 per cent of the seats in all non-minority educational
institutions should be earmarked by law for minorities.
Of the 15 per cent, the largest chunk of 10 per cent should go to
Muslims — commensurate with their 73 per cent share of the total
minority population in the country — and the remaining five per cent to
other minorities.
While making this recommendation, the Commission has followed the
judicial decisions mandating that only 50 per cent of the seats in a
minority institution can be set aside for minorities in the interest of
national integration. The 15 per cent reservation for minorities in
non-minority institutions is justified by the Commission “by the same
analogy and for the same purpose.”
In defining religious minorities, the Commission has gone beyond the
scope of the definition used by the National Commission for Minorities.
http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/19/stories/2009121958270100.htm
Ranganath Mishra Commission recommendations
Submitted by kashif on Tue, 08/07/2007 - 02:02.
Mishra Commission Recommends 15% Reservation for Muslims in Education & Employment
Also Recommends Inclusion of Muslim & Christian Dalits in SC List
The National Commission on Religious & Linguistic Minorities
Leaded by Justice Ranganath Mishra former Chief Justice of India and
Dr. Tahir Mahmood submitted its Report to the Prime Minister on 22 May,
2007 shall be formally released only after being established in the
Parliament in the Monsoon Session relevant extracts of in terms of the
Muslim Community an reported below. - Editor of Muslim India.
http://www.muslimindiamonthly.com/
Term of Reference No. 1 (original)
Criteria for identifying socially and economically backward classes among the religious and linguistic minorities
16.15. We recommend that in the matter criteria for identifying
backward classes there should be absolutely no discrimination
whatsoever between the majority community and the minorities; and,
therefore, the criteria now applied for this purpose to the majority
community — whatever that criteria may be – must be unreservedly
applied also to all the minorities.
16.15. As a natural corollary to the aforesaid recommendation we
recommend that all those classes, sections and groups among the
minorities should be treated as backward whose counterparts in the
majority community are regarded as backward under the present scheme of
things.
16.18. To be more specific, we recommend that all those social and
vocational groups among the minorities who but for their religious
identity would have been covered by the present net of Scheduled Castes
should be unquestionably treated as socially backward, irrespective of
whether the religion of those other communities recognises the caste
system or not.
16.19. We also recommend that those groups among the minorities whose
counterparts in the majority community are at present covered by the
net of Scheduled Tribes should also be included in that net; and also,
more specifically, members of the minority communities living in any
Tribal Area from pre-independence days should be so included
irrespective of their ethnic characteristics.
Term of Reference No. II (original)
Measures of Welfare for Minorities including Reservation
General welfare measures
A. Educational measures
16.2.4 As the meaning and scope of Article 30 of the Constitution has
become quite uncertain, complicated and diluted due to their varied and
sometimes conflicting judicial interpretations, we recommend that a
comprehensive law should be enacted without delay to detail all aspects
of minorities, educational rights under that provision with a view to
reinforcing its original dictates in letter and spirit.
16.2.5 The statute of the National Minority Educational Institute
Commission should be amended to make it wide-based in its composition,
powers, functions and responsibilities and to enable it to work as the
watchdog for a meticulous enforcement of all aspects of minorities,
educational rights under the Constitution.
16.2.6 As by the force of judicial decisions the minority intake in
minority educational institutions has, in the interest of national
integration, been restricted to about 50%, thus virtually earmarking
the remaining 50% or so for the majority community – we strongly
recommend that, by the same analogy and for the same purpose, at least
15% seats in all non-minority educational institutions should be
earmarked by law for the minorities as follows:-
(a) The break up within the recommended 15% earmarked seats in
institutions shall be 10% for the Muslims (commensurate with their 73%
share of the former in the total minority population at the national
level) and the remaining 5 % for the other minorities.
(b) Minor adjustments inter se can be made in the 15% earmarked seats.
In the case of non-availability of Muslim candidates to fill 10%
earmarked seats, the remaining vacancies may be given to the other
minorities if their members are available over and above their share of
5%; but in no case shall any seat within the recommended 15% go to the
majority community.
(c) As is the case with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes at
present those minority community candidates who can compete with others
and secure admission on their own merit shall not be included in these
15% earmarked seats.
16.2.7 As regards the backward sections among all the minorities, we
recommend that the concessions now available in terms of lower
eligibility criteria for admission and lower rate of fee, now available
to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, should be extended also
to such sections among the minorities.
16.2.8 In respect of the Muslims – who are the largest minority at the
national level with a country-wide presence and yet educationally the
most backward of the religious communities – we recommend certain
exclusive measures as follows:—
(i) Select institutions in the country like the Aligarh Muslim
University and the Jamia Millia Islamia should be legally given a
special responsibility to promote education at all levels to Muslim
students by taking all possible steps for this purpose. At least one
such institution should be selected for this purpose in each of those
states and Union Territories which has a substantial Muslim population.
(v) In the funds to be distributed by the Maulana Azad Educational
Foundation a suitable portion should be earmarked for the Muslims
proportionate to their share in the total minority population. Out of
this portion funds should be provided not only to the existing Muslim
institutions but also for setting up new institutions from nursery to
the highest level and for technical and vocational education anywhere
in India but especially in the Muslim-concentration areas.
(vi) Anganwaris, Navoday Vidyalayas and other similar institutions
should be opened under their respective schemes especially in each of
the Muslim-concentration areas and Muslim families be given suitable
incentives to send their children to such institutions.
16.2.9 As regards the linguistic minorities, we recommend the following measures:-
(a) The law relating to the Linguistic Minorities Commissioner should
be amended so as to make this office responsible for ensuring full
implementation of all the relevant Constitutional provisions for the
benefit of each such minority in all the States and Union Territories.
(b) The three-language formula should be implemented everywhere in the
country making it compulsory for the authorities to includes in it the
mother-tongue of every child – including, especially, Urdu and Punjabi
– and all necessary facilities, financial and logistic, should be
provided by the State for education in accordance with this
dispensation.
B. Economic measures
16.2.10 As many minorities groups specialize in certain household and
small scale industries, we recommend that an effective mechanism should
be adopted to work for the development and modernization of all such
industries and for a proper training of artisans and workmen among the
minorities – especially among the Muslims among whom such industries,
artisans and workmen are in urgent need of developmental assistance.
16.2.11 As the largest minority of the country, the Muslims, as also
some other minorities have a scant or weak presence in the agrarian
sector, we recommend that special schemes should be formulated for the
promotion and development of agriculture, agronomy and agricultural
trade among them.
16.2.12 We further recommend that effective ways should be adopted to
popularise and promote all the self-employment and income-generating
schemes among the minorities and to encourage them to benefit form such
schemes.
16.2.13 We recommend that the rules, regulations and processes of the
National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation be overhauled
on a priority basis – in the light of the recent report recently
submitted by the NMDF Review Committee and in consultation with the
National Commission for Minorities – with a view to making it more
efficient, effective and far-reaching among the minorities.
16.2.14 We further recommend that a 15% share be earmarked for the
minorities – with a break-up of 10% for the Muslim (commensurate with
their 73% share of the former in the total minority population at the
national level) – and 5% for the other minorities in all government
schemes like Rural Employment Generation Programme, Prime Minister’s
Rozgar Yojna, Grameen Rozgar Yojna, etc.
Reservation
16.2.15 Since the minorities – especially the Muslims – are very much
under-represented, and sometimes wholly unrepresented, in government
employment, we recommend that they should be regarded as backward in
this respect within the meaning of that term as used in Article 16 (4)
of the Constitution – notably without qualifying the word ‘backward’
with the words “socially and educationally” – and that 15% of posts in
all cadres and grades under the Central and State Governments should be
earmarked for them as follows:-
(a) The break up within the recommended 15% shall be 10% for the
Muslims (commensurate with their 73% share of the former in the total
minority population at the national level) and the remaining 5% for the
other minorities.
(b) Minor adjustment inter se can be made within the 15% earmarked
seats. In the case of non-availability of Muslims to fill 10% earmarked
seats, the remaining vacancies may be given to other minorities if
their members are available over and above their share of 5%; but in no
case shall any seat within the recommended 15% go to the majority
community.
16.2.16 Should there be some insurmountable difficulty in implementing
this recommendation, as an alternative we recommend that since
according to the Mandal Commission Report the minorities constitute
8.4% of the total OBC population, in the 27% OBC quota an 8.4%
sub-quota should be earmarked for the minorities with an internal
break-up of 6% for the Muslims (commensurate with their 73% share in
the total minority population at the national level) and 2.4% for the
other minorities with minor adjustment inter se in accordance with
population of various minorities in various States & UTs.
16.2.17 We further recommend that the reservation now extended to the
Scheduled Tribes, which is a religion-neutral class, should be
carefully examined to assess the extent of minority presence in it and
remedial measures should be initiated to correct the imbalance if any.
16.2.18 We recommend that the judicial reservation recently expressed
in several case about the continued inclusion of the creamy layer in
various classes enjoying reservation, inclusive of the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes, should be seriously considered for acceptance as
a State policy.
Additional Term of Reference
Para 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950.
16.3.4 We recommend that Para 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes)
Order 1950 – which originally restricted the Scheduled Caste net to the
Hindus and later opened it to Sikhs and Buddhists, thus still excluding
from its purview the Muslims, Christians, Jains and Parsis, etc. –
should be wholly deleted by appropriate action so as to completely
de-link Scheduled Caste status from religion and make the Scheduled
Castes net fully religion-neutral like that of the Scheduled Tribes.
16.3.5 We further recommend that all those groups and classes among the
Muslims and Christians, etc. whose counterparts among the Hindus, Sikhs
or Buddhists, are included in the Central or State Scheduled Castes
lists should also be covered by the Scheduled Caste net. If any such
group or class among the Muslims and Christians, etc. is now included
in an OBC list, it should be deleted from there while transferring it
to the Scheduled Castes.
16.3.6 We further recommend that as the Constitution of India
guarantees freedom of conscience and religious freedom as a Fundamental
Right, once a person has been included in a Scheduled Caste list a
willful change of religion on his part should not effect adversely his
or her Scheduled Caste status.
Term of Reference No. III (original)
Modalities for implementing our recommendations
16.4.2 We recommend that all Central and State Acts, Statutory Rules
and Regulations be suitably amended to implement those of our
recommendations which in the opinion of the Ministry of Law and Justice
or any another concerned authority may require such amendments.
16.4.3 We recommend the following legislative actions which in our
opinion are required either for the implementation of some of our
recommendations stated above or otherwise in the interest of the
welfare of minorities:-
(a) Enactment of a detailed law to enforce the dictates Article 30 of the Constitution;
(b) Amendment of the National Commission for Backward Classes Act 1993;
(c) Amendment of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950 and the
Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1951 as also of the Central and
State lists of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes;
(d) Review of the laws and rules, processes and procedures, relating to
selection and notification of OBC at the Central and State levels:-
(e) Enactment of a law to clothe with statutory status and judicial
enforceability the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme for Minorities
1983 as modified in 2006;
(f) Amendment of the National Commission for Minorities Act 1992 and
the National Commission for Educational Institutions Act 2004 so as to
make it necessary for the government to appoint as the chairpersons and
members of these bodies – through a Search Committee as in the case of
the National Human Rights Commission – only reputed experts in the
constitutional, legal, educational and economic matters relating to the
minorities;
(g) Necessary amendments in the Wakf Act 1993 and all the Rules framed under its provisions;
(h) Review and necessary overhaul of the laws, rules, regulations,
procedures and processes relating to the National Minorities
Development and Finance Corporation and the Maulana Azad Education
Foundation.
16.4.4 We recommend the following administrative measures which in our
opinion are required either for the implementation of some or our
recommendations or otherwise in the interest of the welfare of
minorities:—
(a) Establishment of a Parliamentary Committee to consider and decide
in the light of the Constitution policy matters relating to the
minorities;
(b) Establishment of a National Committee consisting of Chairpersons of
NHRC, NCW, NCBC, NCSC, NCM, NCMEI, NMDFC, CLM, Central Wakf Council and
Maulana Azad Foundation along with nominated experts for monitoring the
educational and economic development of he minorities;
(c) Creation of similar bodies in all the States/UTs for the same
purpose and consisting of local top-level officials dealing with
minority-related matters and independent experts;
(d) Establishment of a National-level Coordination Committee consisting
of representatives of all the nationalized banks and other financial
institutions to work under the RBI for monitoring credit flow to the
minorities;
(e) Establishment of State Minorities Commission and Minority Welfare
Departments in all those States and UTs where these do not exist as of
now;
(f) Decentralization of all minority-related schemes, programmes and
plans so as to create suitable district-level mechanisms for their
day-to-day implementation;
(g) Revision of the list of Minority Concentration Districts as
suggested by the NCM in 1990s and initiating special educational,
economic and general welfare measures there through the local
administration;
(h) Appointment of Minority Welfare Committees consisting of official
and local experts in all districts of the country to act as the nodal
agencies of NCM, State Minorities Commission and all other Central and
State-level bodies working for the minorities.
http://www.indianmuslims.info/reports_about_indian_muslims/ranganath_mishra_commission_recommendations.html
To: Prime Minister of India and Chairperson, UPA
To
Dr. Manmohan Singh
Honourable Prime Minister of India
South Block, Raisina Hill,
New Delhi,
India-110 001.
and
Mrs. Sonia Gandhi,
Chairperson, UPA,
10, Janpath,
New Delhi - 110 011
Tels. (011) 23014161, 23012656
soniagandhi@sansad.nic.in
Sub: Tabulation of Justice Raganath Misra Commission Report - Reg.
We the undersigned demand the tabulation of Justice Raganath Misra
Commission Report in the Parliament along with ATR. Discriminating the
deprived either on the name of religion or on the name of
technicalities is contradictory to the basic premise of the Indian
Constitution. It was reported that ‘Misra Commission’ recommendations
were addressing the problems identified by the Sachar Committee and
addresses them fundamentally. We demand its tabulation.
Background:
1. The National Commission for Linguistic and Religious Minorities
set up on March 15, 2005 popularly known as ‘Ranganath Misra Commission
submitted its report to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 21st May.
2a. It was reported that commission has suggested that Para 3 of the
Constitution (scheduled castes) order 1950 should be wholly deleted.
This originally restricted the scheduled caste net to Hindus and later
opened it to Sikhs and Buddhists, thus still excluding from its purview
the Muslims, Christians, Jains and Parsis.
2b. Contending that caste is a totally social concept in India and does
not have any religious basis, it is understood to have said that
appropriate action should be taken so as to completely delink the
scheduled caste status from religion and make the scheduled castes net
fully religion-neutral like that of the scheduled tribes.
2c. The Commission is understood to have said that all those groups and
classes among the Muslims and Christians whose counterparts among the
Hindus, Sikhs or Buddhists are included in the Central or state
scheduled castes list should also be covered by the scheduled castes
net.
2d. If any such group or class among the Muslims and Christians etc
is now included in an OBC list, it should also be deleted from there
while transferring it to the Scheduled Castes. Placing the same persons
in the scheduled caste list if they are Hindus, Sikhs or Buddhist but
in the OBC list if they follow any other religion--which is the case in
many states- -clearly amounts to religion-based discrimination, the
report is understood to have said.
2e. The commission has further recommended that as the constitution
guarantees freedom of conscience and religious freedom as a fundamental
right, once a person has been included in a Scheduled Caste list a
willful change of religion on his part should not affect adversely his
or her scheduled caste status.
These recommendations have come as part of the additional terms of reference put forward by the commission.
3a. Indian social setup is based upon caste system from cradle to
grave irrespective of the Religious faith, Caste considerations rule
the roost. Dalits of all religions live in the same society ruled by
caste values. A change of religion does not alter the socio-economic
status of Dalits [Gandh ji says so in ‘Harijan’ December 26th, 1936 ].
The social stigma and stracism in society continue to haunt them
wherever they go. A Dalit is considered untouchable, irrespective of
the religious faith he or she may profess. As for atrocities, there is
no discrimination between a Hindu Dalit and a Muslim / Christian Dalit.
3b. The Order violates the letter and spirit of articles Article 15 and
Article 25 in fact it amounts to forced inducement or allurement by the
state. The Order is a blatant violation and denial of human rights of a
citizen under our Constitution as well as under Article 2, 3 and 18 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations, to
which India is a signatory.
3c. This discrimination deprives Dalits of the right to seek civil
protection and safeguards provided to all Dalits under the Protection
of Civil Rights Act 1976, the Unsociability (Offences) Act 1955, and
the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989.
4. Supreme Court rulings :
A] "... to deny them [Dalit Muslims / Christians] the
constitutional protection of reservation solely by reason of change of
faith or religion is to endanger the very concept of Secularism and the
raison d'etre of reservations." (Art. 271 of the Mandal Case Judgment.
Cfr.Page No. 367, Vol. 6. No. 9, Nov. 30, 1992, Judgment Today.)
B] "So sadly and oppressively deep-rooted is caste in our country
that it has cut across even the barriers of religions ... The caste
system has penetrated other religions and dissenting Hindu sects to
whom the practice of caste should be anathema and today we find that
practitioners of other religious faith and Hindu dissentients are
sometimes as rigid adherents to the system of caste as the conservative
Hindus. We find Christian Dalit, Christian Nadars,Christian Reddys,
Christian Kammas, Mujbi Sikhs etc... " (Art. 469, Mandal Case
Judgments. Page 450. Vol. 6, No. 9, Nov. 30, 1992, Judgment Today.)
C] "... The change of religion did not always succeed in
eliminating castes. The converts carried with them their castes and
occupations to the new religions. The result has been that even among
Sikhs,Muslims and Christians Casteism prevails in varying degrees in
practice, their preaching’s notwithstanding. Casteism has thus been the
base of entire Indian society, the difference in its rigidity being of
a degree varying from religion to religion." (Art. 400, Mandal Case
Judgment Vol 6, No. 9, Nov. 30, 1992, Judgment Today). All these
observations directly point to the discriminatory nature of the Order.
5a. The commission has recommended certain measures for the educational
backwardness for the religious minorities, including earmarking 15 per
cent seats in the non-minority educational institutions for the
minorities, they said. The commission, in its report submitted to Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh Ji, recommended that the break up within the 15
per cent should be 10 per cent for the Muslims and the rest five per
cent for the remaining minority communities, sources said.
B] ''We have said that 10 per cent of jobs should be earmarked for
Muslim minorities and another 5 per cent for Christians in non minority
institutions,''1 said Tahir Mehmood, Member, Rangnath Commission.
6a. As in the case with the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes at
present those minority communities’ candidates who can compete with
others and secure admissions on their own merit shall not be included
in these 15 per cent seats.
6b. With regard to linguistic minorities, the report is understood to
have recommended that the law relating to the Linguistic Minorities
Commissioner should be amended so as to make his office responsible for
ensuring full implementation of the Constitutional provisions.
6c. The report has also suggested that the three language formula be
implemented everywhere in the country making it compulsory for
authorities to include in it the mother tongue of every child.
6d. Among the economic measures recommended, are 15 per cent share be
earmarked for the minorities in all government schemes like the rural
employment generation programme, Prime Minister`s Rozgar Yojna and
Gramin Rozgar Yojna.
1. [Sandeep Bhushan NDTV, Thursday, May 24, 2007]
Ref : 22 May, 2007 l 1343 hrs IST l PTI, Zee News
Sincerely,
View Current Signatures
http://www.petitiononline.com/cova_csj/
hursday, December 10, 2009
Row over Ranganath Mishra Commission report in Rajya Sabha: 'Silent' Muslim MPs stand and speak
weekly newspaper Chauthi Duniya kicked up a storm and some Members of
Parliament [MPs] got so agitated that they succeeded in getting a
privilege notice issued against him.
The RS members--Ali Anwar, Sabir Ali, R Prasad and Aziz Pasha--were angry with the writer for using words like 'napunsak' [impotent] and 'shakti-vihin' [powerless] among others.
But the result of the reports published in consecutive issues of the
newspaper was that the MPs who generally remain silent, had to speak up
and the government that had kept the Ranganathan Mishra panel report
under wraps for years, had to announce that it would be tabled in the
current session of parliament.
Two years back, former Chief Justice Ranganathan Mishra had submitted
this report on the status of religious and cultural minorities in the
country but it was swept under the carpet. The report states
that non-inclusion of Christian and Muslim Dalits in the category of
Scheduled Castes that are entitled to job reservations, tantamounts to religious discrimination
which is against he spirit of constitution. However, the stinging
series of articles led to ruckus in Rajya Sabha and PM Manmohan Singh
had to accept the demand to table it. It is noteworthy that Twocircles.net had already published the entire report.
Read translation of the article published in the Hindi newspaper:
Sabha, the Upper House of parliament, comprise of intellectuals, legal
luminaries, constitution experts and eminent citizens chosen among
senior leaders and public figures. It is felt that they would at
least share a similar concern over the basic problems facing the nation
and they would act as guardians of democracy rather than dalaals [power brokers].
But Rajya Sabha has become an assembly of the weaklings who can't raise
voice or save the rights of the voiceless Indian citizen. Ranganath
Mishra Commission was constituted before Sachar panel. Christian
organisations had approached the Supreme Court that Dalits,
irrespective of their religious affiliation should get the benefit of
reservation and subsequently on SC verdict, the commission was
constituted as per Commission of Inquiry Act.
Though its report came after Sachar panel submitted its findings, the
truth is that findings of the Ranganath Mishra commission report are an
eye-opener. When the report was not tabled in parliament, the Chief
Information Commisioner was approached. However, CIC's directive to the
government was ignored and the Central govt went to court against the
CIC order. It seems that the government is trying to hoodwink the Apex
Court.
November 24 would be remembered as Black Day in the history of Upper
house as members sought that the report be tabled but it was not
accepted. Twice the house was adjourned and then the members were given
just two minutes each to speak. They said that the report had already
been published in media, then why it is not being tabled.
The Speaker was sitting on the chair first [later it was deputy
speaker]. He comes from the same section but it seems after reaching
this post, the Speaker has distanced himself from the poor and the
weaker sections. Else, he could have easily directed the government to
explain when the report would be tabled.
The same day PC Chidambaram had presented the Liberhan commission
report in the lower house. It had also been leaked two days back and
published in a paper. Why Ranganath Misra commission report was not
tabled then? There is a fine difference that needs to be understood.
Liberhan commission was related to an emotive issue. However,
Ranganathan commission report deals with the real situation at the
grassroots in this country. By raising emotional issue, Congress wanted
to put BJP in the dock. Ironically the party's role itself came under
scanner. After all, in 1992 it was a Congress PM [PV Narasimharao] who
was at the helm at Delhi.
The tabling of Liberhan commission report has benefited BJP, that was
appearing to be a divided house until recently. Had the Rajya Sabha
chairperson ordered tabling the Justice Ranganath Mishra commission
report in Rajya Sabha, it would have opened the doors of reservation to
the Dalits among Muslims and Christians.
How much more these Dalit Muslims and Christians will have to suffer
and sacrifice? The speaker will be responsible for their
misery.....................
..................the Rajya Sabha members must realise their
responsibility that they are sent to parliament by the powerless and
poor to raise their voice. Do the RS members have any courage or
conviction left, that they can force the government to table the
report? If not, you must apologise to the nation.
[Courtesy: Chauthi Duniya Hindi weeky]
In the translated excerpts above, the words have been diluted. The MPs
were upset and sought action against the journalist. However, the other
result of the newspaper reports was that the same MPs did speak
vociferously. Other parties including Samajwadi Party also joined in.
Even the BJP demanded explanation and the opposition forced PM to state
that the panel report would be tabled in this session.
Interestingly, once again the Congress' Muslim leaders remained silent.
Ali Anwar, Sabir Ali and Aziz Pasha are MPs representing JDU, Lok Jana
Shakti Party (LJP) and Communist Party of India (CPI). The movement for
reservation for Pasmanda Muslims is strongest in Bihar.
[After independence Dalits or SCs who had for centuries suffered
discrimination from Upper Castes were given benefits of reservation in
jobs. However, a constitutional amendment was later made and
neo-Buddhists were also extended the benefit. However, Muslim and
Christian Dalits remained deprived.
The movement to get them reservation began in late 80s and gathered
steam over the years. The NCRLM inquiry commission popularly known as
Ranganath Misra commission was set up in 2005 and submitted its report
two years later. Since then it has been in cold storage. ]
Read excerpts of the report at TCN
http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2009/12/row-over-ranganath-mishra-commission.html
RS adjourned for 15 min over Ranganath Mishra Commission report
New Delhi, Dec 8 : The Rajya Sabha witnessed noisy scenes today and
was adjourned for 15 minutes during Zero Hour with Members demanding
the tabling of the Ranganath Mishra Commission report in the House.
Immediately after the Question Hour ended, the matter was raised by
several Members saying the report was in public domain and published in
some newspapers. It should, therefore, be placed before Parliament, they said and urged the Chair to direct the government accordingly.
However,
Deputy Chairman Rahman Khan said no notice had been given for the
purpose and he was not in a position to direct the government to come
out with a statement.
The Opposition Members were not convinced
and continued to raise their voice demanding that the government at
least come out with a statement.
The Chair adjourned the House for 15 minutes.
After
the House re-assembled, some Members said the Minister (Salman
Khursheed) had said on a TV channel that he would implement the report
within six months.
The Minister, who came into the House, said
the matter was sub-judice and the government would implement after the
court cleared it. He also denied that he had said the government would
implement the report within six months.
The agitated Members were pacified after the Minister gave the statement and the House took up the next business.
--UNI
Ranganath Commission recommends 10% quota for MuslimsBreakingNewsOnline. - 10 hours ago The Commission also favoured Scheduled Caste status for Dalits in all religions. The Ranganath Mishra Commission report was tabled in Lok Sabha by Minority ... RJD, LJP laud Ranganath panel report; VHP dubs it 'jehadi' Expressindia.com Rangnath Commission report unconstitutional: VHP Press Trust of India Guj Assembly: Cong walkout on Rangnath Mishra reportPress Trust of India - 2 hours ago Gandhinagar, Dec 19 (PTI) Opposition Congress today staged a walkout from the state Assembly on the issue of discussion on Rangnath Mishra Commission's ... Proper analysis needed on Rangnath panel recommendations: Congress Daily News & Analysis Mishra panel rebukes govt for not deleting well-off castes from OBC listTimes of India - - 17 hours ago NEW DELHI: In what may raise eyebrows of OBC satraps, the Rangnath Mishra Commission report has slammed the government's timidity to purge the OBC list of ... India: Christian groups welcome Misra ReportPakistan Christian Post - 1 hour ago (PCP) Christians groups across the country have welcomed the Government tabling the report of the Justice Rangnath Misra Commission, and have urged the ... Mishra report tabled in Lok Sabha; demands deliking SC status from religion Christian Today - India Ranganath reportCalcutta Telegraph - 16 hours ago 18 (PTI): The Centre today tabled in the Lok Sabha the Ranganath Mishra panel report that has recommended 10 per cent quota for Muslims and other minorities ... Govt to table Ranganath Mishra Commission report in Parliament soonDaily News & Analysis - Dec 15, 2009 PTI New Delhi: The government will soon table in Parliament the controversial Ranganath Mishra Commission report, which has reportedly recommended ... No ATR on Ranganath Commission report Press Trust of India Implement Misra report without further delay: Muslim groupTwoCircles.net - 22 minutes ago ... Millat Bedari Muhim Committee (MBMC), Aligarh wholeheartedly welcomed the tabling of Justice Ranganath Misra Commission Report in Parliament on Friday. ... Govt looks to bury Mishra panel's report on convertsTimes of India - Dec 16, 2009 NEW DELHI: With the Ranganath Mishra commission report recommending SC status to Hindu converts to Christianity and Islam and a subquota for minorities in ... PFI welcomes the decision to table Mishra report, demands implementationTwoCircles.net - 22 hours ago By TwoCircles.net News Desk, Patna: Popular Front of India (PFI) welcomed the decision of the UPA government to table Ranganath Mishra Commission report ... Mishra report in this session, says prime ministerDaily News & Analysis - - Dec 9, 2009 New Delhi: Prime minister Manmohan Singh promised on Wednesday that his government will table the report of the Ranganath Mishra Commission on Religious ... Ranganathan report to be tabled in this session: PM Economic Times |
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Sachar Committee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (August 2008) |
Justice Rajindar Sachar
The Rajinder Sachar Committee, appointed by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India
was a high level committee for preparation of a report on the social,
economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India.
It prepared a 403-page report that was tabled in Parliament on 30 November 2006 – 20 months after obtaining the terms of reference from the PMO.[1] It has come-up with this report with suggestions and solutions to include and mainstream Indian Muslims. The report is available from the Indian Government site.[2] and also at [1]
It is the first of its kind report and it suggests adoption of
suitable mechanisms to ensure equity and equality of opportunity to
Muslims in residential, work and educational spaces.[3] According to Sachar Committee report the status of Indian Muslims are below the conditions of Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
There is a lot of discussions and debates goes on the Sachar Committee Report.[4]. There are follow-up actions taken based on Committee findings like the Finance Minister P. Chidambaram action funding for National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC).
| “ | Last year, I made a modest contribution of Rs.16.47 crore to the equity of the NMDFC. Following the Sachar Committee report (on the status of minorities), NMDFC would be required to expand its reach and intensify its efforts. Hence, I propose to provide a further sum of Rs.63 crore to the share capital of NMDFC | ” |
.[5]
[edit] Composition
The committee comprised seven members including four Muslims. Headed by Justice Rajinder Sachar,
the other members were: Sayyid Hamid, Dr.T.K. Ooman, M.A. Basith,
Dr.Akhtar Majeed, Dr.Abu Saleh Shariff and Dr.Rakesh Basant. Dr. Syed Zafar Mahmood was the civil servant appointed by the PM as Officer on Special Duty to the Committee.
During the committee's interaction with women's groups, some of them
seriously articulated a grievance that it did not have any woman
member. The Committee tried to make up for this by convening a
half-a-day meeting with women's groups during its visits to the States.
In addition to that, women social activists in large numbers attended
all the meetings of all the groups and expressed their points of view
and apprehensions in an open and frank manner. Their input was
intensive and to the point about the various matters like education,
medical facilities, Anganwadi requirements etc. The Committee also held one full day meeting in Delhi in July 2006 exclusively for women from all over India.
[edit] Main findings of the report
The entire Sachar Report is available for download at various websites.[6]
Some findings are as follows: A..Sachar committee has put a lot of analysis about the Indian Muslim with "statistical reports" based on information from government agencies, banks, Indian Minority Commission, different state governments and its agencies. The major points covered in the reports are:
- In the field of literacy the Committee has found that the rate
among Muslims is very much below than the national average. The gap
between Muslims and the general average is greater in urban areas and
women. 25 per cent of children of Muslim parents in the 6-14 year age
group have either never attended school or have dropped out.
- Muslim parents are not averse to mainstream education or to send
their children to affordable Government schools. The access to
government schools for children of Muslim parents is limited.
- Bidi workers, tailors and mechanics need to be provided with social
safety nets and social security. The participation of Muslims in the
professional and managerial cadre is low.
- The average amount of bank loan disbursed to the Muslims is 2/3 of
the amount disbursed to other minorities. In some cases it is half. The
Reserve Bank of India’s efforts to extend banking and credit facilities
under the Prime Minister’s 15-point programme of 1983 has mainly
benefited other minorities marginalizing Muslims.
- There is a clear and significant inverse association between the
proportion of the Muslim population and the availability of educational
infrastructure in small villages. Muslim concentration villages are not
well served with pucca approach roads and local bus stops.
- Substantially larger proportion of the Muslim households in urban areas are in the less than Rs.500 expenditure bracket.
- The presence of Muslims has been found to be only 3% in the IAS, 1.8% in the IFS and 4% in the IPS.
- Muslim community has a representation of only 4.5% in Indian
Railways while 98.7% of them are positioned at lower levels.
Representation of Muslims is very low in the Universities and in Banks.
Their share in police constables is only 6%, in health 4.4%, in
transport 6.5%.
- For the Maulana Azad Education Foundation to be effective the corpus fund needs to be increased to 1000 crores. Total allocation in the four years 2002 to 2006 for Madarsa Modernization Scheme
is 106 crores. The information regarding the Scheme has not adequately
percolated down. Even if the share of Muslims in elected bodies is low
they and other under represented segments can be involved in the
decision making process through innovative mechanisms.
- Most of the variables indicate that Muslim-OBCs are significantly
deprived in comparison to Hindu-OBCs. The work participation rate (WPR)
shows the presence of a sharp difference between Hindu-OBCs (67%) and
the Muslims. The share of Muslim-OBCs in government/ PSU jobs is much
lower than Hindu-OBCs.
- There are about 5 lakh registered Wakfs with 600,000 acres (2,400 km²) land and Rs 6,000 crore book value.[7]
A summary of the report by the Officer on Special Duty to the Sachar Committee, Dr. Syed Zafar Mahmood, is also available.[8]
[edit] Removal of Common Stereotypes
The Sachar committee helped in a big way to expose stereotypes that
had been used by right wing communal groups as part of their propaganda[9]. Some of these important findings were[9]:
- Only four per cent of Muslims students actually go to madrasas
primarily because primary state schools do not exist for miles.
Therefore, the idea that Muslims prefer madrasa education was found to
be not true.
- That there is “substantial demand from the community for fertility
regulation and for modern contraceptives” and over 20 million couples
are already using contraceptives. “Muslim population growth has slowed
down as fertility has declined substantially”. This clarifies and puts
an end to any propaganda that there has been a Muslim conspiracy afoot
since 1947 to reproduce mightily, and that a danger that the Indian
Hindus will be reduced to a minority due to high birth rate of Muslims.
- That Muslims wherever spoken to complained of suffering the twin
calumnies of being dubbed “anti-national” and of being “appeased”.
However, the Indian Muslim community as a whole had never indulged in
anti-national activities and the conditions borne out by the
committee's findings clearly explained that no "appeasement" had taken
place.
[edit] Summary of recommendations
The report put forward some recommendations to eliminate the situation raised for Indian Muslim.
Justice Sachar explained that the upliftment minorities and
implementation of these recommendations would strengthen the secular
fabric of Indian society as well as increase patriotism due to their
all inclusive progress. The recommendation include:
- Mechanisms to ensure equity and equality of opportunity and eliminate discrimination.
- Creation of a National Data Bank (NDB) where all relevant data for various Socio Religious Communities are maintained.
- Form an autonomous Assessment and Monitoring Authority to evaluate the extent of development benefits
- An Equal Opportunity Commission should be constituted to look into the grievances of the deprived groups.
- Elimination of the anomalies with respect to reserved constituencies under the delimitation scheme.
- The idea of providing certain incentives to a diversity index
should be explored to ensure equal opportunities in education,
governance, private employment and housing.
- A process of evaluating the content of the school textbooks needs to be initiated and institutionalized.
- The UGC should evolve a system where part of the allocation to
colleges and universities is linked to the diversity in the student
population.
- Providing hostel facilities at reasonable costs for students from minorities must be taken up on a priority basis.
- The Committee recommended promoting and enhancing access to Muslims in Priority Sector Bank Advances.
- The real need is of policy initiatives that improve the
participation and share of the Minorities, particularly Muslims in the
business of regular commercial banks.
- The community should be represented on interview panels and Boards.
The underprivileged should be helped to utilize new opportunities in
its high growth phase through skill development and education.
- Provide financial and other support to initiatives built around
occupations where Muslims are concentrated and have growth potential.[7][10]
- The Committee made no recommendation of “reservations” per se, but
suggests that those among the minority communities who approximate in
terms of social and occupational status the scheduled and backward
classes among Hindus be classified as Most Backward Castes and
proferred the same benefits that relevant Articles of the Constitution
make available to counterparts among Hindus.[9]
[edit] Responses to the committee findings
There are different responses to the sachar committee findings from different part of India.[11][12]
[edit] Follow-up action taken
[edit] 15-point minorities welfare programme
The Prime Minister has also unfolded a comprehensive 15-point
programme for the welfare and empowerment of minorities.The new plan
wants to help the minorities by Enhancing opportunities for
education.Ensuring equitable share in economic activities and
employment,Improving the conditions of living of minorities,Prevention
and control of communal disharmony and violence.
[edit] Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) or “Education for All Programme”, a
national flagship programme to provide quality elementary education to
all children in the 6 – 14 years age group through a time bound
approach. Based on the data obtained from Census as well as District
Information System for Education (DISE), SRI-IMRB Survey etc., the
Government has made a number of interventions in SSA to help the
minority (Muslim) children in education. One of the thrust areas is to
ensure availability of schools in all minority concentrated districts.
During 2005-06, 4624 primary and Upper primary schools, and about
31,702 Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) Centres were sanctioned in
minority concentrated districts. During 2006-07, 6918 new primary and
upper primary schools have been sanctioned in minority-dominated
districts. 32,250 EGS centres with a total enrolment of 120.90 lakh
children have been sanctioned for 2006-07. Sanction has also been
accorded for enrolment of 11.25 lakh children in Alternative &
Innovative Education (AIE) during 2006-07 in these districts.
Madrasas/Makhtabs have been covered under SSA. The Madarsas affiliated
to the State Madarasa Boards and satisfying certain conditions are
eligible for such assistance as is available to other regular schools
under SSA. So far 8309 madarsas have been assisted.
[edit] Facilities for minority girls
Free textbooks are provided to all minority girls from classes
I-VIII. Urdu textbooks are provided for Urdu medium schools and for
Urdu as a subject. Based on the 1981 Census, 93 districts (now 99) in
16 states have been identified for focused attention. The major focus
is on the states of Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Assam. Out of
the 1180 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBV), 210 schools have
been sanctioned in minority blocks, 1430 minority girls have already
been enrolled in KGBVs till 31.3.06.
[edit] Muslim concentration districts
In addition to above measures, there is also a special focus on 93
districts, which was found to be having more than 20% Muslim population
in the 1981 census, for SSA investments in 2005-06 and 2006-07. Sachar
Committee’s recommendations in the sphere of education include a
special focus on free and compulsory education; institutionalizing the
process of evaluating school textbooks so that they better reflect
community-specific sensitivities; setting up quality government
schools, especially for girls in areas of Muslim concentration; and
providing priming education in Urdu in areas where the language is
widely in use. The Government measures outlined above, show that the
country is already moving in the direction pointed out by the Sachar
Committee.
[edit] Criticism
 | This article may be inaccurate in or unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2009) |
Indian media expert[13] Dasu Krishnamoorti has criticized the way the media has handled the report. He criticizes them saying that Positive journalism means projecting the Muslims as us and not them.[14]. Sunil Jain in an article in rediff says The
problem with all such data, however, is that you need to "normalise" it
for any meaningful conclusions to be made. Sachar does this only
partially[15],
and that rather than basing its results on the entire population of
Muslims, the Report should only have considered those Muslims with a
college degree.
In addition, the demands made by the Sachar Committee to provide
preferential treatment to Muslims in the Indian Army to bring about a
fairer representation have been severely criticized by members of the Indian Armed Forces as well as the right wing BJP political party. Retired Colonel Anil Athale of the Indian Army
comments that it is vital that the Indian Armed forces remain secular
and not give preference to anybody irrespective of religion, and that
the Sachar Committee seeks to undermine that legacy.[2]
However, there was However, Dr. Sachar replied to this criticism saying
that it was an uncalled for attempt to communalise a non-issue. He said
replying to the argument.
But I think that is a very stupid argument. Are not the all India
services like the Railways and banks and others supposed to be secular?
We were able to find out the Muslim representation in services like the
Indian Administrative Service or the Indian Police Service without
controversy. So, were they suggesting that secretaries and joint
secretaries are less secular than those in the armed forces?
He further explained that too much was being read into the exercise.
We are just carrying out a factual survey of the representation of
Muslims in all services. This is not limited to the armed forces. This
includes the Police, the Judiciary, the IAS (Indian Administrative
Service), and State Services and Muslim representation in all walks of
life.
The Sachar commission findings were later alleged by the BJP political party to be manipulated for electoral purposes.[16]
[edit] Responses from organisations and political parties
| The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2009) |
- Syed Shahabuddin,the former MP from Janata Dal
says Sachar Committee has collected the facts and figures more than
suffice. But it should have put forward some concrete resolution like
Minority Reservation if needed.[17].
- BJP representative Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi has said
| “ | Sachar committee was created for vote-bank reasons. It was designed to serve a political purpose especially ahead of the Uttar Pradesh assembly elections.[16] | ” |
and elsewhere BJP leaders have given statements and have said that
the report is "distorted, politically motivated and dangerous"[18][19]. BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi said that the tone and texture of the Sachar Committee "has a striking similarity to the Muslim League
of pre-independence era. Unfortunately, the government is irrationally
following a policy of blind populism which threatens to divide the
nation."[18].
BJP is currently the only political party that has publicly opposed the
findings. The BJP has since seem to have accepted the findings and
charged that if such is the state of the Muslim community it is only
the Congress which is to blame[9].
Their 2009 election manifesto included on minority communities and
improving their situation similar to the Sachar committee
recommendations in many ways [20].
- The JD(U)party president, which is a senior member of the NDA
coalition along with BJP, Sharad Yadav has strongly voiced his support
and demanded quick implementation of the committee findings. He also
emphasised the importance of including Dalit Muslims and Christians in
the SC category as they are the only communities that are being
discriminated against for the past 60 years[21].
- The Akali Dal - another prominent NDA ally has stated that it sees
nothing wrong if deprived minorities are attended to in a special way.
Given that low-caste Sikhs have been beneficiaries of affirmative
action since 1956[9].
- The National Congress Party (NCP) has also urged the government to
table the bill for implementing the committee findings even if an
emergency session has to be called.[22]
- There has been no popular "outcry" among the mainstream population
about the committee findings and, in fact, in a poll conduct by a major
media agency - 40% of the respondents preferred full implementation of
the recommendations[9].
[edit] References
Complete Sachar Report
- ^ Clarification On the Work of Justice Rajindar Sachar Committee
- ^ Sachar Committee Report
- ^ Impressive analysis
- ^ National Seminar On Sachar Committee Report in Hyderabad
- ^ More funds for minorities' welfare
- ^ Complete Sachar Report http://godgraces.org/files/Muslim%20Report.pdf
- ^ a b Community on the margins
- ^ Summary of Sachar Report by PM's Officer on Special Duty to the Committee http://godgraces.org/summary_pmhlc.html
- ^ a b c d e f http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article96.html
- ^ Summarised Sachar Report on Status of Indian Muslims
- ^ Responses To Sachar Committee findings
- ^ Response From an M.P
- ^ Welcome to Dasu Krishnamoorthy Media Site
- ^ Media Response to Sachar Report, Dasu Krishnamoorthy
- '^ Sachar Report, Myth and reality,Rediff.com
- ^ a b Report shows Sachar findings manipulated: BJP Times of India - 31 March 2007
- ^ Syed Shahabuddin on Sachar Committee findings
- ^ a b BJP criticized govt on Sachar report,Rediff.com
- ^ BJP leader criticized Sachar report,The Hindu
- ^ http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf/election_manifesto_english.pdf
- ^ http://www.bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/June/Newsbihar02June1.html
- ^ http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/4090/National/1/22/1
.
[edit] External links
- Muslim deprivation widespread: Sachar Committee [3]
- Appeal to Sachar Committee [4]
- Sachar Committee Report executive summary (English)
- The Rajendra Sachar Commission Report: Missing Facts No One Dares to Speak Of
- The Sachar report: A flawed number game
Mandal Commission
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mandal Commission in India was established in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward."[1] It was headed by Indian parliamentarian Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine "backwardness." In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the affirmative action practice under Indian law whereby members of lower castes (known as Other Backward Classes (OBC) and Scheduled Castes and Tribes)
were given exclusive access to a certain portion of government jobs and
slots in public universities, and recommended changes to these quotas, increasing them by 27% to 49.5%.[1]
[edit] Setting up of Mandal Commission
The plan to set up another commission was taken by the Morarji Desai
government in 1978 as per the mandate of the Constitution of India
under article 340 for the purpose of Articles like 15 and 16. The
decision was made official by the president on January 1, 1979. The
commission is popularly known as the Mandal Commission, its chairman
being B.P. Mandal.
[edit] Criteria to identify OBC
The Mandal Commission adopted various methods and techniques to
collect the necessary data and evidence. The commission adopted 11
criteria which could be grouped under three major headings: social,
educational and economic in order to identify OBCs.
[edit] Social
(i) Castes/classes considered as socially backward by others.
(ii) Castes/classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their livelihood.
(iii) castes/classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per
cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years
in rural areas and at least 10 per cent females and 5 per cent males do
so in urban areas.
(iv) castes/classes where participation of females in work is at least 25 per cent above the state average.
[edit] Educational
(v) Castes/classes where the number of children in the age group of
5–15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the
state average.
(vi) Castes/classes where the rate of student drop-out in the age
group of 5–15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average.
(vii) Castes/classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25 per cent below the state average.
[edit] Economic
(viii) Castes/classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25 per cent below the state average.
(ix) Castes/classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses is at least 25 per cent above the state average.
(x) Castes/classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometer for more than 50 per cent of the households.
(xi) Castes/classes where the number of households having taken
consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the state average.
Also known as "Creamy layer," this criteria of separation is ignored by
the government which is known as the most controversial issue of
reservation.
[edit] Weighting indicators
As the above three groups are not of equal importance for the
purpose, separate weightage was given to indicators in each group. All
the Social indicators were given a weightage of 3 points each,
educational indicators were given a weightage of 2 points each and
economic indicators were given a weightage of 1 point each. Economic,
in addition to Social and Educational Indicators, were considered
important as they directly flowed from social and educational
backwardness. This also helped to highlight the fact that socially and
educationally backward classes are economically backward also.
It will be seen from the values given to each indicator, the total
score adds up to 22. All these 11 indicators were applied to all the
castes covered by the survey for a particular state. As a result of
this application, all castes which had a score of 50 % (i.e. 11 points)
were listed as socially and educationally backward and the rest were
treated as 'advanced'.
[edit] Observations and Findings
The commission estimated that 54% of the total population (excluding
SCs and STs), belonging to 3,743 different castes and communities were
‘backward’.[1]
Figures of caste-wise population are not available beyond. So the
commission used 1931 census data to calculate the number of OBCs. The
population of Hindu OBCs was derived by subtracting from the total
population of Hindus, the population of SC and ST and that of forward
Hindu castes and communities, and it worked out to be 52 per cent.[2]
Assuming that roughly the proportion of OBCs amongst non-Hindus was of
the same order as amongst the Hindus, population of non-Hindu OBCs was
also considered as 52 per cent.[1]
- Assuming that a child from an advanced class family and that of a
backward class family had the same intelligence at the time of their
birth, it is obvious that owing to vast differences in social, cultural
and environmental factors, the former will beat the latter by lengths
in any competitive field. Even if a backward class child’s intelligence
quotient was much higher as compared to the child of advanced class,
chances are that the former will lag far behind the latter in any
competition where selection is made on the basis of ‘merit’.
- In fact, what we call ‘merit’ in an elitist society is an amalgam
of native endowments and environmental privileges. A child from an
advanced class family and that of a backward class family are not
‘equals’ in any fair sense of the term and it will be unfair to judge
them by the same yard-stick. The conscience of a civilized society and
the dictates of social justice demand that ‘merit’ and ‘equality’ are
not turned into a fetish and the element of privilege is duly
recognised and discounted for when ‘unequal’ are made to run the same
race.[3]
- To place the amalgams of open caste conflicts in proper historical
context, the study done by Tata institute of Social Sciences Bombay
observes. “The British rulers produced many structural disturbances in
the Hindu caste structure, and these were contradictory in nature and
impact …. Thus, the various impacts of the British rule on the Hindu
caste system, viz., near monopolisation of jobs, education and
professions by the literati castes, the Western concepts of equality
and justice undermining the Hindu hierarchical dispensation, the
phenomenon of Sanskritization, genteel reform movement from above and
militant reform movements from below, emergence of the caste
associations with a new role set the stage for the caste conflicts in
modern India. Two more ingredients which were very weak in the British
period, viz., politicisation of the masses and universal adult
franchise, became powerful moving forces after the Independence.[4]
[edit] Recommendations
The report of the commission was submitted in December 1990. Following are the recommendations as stated in the report.[5]
13.1 It may appear the upliftment of Other Backward Classes is part
of the larger national problem of the removal of mass poverty. This is
only partially correct. The deprivation of OBCs is a very special case
of the larger national issue: here the basic question is that of social
and educational backwardness and poverty is only a direct consequence
of these two crippling caste-based handicaps. As these handicaps are
embedded in our social structure, their removal will require far –
reaching structural changes. No less important will be changes in the
perception of the problems of OBCs by the ruling classes of the country.
[edit] Reservations
13.2 One such change in the attitude of the ruling elite pertains to
the provisions of reservation in Government services and educations
institutions for the candidates of Other Backward Classes. It is
generally argued that looking to the large population of OBCs (52 %),
recruitment of a few thousand OBCs every year against reserved
vacancies is not going to produce any perceptible impact on their
general condition. On the other hand, the induction of a large
proportion of employees against reserved vacancies will considerably
impair the quality and efficiency of the Government services. It is
also stated that the benefits of such reservations will be skimmed off
by those sections of OBCs which are already well off and the really
backward sections will be left high and dry. Another argument advanced
against this approach is that the policy of large scale reservations
will cause great hurt burning to those meritorious candidates whose
entry into services will be barred as a result thereof.
13.3 All the above arguments are based on fairly sound reasoning.
But these are also the arguments advanced by the ruling elite which is
keen on preserving its privileges. Therefore, like all such reasoning,
it is based on partisan approach. By the same token, while illuminating
some immediate areas of concern it tends to ignore much larger issues
of national importance.
13.4 It is not at all our contention that by offering a few thousand
jobs to OBC candidates we shall be able to make 52% of the Indian
population as forward. But we must recognise that as essential part of
the battle against social backwardness is to be fought in the minds of
the backward people. In India Government service has always been looked
upon as a symbol of prestige and power. By increasing the
representation of OBCs in Government services, we give them an
immediate feeling of participation in the governance of this country.
When a backward class candidate becomes a Collector or a Superintendent
of Police, the material benefits accruing from his position are limited
to the members of his family only. But the psychological spin off of
this phenomenon is tremendous; the entire community of that backward
class candidate feels socially elevated. Even when no tangible benefits
flow to the community at large, the feeling that now it has its “own
man” in the “corridors of power” acts as a morale booster.
13.5 In a democratic set-up every individual and community has a
legitimate right and aspiration to participate in ruling this country.
Any situation which results in a near-denial of this right to nearly
52% of the country’s population needs to be urgently rectified.
13.6 Apprehensions regarding drop in the quality of Government
services owing to large-scale induction of S.C. / S.T. and O.B.C.
candidates against reserved posts may be justified only up to a point.
But is it possible to maintain that all candidates selected on merit
turn out to be honest, efficient, hard-working and dedicated? At
present, top echelons of all the Government services are manned
predominantly by open competition candidates and if the performance of
our bureaucracy is any indication, it has not exactly covered itself
with glory. Of course, this does not imply that candidates selected
against reserved posts will do better. Chances are that owing to their
social and cultural handicaps they may be generally a shade less
competent. But, on the other hand, they will have great advantage of
possessing first hand knowledge of the sufferings and problems of the
backward sections of society. This is not a small asset for field
workers and policy makers even at highest level.
13.7 It is no doubt true that the major benefits of reservation and
other welfare measures for Other Backward Classes will be cornered by
the more advanced sections of the backward communities. But is not this
a universal phenomenon? All reformists remedies have to contend with
slow recovery along the hierarchical gradient; there are no quantum
jumps in social reform. Moreover, human nature being what it is, a “new
class” ultimately does emerge even in classless societies. The chief
merit on reservation is not that it will introduce egalitarian amongst
OBCs when the rest of the Indian society is seized by all sorts of
inequalities. But reservation will certainly erode the hold of higher
castes on the services and enable OBCs in general to have a sense of
participation in running the affairs of the country.
13.8 It is certainly true that reservation for OBCs will cause a lot
of heart burning to others. But should the mere fact of this heart
burning be allowed to operate as a moral veto against social reform….
When the higher castes constituting less than 20% of the country’s
population subjected the rest to all manner of social injustice, it
must have caused a lot of heart burning to the lower castes. But now
that the lower castes are asking for a modest share of the national
cake of power and prestige, a chorus of alarm is being raised on the
plea that this will cause heart burning to the ruling elite. Of all the
specious arguments advanced against reservations for backward classes,
there is none which beats this one about ‘heart-burning’ in sheer
sophistry.
13.9 In fact the Hindu society has always operated a very rigorous
scheme of reservations, which was internalised through caste system.
Eklavya lost his thumb and Shambhk his neck for their breach of caste
rules of reservations. The present furore against reservations for OBCs
is not aimed at the principle itself, but against the new class of
beneficiaries, as they are now clamouring for a share of the
opportunities which were all along monopolised by the higher castes.
[edit] Quantum and Scheme of Reservations
13.10 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constitute 22.5% of the
country’s population. Accordingly, a pro-rata reservation of 22.5% has
been made for them in all services and public sector undertakings under
the Central Government. In the States also, reservation for SCs and STs
is directly proportional to their population in each State.
13.11 As stated in the last Chapter (para 12.22) the population of
OBCs, both Hindu and non-Hindu, is around 52% of the total population
of India. Accordingly 52% of all post under the Central Government
should be reserved for them, but this provision may go against the law
laid down in a number of Supreme Court judgements wherein it has been
held that the total quantum of reservations under Articles 15(4) and
16(4) of the Constitution should be below 50%. In view of this the
proposed reservation for OBCs would have to be pegged at a figure
which, when added to 22.5% of SCs and STs, remain below 50%. In view of
this legal constrain, the commission is obliged to recommend a
reservation of 27% only, even though their population us almost twice
this figure.
13.12 States which have already introduced reservation for OBCs exceeding 27%, will remain unaffected by this recommendation.
13.13 With the above general recommendation regarding the quantum of
reservation, the Commission proposes the following over-all scheme of
reservation for OBCs:-
(1) Candidates belonging to OBCs recruited on the basis of merit in
an open competition should not be adjusted against their reservation
quota of 27%.
(2) The above reservation should also be made available to promotion
quota at all levels. nitika goyal (3) Reserved quota remaining unfilled
should be carried forward for a period of three years and deserved
thereafter.
(4) Relaxation in the upper age limit for direct recruitment should
be extended in the same manner as done in case of SCs and STs.
(5) A roster system for each category of posts should be adopted by
the concerned authorities in the same manner as presently done in
respect of SC and ST candidates.
13.14 The above scheme of reservations in its toto should be made
applicable to all recruitment to public sector undertakings both under
the Central and State Governments, as also to nationalised banks.
13.15 All private sector undertakings which have received financial
assistance from the Government in one form or the other should also be
obliged to recruit personnel on the aforesaid basis.
13.16 All universities and affiliated colleges should also be covered by the above scheme of reservation.
13.17 To give proper effect to these recommendations, it is
imperative that adequate statutory provisions are made by the
Government to amend the existing enactments, rules, procedure, etc. to
the extentthey are not in consonance with the same.
[edit] Educational Concessions
13.18 Our educational system is elitist in character, results in a
high degree of wastage and is least suited to the requirements of an
over-populated and developing country. It is a legacy of the British
rule which was severely criticised during the independence struggle,
and yet, it has not undergone any structural changes. Though it is
least suited to the needs of backward classes, yet, they are forced to
run the rat-race with others as no options are available to them. As
‘educational reform’ was not within the terms of reference of the
Commission, we are also forced to trend the beaten track and suggest
only the palliative measure within existing framework.
13.19 Various State Governments are giving a number of educational
concessions to other backward class students (Chapter IX, paras 9.30 –
9.33) like exemption of tuition fees, free supply of books and clothes,
mid-day meals, special hostel facilities, stipends, etc. These
concessions are all right as far as they go. But they do not go far
enough. What is required is, perhaps, not so much the provision of
additional funds as the framing of integrated schemes for creating the
proper environment and incentives for serious and purposeful studies.
13.20 It is well known that most backward class children are
irregular and indifferent students and their drop-out rate is very
high. There are two main reasons for this. First, these children are
brought up in a climate of extreme social and cultural deprivation and
consequently, a proper motivation for schooling is generally lacking.
Secondly, most of these children come from very poor homes and their
parents are forced to press them into doing small chores from a very
young age.
13.21 Upgrading the cultural environment is a very slow process.
Transferring these children to an artificially upgraded environment is
beyond the present resources of the country. In view of this it is
recommended that this problem may be tackled on a limited and selective
basis on two fronts.
13.22 First, an intensive and time bound programme for adult
education should be launched in selected pockets with high
concentration of OBC population. This is a basic motivational approach,
as only proper motivated parents will take serious interest in
educating their children. Secondly, residential schools should be set
up in these areas for backward class students to provide a climate
specially conducive to serious studies. All facilities in these schools
including board and lodging, will have to be provided free of cost to
attract students from poor and backward homes, separate Government
Hostels for OBC students with the above facilities will be another step
in the right direction.
13.23 A beginning on both these fronts will have to be made on a
limited scale and selective basis. But the scope of these activities
should be expanded as fast as the resources permit. Adult education
programme and residential schools started on a selective basis will
operate as growing-points of consciousness for the entire community and
their multiplier effect is bound to be substantial. Whereas several
States are extended a number of ad hoc concessions to backward class
students, few serious attempts have been made to integrate these
facilities into a comprehensive scheme for a qualitative upgradation of
educational environment available to OBC students.
13.24 After all, education is the best catalyst of change and
educating the backward classes is the surest way to improve their self
image and raise their social status. As OBCs cannot afford the high
wastage rates of our educational system, it is very important that
their education is highly biased in favour of vocational training.
After all reservation in services will absorb only a very small
percentage of the educated backward classes and the rest should be
suitably equipped with vocational skills to enable them to get a return
on having invested several years in education.
13.25 It is also obvious that even if all the above facilities are
given to OBC students, they will not be able to compete on an equal
footing with others in securing admission to technical and professional
institutions. In view of this it is recommended that seats should be
reserved for OBC students in all scientific, technical and professional
institutions run by the Central Government as well as State
Governments. This reservation will fall under Article 15(4) of the
Constitution and the quantum of reservation should be the same as in
the Government services, i.e., 27%. Those States which have already
reserved more that 27% seats for OBC students will remain unaffected by
this recommendation.
13.26 While implementing the provisions for reservation it should
also be ensured that the candidates who are admitted against the
reserved quota are enable to derive full benefits of higher studies. It
has been generally noticed that these OBC students coming from an
impoverished cultural background, are not able to keep abreast with
other students. It is, therefore, very essential that special coaching
facilities are arranged for all such students in our technical and
professional institutions. The concerned authorities should clearly
appreciate that their jobs is not finished once candidates against
reserved quota have been admitted to various institutions. In fact the
real task starts only after that special coaching assistance to these
students, not only these young people will feel frustrated and
humiliated but the country will also be landed with ill-equipped and
sub-standard engineers, doctors and other professionals.
[edit] Financial Assistance
13.27 Vocational communities following hereditary occupations have
suffered heavily as a result of industrialisation. Mechanical
production and introductions of synthetic materials has robbed the
village potter, oil crusher, blacksmith, carpenter, etc. of their
traditional means of livelihood and the pauperisation of these classes
is a well-known phenomenon in the countryside.
13.28 It has, therefore become very necessary that suitable
institutional finance and technical assistance is made available to
such members of village vocational communities who want to set up
small-scale industries on their own. Similar assistance should also be
provided to those promising OBC candidates who have obtained special
vocational training.
13.29 Of course, most State Governments have created various
financial and technical agencies for the promotions of small and medium
scale industries. But it is well known that only the more influential
members of the community are able to derive benefits fro these
agencies. In view of this, it is essential that separate financial
institutions for providing financial and technical assistance are
established for the backward classes. Some State Governments like
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh have already set up separate financial
corporations etc, for OBCs.
13.30 Cooperative Societies of occupational groups will also help a
lot. But due care should be taken that all office-bearers and members
of such societies belong to the concerned hereditary occupational
groups and outsiders are not allowed to exploit them by infiltrating
into such cooperatives.
13.31 The share of OBCs in the industrial and business life of the
country is negligible and this partly explains their extremely low
income levels. As a part of its overall strategy to uplift the backward
classes, it is imperative that all State Governments are suitably
advised and encouraged to create a separate network of financial and
technical institutions to foster business and industrial enterprise
among OBCs.
[edit] Structural Changes
13.32 Reservations in Government employment and educational
institutions, as also as possible financial assistance will remain mere
palliatives unless the problems of backwardness is tackled at its root.
Bulk of the small land-holders, tenants, agricultural labour,
impoverished village artisans, unskilled workers, etc. belong to
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. “Apart
from social traditions, the dominances by the top peasantry is
exercised through recourse to informal bondage which arises mainly
thorough money-lending, leasing out of small bits of land and providing
house-sites and dwelling space to poor peasants. As most of the
functionaries of the Government are drawn from the top peasantry, the
class and caste linkage between the functionaries of Government and the
top peasantry remain firm. This also tills the socio-political balance
in favour of the top peasantry and helps it in having its dominance
over others.” * [6]
13.33 The net outcome of the above situation is that notwithstanding
their numerical preponderance, backward class continues to remain in
mental and material bondage of the higher castes and rich peasantry.
Consequently, despite constituting nearly 3/4th of the countries
population, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward
Classes have been able to acquire a very limited political clout, even
though adult franchise was introduced more than three decades back.
Through their literal monopoly of means of production of higher castes
are able to manipulate and coerce the backward classes into acting
against their own interests. In view of this, until the stranglehold of
the existing production relations is broken through radical land
reforms, the abject dependence of under privileged classes on the
dominant higher castes will continue indefinitely. In fact there is
already a sizeable volume of legislation on the statue books to abolish
zamindari, place ceilings on land holdings and distribute land to the
landless. But in actual practice its implementation has been halting,
half-hearted and superficial. The States like Karnataka, Kerala and
West Bengal which have gone about the job more earnestly have not only
succeeded in materially helping the Backward Classes, but also reaped
rich political dividends into the bargains.
13.34 It is the Commission’s firm Conviction that a radical
transformation of the existing production relations is the most
important single step that can be taken for the welfare and upliftment
of all backward classes. Even if this is not possible in the industrial
sector for various reasons, in the agricultural sector a change in this
nature is both feasible and overdue.
13.35 The Commission, therefore, strongly recommends that all the
State Governments should be directed to enact and implement progressive
land legislations so as to effect basic structural changes in the
existing production relations in the countryside.
13.36 At present surplus land in being allotted to SCs and STs. A
part of the surplus land becoming available in future as a result of
the operation of land ceiling laws etc. should also be allotted to the
OBC landless labour.
[edit] Miscellaneous
13.37 (1) Certain sections of some occupational communities like
Fishermen, Banjaras, Bansoforas, Khatwes etc. still suffer from the
stigma of untouchability in some part of the country. They have been
listed as O.B.Cs. by the Commission, but their inclusion in the lists
of Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes may be considered by the
Government.
(2) Backward Classes Development Corporations should be set up both
at the Central and State levels to implement various socio-educational
and economic measures for their advancement.
(3) A separate Ministry / Department for O.B.Cs. at the Centre and States should be created to safe-guard their interests.
(4) With a view to giving better representation to certain very
backward sections of O.B.Cs. like the Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh,
Neo-Buddhists in Maharashtra, Fishermen in the Coastal areas, Gujjars
in J&K., it is recommended that areas of their concentration may be
carved out into separate constituencies at the time of delimitation.
[edit] Central Assistance
13.38 At present no Central Assistance is available to any State
Government for implementing any welfare measures for Other Backward
Classes. The 18 States and Union Territories which have undertaken such
measures have to provide funds from their own resources. During the
Commission’s tours practically every State Government pointed out that
unless the Centre is prepared to liberally finance all special schemes
for the upliftment of OBCs, it will be beyond the available resources
of the States to undertake any worthwhile programme for the benefit of
Other Backward Classes.
13.39 The Commission fully shares the views of the State Governments
in this matter and strongly recommends that all development programmes
specially designed for Other Backward Classes should be financed by the
Central Government in the same manner and to the same extent as done in
the case of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
13.40 Regarding the period of operation of the Commission’s
recommendations entire scheme should be reviewed after twenty years. We
have advisedly suggested this span of one generation, as the raising of
social consciousness is a generational progress. Any review at a
shorter interval would be rather arbitrary and would not give a fair
indication of the impact of our recommendations on the prevailing
status and life-styles of O.B.Cs.[7]
[edit] Implementation
All the recommendations of the report are not yet implemented. The
recommendation of reservations for OBC's in government services was
implemented in 1993. As on 27 June 2008 there is still a backlog of 28,
670 OBC vacancies in government jobs.[8] The recommendation of reservations in Higher educational institutes is implemented in 2008.
[edit] Criticism
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**NFHS Survey estimated only Hindu OBC population. Total OBC population
derived by assuming Muslim OBC population in same proportion as Hindu
OBC population)
The National Sample Survey puts the figure at 32%[2].
There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBC's in India,
with census data compromised by partisan politics. It is generally
estimated to be sizable, but lower than the figures quoted by either
the Mandal Commission or and National Sample Survey[3].
There is also an ongoing controversy about the estimation logic used
by Mandal commission for calculating OBC population. Famous Indian
Statistician,Mr.Yogendra Yadav who supports Reservations agrees that
there is no empirical basis to the Mandal figure. According to him "It
is a mythical construct based on reducing the number of SC/ST, Muslims
and others and then arriving at a number.”[citation needed]
National Sample Survey's 1999-2000 round estimated around 36 per
cent of the country's population is defined as belonging to the Other
Backward Classes (OBC). The proportion falls to 32 per cent on
excluding Muslim OBCs. A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family
Health Statistics (NFHS) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8
per cent[9]
L R Naik, the only Dalit member in the Mandal Commission refused to sign the Mandal recommendations.[10] He said that there are two social blocks among the OBCs: upper OBCs (Yadavs, Kurmis, Jats etc.) and Most Backward Classes (MBCs). He feared that upper OBCs would corner all the benefits of reservation.
Here we shall present the study of the Mandal Commissions’s list of
the OBC for the state of West Bengal only for the sake of brevity. In
this list, Urao (along with its synonyms Bandot, Haro, Karkata, Luidu,
Shitheo, Tigga and Tirki) has been listed as an OBC (OBC No.176). On
the other hand, it is already in the list of Scheduled Tribes for the
state with a slight difference of spelling “Oraon” (ST 33). Similarly,
Scheduled Tribes Kharia (OBC 105; synonym of Lodha, ST 23 in the ST
List), Kherwar (OBC 107; ST 17, with a spelling Kharwar), Koda (OBC
113; ST 20, spelled Kora), Bhotia (OBC 33; ST 5, spelled Bhutia),
Brijia (OBC 39, ST 7, with a spelling Birjia), Gonda (OBC 68; ST 12,
spelled Gond) and Lakra (OBC 123, and Lakar OBC 122, which is actually
a surname adopted by many members of the Scheduled Tribe Munda), which
are already declared STs for the state. Tharu (OBC 171) is a widely
studied scheduled tribe. Thapa (OBC 170) is a synonym of ST Sherpa (ST
5, same as Bhutia, Tota, Dukpa, Kagatay, Tibetan, Yolmo). Many famous
ST surnames have been listed as OBC Mahato (OBC 129), etc. Other
anthropologically famous scheduled tribes listed as OBC are Kuki (OBC
118), Lushei (actually Lushai; OBC 124), Koli (OBC 116) and Rohangia.
Similar manipulation has been done with many Scheduled Castes also.
For example in the state of West Bengal, Bhangi has been listed as OBC
(No. 26), with a rider “excluding those in the Scheduled Caste”. On the
other hand the SC list for West Bengal shows that Bhangi (at place no.
22 in the SC list) is an unconditional SC for the whole of the
territory of the state. Halalkhor has also been listed as an OBC (No.
73) with a similar condition as above, but this caste is also an
unconditional SC (No. 21, spelled Halelkhor). A sub-caste of Dom
(Maghaiya-Dom) has been listed as OBC at place No. 126. Dom as a whole
has been a Scheduled Caste (No.17 in West Bengal SC list) for ages.
Bahelia (SC No. 2) has been listed by its synonym Chirimar (OBC 45).
Bagal (OBC 11) is already there in the SC list at place number 1, with
a spelling Bagll. Although Nat is an SC (No. 47), its sub-caste
Karwal-Nat has been made an OBC (OBC 97). Jaliya Kaivartta (SC 23) is
just the Sanskritized name of Machua listed as OBC (OBC 125). All the
Nav-Buddhists (Neo-Buddhist) have been include in the OBC list, which
is again an anomaly, because the Nav-Buddhists enjoy their SC status.
Not only synonyms or alternative spellings of the SCs and STs have
been recorded as OBC, but also there are other types of manipulations
like same OBC caste has been listed twice or sometimes thrice in the
list of the same state. An example of this type of manipulation is
Kahar in Bihar list (No. 23 as well as No. 70), Kewat (at no. 115 as
well as 84.)
At any rate the list is vitiated by such inclusions. The Kuki tribes
(ST) actually live in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura, none of
which are neighboring to West Bengal. Even if any member of the tribe
migrates to West Bengal or anywhere else in India, either it retains
its ST status of the mother state or becomes General population. It is
difficult to believe that some Kuki tribes live in West Bengal as OBC.
Lushai tribe (ST) live mainly in Mizoram and are the principal Mizo
tribe. They are also found in Manipur as ST. Koli (ST) are found in a
widespread area ranging from Orissa to Rajasthan up to Karnatak.
Rohangia ((OBC 158) are actually a distant tribe which mainly live in
Myanmar but are also found in Bangla Desh-Myanmar-Tripura border
areas). Introduction of such castes to the West Bengal OBC list seems
to be an act of fertile brain and raises doubt whether any actual
survey was done at all. At any rate a small number of these tribes
could be present in the former East Bengal (now Bangla Desh) in areas
adjoining former state of Assam and Myanmar before partition.
Some OBC caste names given in the list are obsolete of forward
castes. Tyagi is an upper caste, which lives in UP, Haryana and Delhi.
This caste was earlier called Taga. But with a general trend of all the
North Indian castes to Sanskritize their names, Taga people adopted a
new name Tyagi which was similar to Taga. But still in the remote
village especially by the illiterate people Tyagis are often called
Taga. We find the name of Taga in Haryana Mandal list (OBC 74), Delhi
(OBC 81) and Uttar Pradesh (OBC 109, as Taga-Bhat). The principles and
norms set in the very beginning regarding the criterion for the
Non-Hindu communities have been violated flagrantly, hence now the
Roman Catholic is not a religion but a caste in the eyes of the Mandal
Commission (Latin Catholic, OBC 106, Kerala). Anglo-Indians, who are
the off-springs of the British rulers, have also been made an Other
Backward Caste (OBC 6, Kerala). Although it has been decided at the
outset that only occupational castes among the Muslims and Christians
and the castes bearing the same name as a Hindu OBC or SC will be
included as a Muslim or Christian OBC caste, the set rule was violated
wherever political expediency dictated. For example Kayastha (Muslim)
has been made an OBC (OBC 93, Uttar Pradesh) which does not fulfill the
criteria set for inclusion of non-Hindu castes. A last word about
credibility of the Mandal survey. Presence of obsolete and archaic
caste names like Taga (for Tyagi in Haryana, Delhi and UP), Bhui-har
(for Bhumi-har in Bihar), Domb (for Dom in all the southern states),
listing of Kuki, Lushai, Rohangia tribes in West Bengal which are not
found in West Bengal today but actually some of each of them lived in
East Bengal in undivided India neighbouring Tripura, Meghalaya etc.,
and many such factors cannot be explained unless it is assumed that the
Mandal list is not result of a recent survey, but it has been compiled
by editing the caste list of 1931 census. But the editing was most
inefficient. These names could not have crept in unless the old united
Bengla caste list of 1931 was just copied and some named SC & ST,
as well as well known forward caste names were just deleted, to arrive
at the current OBC list of Mandal.
Every state’s OBC list has the same story. The entire list seems to
be manipulated, but most carelessly and inefficiently manipulated. Most
famous scheduled castes like Dusadh (Dhari), Mochi, Domb (Dom) and
Bhangi have been put as OBCs in many states. If the Government does not
reject this whole Mandal list, all the SCs and STs listed as OBC will
have to be deleted from the respective SC and ST lists. Because the
Mandal Commission was a constitutional body which had done a survey and
this survey was done at a later date than the surveys for the SC and
ST, which were done during the British period without the authority of
our present Indian Constitution. Indeed any act (or survey) done under
the authority of Indian Constitution automatically supersedes any act
(or survey) of the British administration if there is an overlap or
confusion.
[edit] Protest
A decade after the commission gave its report, V.P. Singh,
the Prime Minister at the time, tried to implement its recommendations
in 1989. The criticism was sharp and colleges across the country held
massive protests against it. Soon after, Rajiv Goswami,
student of Delhi University, threatened self-immolation in protest of
the government's actions. His act further sparked a series of self-immolations by other college students and led to a formidable movement against job reservations for Backward Castes in India.
[edit] Arguments against reservations
The opponents of the issue argue:
- Allocating quotas on the basis of caste is a form of racial discrimination, and contrary to the right to equality.
- As a consequence of legislating to provide reservations for Christians and Muslim, religious minorities in all government education institutions will be introduced [11] which is contrary to the ideas of secularism, and is a form of discrimination on the basis of religion.
- Most often, only economically sound people (and rather rich) from
the so-called lower castes will make use of most of the reserved seats,
thus counteracting the spirit of reservations.[12]
Political parties know reservations are no way to improve the lot of
the poor and the backward. They support them because of self-interest
of the “creamy layer”, who use the reservations to further their own
family interests, and as a political flag of ‘achievement’ during
election campaigns.[13]
In fact, several studies show that the OBC class is quite comparable
with the general caste in terms of annual per capita consumption
expenditure, and the top strata of OBC is ahead in a host of
consumption areas.[14] - The quality of these elite institutes may go down, because merit is
severely being compromised by reserving seats for certain caste-based
communities.[15] - There are no efforts made to give proper primary education to truly deprived classes,[12]
so there is no need to reserve seats for higher studies. The government
schools in India have absolutely no comparison to the public schools in
the developed countries, and only about 65% of the Indian population is
literate,[16].
The critics argue that "reservation" only in higher institutions and
jobs, without improving primary and secondary education, cannot solve
this problem.[13] - The government is dividing people on the basis of castes for political advantages.[15]
- The caste system is kept alive through these measures. Instead of
coming up with alternative innovative ideas which make sure equal
representation at the same time making the caste system irrelevant, the
decision is only fortifying the caste system. - The autonomy of the educational institutes are lost.[13]
- Not everyone from the so-called upper classes are rich, and not all from so called lower classes are poor.[13]
- The reservation policy of the Indian Congress will create a huge unrest in the Indian society.[15][17]
Providing quotas on the basis of caste and not on the basis of merit
will deter the determination of many educated and deserving students of
India.[15] - Multi-national companies will be deterred by this action of the
government, and foreign investment in India may dry down, hurting the
growth of the Indian economy.[13]
Doubtless, urgent actions to improve the lot of the majority, which has
not benefited from development — not achieved after 55 years of
reservations for scheduled castes — are essential. But this must not
hazard improving the economy’s competitiveness in a very competitive
world.[13] - There are already talks of reservations in the private sector.[13]
If even after providing so many facilities to reserved categories
during education, if there is no adequate representation of those
people in the work force, there must be some problems with the
education system.
Critics of the Mandal Commission argue that it is unfair to accord
people special privileges on the basis of caste, even in order to
redress traditional caste discrimination. They argue that those that
deserve the seat through merit will be at a disadvantage. They reflect
on the repercussions of unqualified candidates assuming critical
positions in society (doctors, engineers, etc). As the debate on OBC
reservations spreads, a few interesting facts which raise pertinent
question are already apparent. To begin with, do we have a clear idea
what proportion of our population is OBC? According to the Mandal
Commission (1980) it is 52 percent. According to 2001 Indian Census,
out of India's population of 1,028,737,436 the Scheduled Castes
comprise 166,635,700 and Scheduled Tribes 84,326,240, that is 16.2% and
8.2% respectively. There is no data on OBCs in the census.[18]
However, according to National Sample Survey's 1999-2000 round around
36 per cent of the country's population is defined as belonging to the
Other Backward Classes (OBC). The proportion falls to 32 per cent on
excluding Muslim OBCs. A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family
Health Statistics (NFHS) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8
per cent.[19]
The NSSO data also shows that already 23.5 per cent of college seats
are occupied by OBCs. That's just 8.6 per cent short of their share of
population according to the same survey. Other arguments include that
entrenching the separate legal status of OBCs and SC/STs will
perpetuate caste differentiation and encourage competition among
communities at the expense of national unity. They believe that only a
small new elite of educated Dalits, Adivasis,
and OBCs benefit from reservations, and that such measures do nothing
to lift the mass of people out of backwardness and poverty.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c Bhattacharya, Amit. ""Who are the OBCs?"". http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html. Retrieved 2006-04-19. Times of India, April 8, 2006.
- ^ Ramaiah, A (6 June 1992). "Identifying Other Backward Classes" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. pp. 1203–1207. http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
- ^ Mandal Commission report, Vol I, pp 23
- ^ Mandal Commission report, Vol I, pp 31
- ^ Mandal Commission Report, Vol I, Chapter XIII, RECOMMENDATIONS, pp 57-60
- ^ * Rising Middle Peasantry in North India by Pradhan M Prasad, Economic & Political Weekly, Annual Number 1980.
- ^ Mandal Commission Report, Vol I, Chapter XIII, RECOMMENDATIONS, pp 57-60
- ^ Daily Times of India
- ^ 36% population is OBC, not 52%. South Asian Free Media Association (8 May, 2006). Retrieved on 2006-05-27.
- ^ "Mandal's True Inheritors". The Times of India. 2006-12-12. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1486250.cms. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
- ^ Quota for Tamil Nadu religious minorities
- ^ a b Srinivas, M.N. (August 1997). "The pangs of change". Frontline (The Hindu) 14 (16). http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1416/14160670.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rao, S.L. (5 June 2006). "TOO MANY BOSSES - The UPA has a cabinet with many insubordinate ministers". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060605/asp/opinion/story_6293323.asp. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- ^ Dobhal, Shailesh (2 June 2006). "In consumption, OBCs are no longer backwards". The Economic Times, Times Internet Limited. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1606542.cms. Retrieved 2006-06-02.
- ^ a b c d "Divisive quota: Education alone can empower". The Tribune. 28 April 2006. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060428/edit.htm#1. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
- ^ "Literacy Rate: India". Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/. Retrieved 2006-06-02.
- ^ Ramchandran, S (April 25, 2006). "India Inc., liberalisation, and social responsibility". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/25/stories/2006042504140800.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-02.
- ^ "Population". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/census_online/population.html. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
- ^ "36% population is OBC, not 52%". South Asian Free Media Association. 8 May 2006. http://www.southasianmedia.net/cnn.cfm?id=292238&category=Social%20Sectors&Country=INDIA. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Ramaiah, A (6 June 1992). "Other Backward Classes." (PDF) pp. 1203–1207. Economic and Political Weekly. URL accessed on 27 May 2006.
[edit] External links
- Anti Reservation Campaign
- Reserving the deserving, genesis of a debate
- The Skimming of the creamy layer
- Reservations:
Towards a larger perspective - D.Parthasarathy, Department of
Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. - Open Letter to The Supreme Court of India: PILs on OBC Reservations.
- OBC Culture.
- What is Mandal Commission?.
- Countercurrents
- Youth for Equality
- Voice Against Reservation
- Diluting Mandal-A take from S.S.Gill,Secretary,Mandal Commission.
- The Mandal Commission.
- Poll on Reservation in India
- Caste system is Anti-Hinduism
- Supporting reservations
- Late Mr Rajiv Gandhi's Speech on Mandal Commission
- Stop Reservations
- abolishreservations.rediffblogs.com
- united_greater_india.rediffblogs.com
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