अमेरिकी उपनिवेश के सिवाय आखिर हैं क्या हम?
अमेरिकी करवट से ही बदल जाती हमारी तस्वीर?
Why the US' minor economic hiccups spell major trouble for India?
শিল্পের হাল ফেরাতে ভরসা কৃষিই
पलाश विश्वास
1
राजनीति जैसे कारपोरेट हो गयी है
वैसे ही कारपोरेट है साम्राज्यवाद
कारपोरेट राज का विरोधी करें नहीं
खास महानगर में हो शक्तिपरीक्षण
सत्ता संघर्ष में खोये वर्चस्व को
दोबारा वापस पाने के लिए
जाति वर्चस्व और क्षेत्रीय अस्मिता
की यथास्थिति टस से मस नहीं
भूमि सुधार पर खर्च न हो लफ्ज कोई
सिर्फ अमेरिका के विरुद्ध नारेबाजी
और हो गया साम्राज्यवाद का प्रतिरोध!
आजादी के बाद से लगातार
देख रहे यह तमाशा हम बार बार
पिछले दो दशकों में जाना
एक ही थैली के चट्टे बट्टे सारे
कैसी धमाचौकड़ी मचाते हैं
सत्ता समीकरण साधने के लिए
अमेरिकी हितों के प्रति अटूट
प्रतिबद्धता की कारपोरेट राजनीति
अब बेनकाब है कामरेड
जल जंगल जमीन की लड़ाई
में आप कहां हो कामरेड?
संविधान लागू करने की
कब कोई मुहिम आपने
चलायी कहां कामरेड?
पांचवीं और छठीं अनसूचियों को
लागू करने की मांग
प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर
जनअधिकार बहाल
करने की मांग लेकर
कब आपने किया
सामाजिक उत्पादक शक्तियो की
अनिवार्य गोलबंदी कामरेड?
कब आदिवासियों,गंदी बस्तीवालों,
भारतीय किसानों, अनुसूचितों,पिछड़ों
और शरणार्थियों के हक
मे आपने आवाज उठायी कामरेड?
कब वनाधिकार के हक में
सड़कों पर मुखर हुए आप
कब जखमी हिमालय की लड़ाई में
शामिल हुए कामरेड आप?
कब देश को डिजिटल बायोमेट्रिक
बनने का किया
आपने कोई विरोध कामरेड
कब गैरकानूनी कारपोरेट
आधार योजना के खिलाफ बोले आप
कब शरणार्थियों की
नागरिकता के हक में बोले आप?
अबाध पूंजी की दौड़
आपके राज में क्या कम थी
विकास की वह अंधी दौड़ भूल गये
भूल गये मरीचझांपी
भूल गये नंदीग्राम
भूल गये सिंगुर
भूल गये केशपुर
भूल गये नानुर
क्या क्या भूल गये आप कामरेड
अमेरिकी उपनिवेश के सिवाय आखिर हैं क्या हम?
अमेरिकी करवट से ही बदल जाती हमारी तस्वीर?
कोई अस्मिता नहीं, कोई पहचान की राजनीति नहीं,
काई मोमबत्ती जुलूस नहीं
घृणा अभियान नहीं किसी के विरुद्ध
सारी की सारी कृषिजीवी आबादी
को एकजुट किये बिना
इस अनंत वधस्थल में
अब कोई मुक्तिमार्ग नहीं
पचासी फीसद की हिस्सेसदारी सत्ता में
सत्ता की कुंजी हो भले
हालात नहीं बदलेंगे ,दोस्तों
सिंहद्वार पर दस्तक बहुत तेज है
जाग सको तो जाग जाओ,भइया
जितनी तेज हो सकें
उतनी तेज स्वजनों तक पहुंच जाओ भइया
कालजयी कलाकार नही चाहिए कोई अब
नहीं चाहिए पतितों के उद्धारक अवतार अब
नहीं चाहिए आत्मघाती यह धर्मोन्माद अब
जोड़ सको तो जोड़ो देश
राष्ट्रभक्त असल जो मां का लाल
बाप का असली हो जो बेटा
इस दुश्चक्र के विरुद्ध
इस तिलिस्म को तोड़ने के लिए
हो सके तो ,आ जाओ हमारे साथ
आओ,हाथ से मिलाओ हाथ
इस देश को देश बेचने वालों की जमात से
है सबसे बड़ा खतरा
समझ सको तो समझ जाना भइया
धर्मोन्मादी राष्ट्रवाद से है
उससे भी बड़ा खतरा
समझ सको तो समझ जाना भइया
लड़ाई अब पचासी की हरगिज नहीं
लड़ाई है निनानव्वे फीसद बहिस्कृत
अस्पृश्य भारत की
मनुस्मृति समझे या न समझे
खुले बाजार की अस्पृश्यता
बहिस्कार और नरसंहार संस्कृति
समझ सको तो समझ जाओ भइया
सिंहद्वार पर दस्तक बहुत है तेज
जाग सको तो जाग जाना भइया
शायद यह आवाज देने वाले भी
किसी दिन बेमौत मारे जाये भइया
2
यह समझ लीजिये कि भारत का अमेरिकीकरण कोई उत्तरआधुनिक पाठ नहीं है और न कोई उत्तऱ आधुनिक विमर्श है।
यह समझ लीजिये कि अमेरिकी परस्त साम्राज्यवाद की जड़ें गहरे पैठीं हमारी उत्पादन प्रणाली के बहाल सामाजिक अंतरसंबंधों और जटिल एकाधिकारवादी
सामाजिक अन्याय,असमता और वर्चस्व में हैं।
यह समझ लीजिये कि भूमि सुधार के बिना, सबसे ज्यादा राष्ट्रभक्त,सबसे ज्यादा साम्राज्यवादविरोधी सामंतवाद विरोधी
देश के अस्पृश्य भूगोल को वर्चस्ववादी इतिहास की जमीन तोड़कर
नेतृत्व में लाये बिना कोई परिवर्तन संभव है ही नहीं।
यह समझ लीजिये कि बहुसंख्य भारतीय किसानों को जाति,धर्म,क्षेत्र,भाषा के आदार पर बहिस्कार और अलगाव में ही हैं कारपोरेट साम्राज्यवाद की नींव।
यह समझ लीजिये कि भारतीय लोग गणराज्य के लिए जाति उन्मूलन की परिकल्पना सबसे ज्यादा और पहला अनिवार्य यक्ष प्रश्न है। जिसे भूमि सुधार के प्रस्थानबिंदु से ही सुलझाया जा सकता है।
यह समझ लीजिये कि इरोम शर्मिला और सोनी सोरी की लड़ाई में शामिल हुए बिना,प्रकृति,पर्यावरण और मनुष्यता के हक हकूक के हक में खड़डा हुए बिना हम न सामंतवाद के खिलाफ, न मनुस्मृति के खिलाफ और न कारपोरेट साम्राज्यवाद के खिलाफ कोई निर्णायक लड़डाई लड़ सकते हैं।जीतने का ख्वाब छोड़ दीजिये।
यह समझ लीजिये कि साम्राज्यवाद विरोधी लड़ाई के लिए अनिवार्य शर्त है भारतीय जनता के खिलाफ जारी रंग बिरंगे सलवा जुड़ुम का प्रतिरोध। जनता के खिलाफ जारी युद्ध का हर कदम पर विरोध।
दम है आपमें कामरेड?
यह समझ लीजिये कि आदिवासियों के अलगाव से,अल्पसंख्यकों के नरंतर उत्पीड़ने से और जल जंगल जमीन आजीविक और नागरिकता,नागरिक और मानवाधिकारों से बेदखली से बड़ा कोई दूसरा खतरा राष्ट्र की सुरक्षा और राष्ट्र की एकता और अखंडता को नहीं है।साम्राज्यवादविरोधी लड़ाई के लिए यह सबसे जरुरी समझ है।
3
अजब देश का गजब खेल है भइया
बीच आईपीएल और चियरिनों के सेक्सी कार्निवाल के बीच
फिर कबड्डी खेलने को चड्डी पहनकर मैदान में उतर रहे हैं लोग
फिर इंदिराम्मा का जयकारा लगाने लगे हैं लोग।
भूल गये आपातकाल।
भूल गये सिखो का संहार।
भूल गये कि बांग्लादेश मुक्तिसंग्राम में सातवां अमेरिकी बेड़े ने भले ही युद्ध में सैनिक हस्तक्षेप नहीं किया, लेकिन तभी से अमेरिका ने फतह किया है भारतवर्ष।
भूल गये कि किसान जनविद्रोह के सैन्य दमन की नींव पर सातवें दशक में ही भारत में अमेरिकी साम्राज्यवाद का स्थाई पड़ाव हुआ तैयार।तेल युद्ध में सोवियत अवसान के उपरांत जो अब उपनिवेश है।
भूल गये कि संपूर्ण क्रांति की भ्रांति और समाजवादी वामपंथी छद्म में ही लिखा गया है हमारी गुलामी का इतिहास।
भूल गये कि हरित क्रांति के बाद आपातकाल के चरमोत्कर्ष में ही
भारत में कारपोरेट साम्राज्यवाद का बीजारोपण।
4
भूल गये कि पूंजीवाद के वैश्विक केंद्र दूसरे विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान ही अमेरिका के महाबलि बन जाने और युरोप को डालर का गुलाम बना देने के साथ हीवाशिंगटन बन गया था।
भूल गये कि द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध में पराजय के बाद ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यवाद का अवसान हो ही गया था। उपनिवेशों में सत्ता हस्तांतरण की औपचारिकता थी और यह सत्ता हस्तांतरण वैश्विक पूंजी के हितों के मुताबिक ही होना था।
भूल गये कि जर्मनी के विघटन और मानक जर्मन मुद्रा के अवसान के बाद विश्व अर्थव्यवस्था में अप्रतिद्वंद्वी हो गया अमेरिका।
भूल गये कि डालर के वर्चस्व की कथा विश्वयुद्धों की कथा से शुरु होती है जिसकी फंडिंग मूलतःराथ्सचाइल्ड और राकफेलर फैमिली और दूसरे यहूदी अमेरिकी पूंजीपतियों ने की। इसी के साथ इन्हीं पूंजीपतियों का वर्चस्व विश्वभर की बैंकिंग और मुद्राओं पर स्थापित हो गया। सारी सरकारे भी उनके नियंत्रण में आ गयीं।
भूल गये कि भारत में बाजार का विस्तार और आर्थिक सुधार लागू करने का जनसंहार युद्ध में सेनापति भी राथ्सचाइल्ड और राकफेलर और अमेरिकी युद्धक अर्थव्यवस्था है।
भूल गये कि सोवियत संघ के उत्थान और चीनी क्रांति के साथ समाम्यवाद की वजह से यूरोप और लातिन अमेरिका में और कुछ हद तक एशिया में भी अमेरिकी पूंजी वर्चस्व को स्थगित हो जाना पड़ा। यह ऐतिहासिक सच है।
भूल गये कि भारतीय पूंजी और भारतीय औद्योगिक घरानों के तार शुरु से ही अमेरिका से जुड़े हुए थे। राजनीतिक असर के बावजूद रुसी रुबल डालर के मुकाबले सोवियत उत्कर्षकाल में भी हमेशा कमजोर रहा।
अब सारे के सारे विद्वत जन भारत में आर्थिक सुधार का श्रेय डा.मनमोहन सिंह और उनके कारपोरेट गुलाम साथियों को देते हैं।
हकीकत यह है कि भारत में हरित क्रांति ही बुनियादी आर्थिक सुधार है, जिसकी वजह से सारे उत्पादन संबंध बदल गये।
हकीकत यह है कि भारत में एकता और अखंडता को तमाम चुनौतियां जो पेश ही, वह हरित क्रांति के दुष्परिणामों की वजह से ही।
हकीकत यह है कि भारत में धर्मोन्मादी राष्ट्रवाद और पुनरुत्थानवाद कोई धर्मस्थल निर्माण आंदोलन से शुरु नहीं हुआ।
हकीकत यह है कि दो राष्ट्र सिद्धांत की बुनियाद पर ब्रिटिश हुक्मरान की मिलीभगत से भारत में बहुसंख्य कृषिजीवी जनता को सत्ता और उत्पादन से सार साधनों से, प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से वंचित करने के लिए भारत के सत्तावर्ग ने ही भारत विभाजन किया और जनसंख्या स्थानांतरण के साथ धर्मोन्मादी राष्ट्रीयता का जन्म हुआ। जो हरित क्रांति के दौरान फलता फूलता गया। फर्क यह पड़ा है कि धर्मोन्मादी राष्ट्रवाद का मुख्य प्रवक्ता अब संघ परिवार है, कांग्रेस नहीं।
हकीकत यह है कि डा. मनमोहन सिंह ने भारतीय रुपये को डालर से नत्थी नहीं किया।
हकीकत यह है कि यह काम बहुत पहले 1966 में हो गया था।
हकीकत यह है कि डालर से भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को जोड़ने के बाद ही सोवियत विकास माडल का घटाटोप क्यों छाया, इस पर शोध करने की जरुरत है।
हकीकत यह है कि अब साबित हो ही गया कि गरीबी हटाओ के नारे के साथ, समाजवादी तेवर के साथ भारतीय जनता के साथ क्या क्या खेल और विश्वास घात किये गये।
हकीकत यह है कि अमेरिकी पूंजी शुरु से ही भारत में कमाल दिखाती रही। हथियार बाजार पर रूसी वर्चस्व के बावजूद।
हकीकत यह है कि भारतीय कृषि और ग्रामीण समाज का चरित्र बदलने में,सांस्कृतिक कायकल्प,अमेरिकी उपभोक्ता समाजविरोधी अराजक जीवनशैली निर्माण में अमेरिकी बीज,अमेरिकी अनाज , अमेरिकी जीवन शैली अमेरिकी उर्वरक पैकेज और अमेरिकी तकनीक और विज्ञान,अमेरिकापरस्त मीडिया, सूचना तकनीक और हालीवूड की सबसे बड़ी भूमिका रही है।
हकीकत यह है कि 1991 में अब तक जारी कम्युनिस्ट और समाजवादी छलावा का हमेशा पटाक्षेप हो गया।
हकीकत यह है कि डालर राज की बुनियाद समाजवादी इंदिरा गांधी के कार्यकाल में भीतर ही भीतर मजबूत होती रही ।
हकीकत यह है कि भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट आंदोलन ने जाति समस्या के भारतीय यथार्थ, भूमि सुधार की अनिवार्यता और प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर जन गण के संवैधानिक अधिकार को दरकिनार करके बाकी सत्तावर्ग के साझे रणकौशल के तहत जाति वर्चस्व को बहाल रखने की पूरी कोशिश की।
हकीकत यह है कि वामपंथियों ने न हरित क्रांति का कभी विरोध किया और न पूजीवादी विकास का और न कृषिजीवी जनता की जल जंगल जमीन आजीविका से बेदखली का।
हकीकत यह है कि बंगाल में वाम शासन के पैंतीस साल भारत में वामपंथी आंदोलन के असली चरित्र को उजागर करता है।
हकीकत यह है कि बंगाल में दरअसल वाममोर्चा का शासन रहा ही नहीं, जो राज था वह अपराजेय ब्राह्मण मोर्चे का राज था जो बंगाल से व्यापक जनसंख्या स्थानांतरण के कारण ही संभव हुआ।
हकीकत यह है कि जब जनसंख्या स्थानांतरण की यह बढ़त वामपंथी नेताओं के ही न्यौते पर बंगाल में आपातकाल के तुरंद बाद उमड़ती दूसरे राज्यों में ,खासतौर पर दंडकारण्य के दलित शरणार्थियों की आवक से खत्म होने का खतरा पैदा हो गया तो मरीचझांपी नरसंहार को अंजाम देते हुए शरणार्थियों को बाघों का चारा बना दिया गया।
हकीकत यह है कि आजतक जनवरी 1979 में हुए वामशासन के इस पहले मौलिक नरसंहारकांड की जांच तक नही हुई और न बंगाल की राजनीति या सिविल सोसाइटी ने जांच की कोई मांग उठायी।जाति वर्चस्व ही बंगाल में सत्ता की कुंजी है, इसलिए भविष्य में भी न्याय होने की उम्मीद नहीं है।
हकीकत यह है कि हिमालय को ऊर्जा प्रदेश बनाने के षड्यंत्र का पर्याय बन गयी है हिमालयी उत्तराकंडी अस्मिता।निरंकुश भूमाफिया और बेलगाम प्रोमोटर राज में बेदखल है पहाड़।डूब में शामिल हो गये जल प्रलय,भूस्खलन और भूकंप जैसी आपदायों को जडेलने को अभिशप्त तमाम ग्लेशियर,उत्तुंग शिखर और घाटियां।हिमालयकी गोद में बसे या तराई के भी तमाम गांव।
हकीकत यह है कि जैसे मरीचझांपी कांड को न्याय नहीं हुआ वैसे ही उन्नीस साल पहले हुए खटीमा और मुजप्परनगर कांड का न्याय भी नहीं हुआ।
हकीकत यह है कि अन्याय,अत्याचार,उत्पीड़न,बेदखली,नागरिक और मानवाधिकार हनन, अबाध लूटतंत्र और असमता,सामाजिक अन्याय और अंततः युद्ध गृहयुद्ध के शिकार लोगों के बीच न कोई संवाद है और न एकता का कोई सूत्रधार।सबके सब धर्मोन्मादी राष्ट्रवाद की पैदलसेनाओं में तब्दील एक दूसरे के खिलाफ मोर्चाबंद। यही आज का सबसे बड़ा सामाजिक यथार्थ।
हकीकत यह है कि जाति वर्चस्व की बात तो अब बंगाल के वामपंथी नेता रज्जाक मोल्ला जो भारतीय किसानसभा के उपाध्यक्ष भी हैं खुलकर कहने लगे हैं।
हकीकत यह है कि बंगाल और केरल के वर्चस्व वाली माकपाई भाकपाई सिर्फ जाति वर्चस्व तक सीमित नहीं है, उनकी कार्यशैली भाषिक व क्षेत्रीय वर्चस्व की भी रही। भारतीय यथार्थ को अस्वीकार करने वाले वामपंथी वर्ग संघर्ष, समता और सामाजिक न्याय से भी लगातार कन्नी काटते रहे।
हकीकत यह है कि वामपंथी आंदोलन में हिंदी पट्टी, पूर्वोत्तर, हिमालय और केरल को छोड़कर बाकी दक्षिणात्य से वाम नेतृत्व में प्रतिनिधित्व दिया ही नहीं गया।
हकीकत यह है कि वामपंथी क्षेत्रीय अस्मिताओं में ही सिमट गये जो उनकी तीसरे मोर्चे की राजनीति से और ज्यादा उत्कट ढंग से सामने आयी।
हकीकत यह है कि कांग्रेस और संघपरिवार के पूंजीपरस्त होने और वामपंथियों के क्षेत्रीयतावादी जातिवर्चस्व में सीमाबद्ध हो जाने से भारत में सबकी आंखों में धूल झोंकता डालर वर्चस्व निरंतर मजबूत होता गया।
हकीकत यह है कि रिजर्व बैंक की मौद्रिक कवायदें सत्ता हस्तांतरण के बाद से लगातार एक ही ढंग से चल रही हैं। पूंजी के हित में नकदी प्रवाह औरमुद्रा नियंत्रण।
हकीकत यह है कि पूंजी शुरु से बेलगाम है।
हकीकत यह है कि शुरु से करारोपण पद्धति जनविरोधी है। समर्थों को लगातार करों में राहत दी जाती रही है। असमर्थों पर करों का बोझ लादा जाता रहा है।
हकीकत यह है कि विदेशी कर्ज से निजी पूंजी और निजी उद्योगों को लगातार फायदा हुआ है। कभी विदेशी कर्ज का असल
चुकाया ही नहीं।
हकीकत यह है कि बजट में सिर्फ विदेशी कर्ज के ब्याज और उद्योगजगत पूंजीपतिययों को लाखों करोड़ सालाना छूट देने की कवायद होती रही।
हकीकत यह है कि पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं का प्रारुप भी उसी तरह बनता रहा।
हकीकत यह है कि राष्ट्र की सुरक्षा के नाम पर रक्षा सौदे होते रहे और कमीशन बंटता रहा।
हकीकत यह है कि तेल का गणित भी बदला नहीं कभी।
हकीकत यह है कि सरकारी खर्च हमेशा कालाधन और भ्रष्टाचार को बढ़ाने वाला रहा।खाद्यसुरक्षा, मनरेगा सर्वशिक्षा,जने शहरी विकास कारपोरेट जैसी तमाम योजनाएं नई बोतलों में पुरानी शराब हैं।
हकीकत यह है कि1991 में बुनियादी जो परिवर्तन हुआ, वह भारत का सीधे अमेरिकी उपनिवेश बन जाना है।भारतीय राजनीति और अर्थ व्यवस्था पर पूरा अमेरिकी कब्जा।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि नीति निर्धारण सीधे वाशिंगटन से।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि कृषि पूरी तरह ठप।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि सुधारों के नाम कानूनों में तब्दीली और संविधान की हत्या।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि भारतीय उत्पादन प्रणाली सीधे अंतरराष्ट्रीय मुद्राकोष,विश्वबैंक और विश्वव्यापार संगठन से नियंत्रित।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि तकनीक ने श्रम को अप्रासंगिक बना दिया।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि लोककल्याण कारी राज्य का अवसान हो गया।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि उत्पादन के बदले सेवाओं और बाजार में सिमट गयी अर्थव्यवस्था।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि भारत अमेरिकी परमाणु संधि से भारतीय रक्षा बाजार में रुसी वर्चस्व का अवसान भी हो गया।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि भारतीय सुरक्षा और आंतरिक सुरक्षा नासा, नाटो और पेंटागन के हवाले हो गयी।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि भारतीय राजनय भी बंधुआ हो गयी।
जो परिवर्तन हुआ,वह यह है कि विश्वव्यवस्था में खुला बाजार भारत हथियारों का सबसे बड़ा खरीददार मूक वधिर अमेरिकी उपनिवेश हो गया।
हकीकत यह है कि 1966 में एक डालर की कीमत साढ़े सात रुपये थी। अब 1913 में वह तजी से 75 की ओर है।
हकीकत यह है कि अमेरिकी मंदी का असर अमेरिकी डालर पर नहीं होता, होता भारतीय रुपये पर। अजब समीकरण है।गजब नतीजा है कि अमेरिका में हालात सुधरते ही हमारी हालत पतली होने लगी।
हकीकत यह है कि आर्थिक नीतियों की निरंतरता अबाध पूंजी प्रवाह के लिए है, जो मनमोहन युग का मुख्य अवदान है। लेकिन यह पूंजी आवारा पूंजी है। खाला काघर है भारत। जब मर्जी यह पूंजी आती है और जब मर्जी जाती है।मूलतः अमेरिकी पूंजी नियंत्रित संस्थागत निवेशकों पर निर्भर भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था अमेरिका में हर हलचल के साथ भूकंप और सुनामी का शिकार हो जाती है।
हकीकत यह है कि मध्यएशिया में तेलकुंओं पर पूर्ण अमेरिकी नियंत्रण और बाकी स्वतंत्र तेल उत्पादकों को ठिकाने लगाने की कारपोरट साम्राज्यवादी आक्रामक अमेरिकी नीति की वजह से पूरी दुनिया तेल युद्ध की शिकार है।इस तेल युद्ध को अमेरिका कभी आतंक के विरुद्ध युद्द कहता है तो कभी अरब वसंत या फिर लोकतंत्र बहाली का युद्ध।
हकीकत यह है कि भारत अमेरिका के इस युद्ध में इजरायल के साथ साझेदार है।
हकीकत यह है कि 1991 से मनमोहन, मंटेक कंपनी के जरिये भारत में अमेरिकी लोकतंत्र भी है। अब सिविल सोसाइटी भी हो गयी है विश्व बैंक, मुद्राकोष, यूरोपीय समुदाय और चर्च चैरिटीज से जिनके तार
जुड़े हैं।
हकीकत यह है कि कानून का राज कभी नहीं रहा।
हकीकत यह है कि न्याय कभी नहीं हुआ।
हकीकत यह है कि न समता है और न सामाजिक न्याय।
हकीकत यह है कि सिर्फ जनादेश मांजने का खेल है।
हकीकत यह है कि सिर्फ सत्ता समीकरण है और सत्ता में भागेदारी और सत्ता संघर्ष, सत्ता अराजकता है।
हकीकत यह है कि सर्व व्यापी है बहिस्कार और अस्पृश्यता।
हकीकत यह है कि सर्वव्यापी है जाति वर्चस्व और क्रयशक्ति का तांडव।
हकीकत यह है कि सर्वव्यापी है, कृषि समाज का निरंतर क्षय।
हकीकत यह है कि सर्वव्यापी है, किसानों की निरंतर सामूहिक आत्महत्या।
हकीकत यह है कि सर्वव्यापी है, दमन,उत्पीड़न, अत्याचार, बलात्कार,नागरिक मानवाधिकारों का हनन और अबाध बेदखली अभियान।
हकीकत यह है कि हम निरंकुश हिंसा के समय में जी रहे हैं गौतम बुद्ध के अहिंसक भारत में।
हकीकत यह है कि अमेरिकी उपनिवेश होने के अलावा हमारी अब कोई और पहचान है ही नहीं।
हकीकत यह है कि हम डिजिटल और बायोमेट्रिक भारतीय नागरिक सीधे अमेरिकी नियंत्रण में हैं। सीधी अमेरिकी निगरानी में।
हकीकत यह है कि ऐसी दुर्गति न पठानों और मुगलों के शासन काल में थी और न 200 साल की अंग्रेजी हुकूमत में , जो पिछले दो दशक से हुई है।
हकीकत यह है कि डा.मनमोहन सिंह का अवदान यही है।
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শুক্রবার সংসদে প্রকট হয়ে উঠল অর্থনীতির দৈন্যদশা। সরকারের এখন যা অবস্থা, তাতে না-আছে অর্থ না-আছে নীতি। অর্থ দফতর এক রকম দিশাহারা। সমস্যাগুলিকে মাঝেমধ্যে ঠেকিয়ে রাখার চেষ্টা অবশ্য করা হচ্ছে। তাতে এক-দু'দিনের জন্য ফল পাওয়া গেলেও পাকাপাকি সমাধান যে সরকারের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেই, তার ইঙ্গিত মিলেছে মনমোহন, চিদম্বরম এবং সুব্বারাওয়ের বিভিন্ন বক্তব্য থেকে। আকাশই এখন প্রধানমন্ত্রীর প্রধান ভরসা, অর্থাৎ কৃষি যদি শস্যশ্যামলা হয়ে শিল্পে সমৃদ্ধি আনতে পারে। সরকারের আশা ছিল, চলতি আর্থিক বছরে অর্থনীতি এগোবে ৫.৫ শতাংশ হারে। প্রথম তিন মাসে বৃদ্ধি হয়েছে মাত্র ৪.৪ শতাংশ। আগের বছরের একই সময়ের তুলনায় ১ শতাংশ কম। কৃষির সুফল পেতে আরও কিছুটা সময় লাগবে। অর্থাৎ দ্বিতীয় ত্রৈমাসিকেও অবস্থার উন্নতি হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা কম। সুতরাং শেয়ার বাজার দু'দিন ওঠায় এবং টাকার দাম সাময়িক কিছুটা বাড়ায় উৎফুল্ল হওয়ার কোনও কারণ নেই। মার্কিন অর্থনীতির উন্নতি দু'ভাবে আঘাত হেনেছে আমাদের কেন্দ্রীয় কোষাগারে। ভারতের উন্নয়ন সঙ্কুচিত হওয়ায় এ দেশ থেকে এরই মধ্যে লগ্নি প্রত্যাহার করেছে বেশ কিছু বিদেশি আর্থিক সংস্থা। অন্য দিকে মার্কিন অর্থনীতি শক্তিশালী হয়ে ওঠায় সে দেশে আর্থিক ত্রাণ কমে আসার সম্ভাবনা দেখা দিয়েছে। তা যদি হয়, তবে ভারতে ডলার প্রবাহ কমবে এটি ধরেই নেওয়া হচ্ছে। ইউরোপীয় অর্থনীতিতে প্রাণ ফিরলে কিন্তু ব্যাপারটা অন্য রকম হত। |
ইউরোপীয় দেশগুলি একটু চাঙ্গা হলে ভারতের রফতানি বেড়ে ওঠার প্রবল সম্ভাবনা থাকত। বাস্তবে তা কিন্তু এখনও হয়নি। রফতানি বাড়াতে না-পারলে চেষ্টা করতে হবে আমদানি নিয়ন্ত্রণ করতে। সোনা আমদানিতে লাগাম পরিয়ে কাজও হয়েছে কিছুটা। কিন্তু জ্বালানি তেল আমদানির খরচ বেড়েই চলেছে। এই পরিস্থিতিতে দেশের মধ্যে পেট্রোপণ্যের ব্যবহারে রেশনিংয়ের মাধ্যমে কেন নিয়ন্ত্রণ আনা হচ্ছে না, সেই প্রশ্ন এখন অনেকেরই মনে। আগুনে ঘি ঢেলেছে সিরিয়া এবং ইরাকের সমস্যা। ফলে ভারতের এখন নুন আনতে পান্তা ফুরনোর অবস্থা। খাদ্য সুরক্ষা বিল গরিবের জন্য ভাল হলেও সময়োচিত হয়নি বলে মনে করছেন অনেকেই। অর্থনীতির চূড়ান্ত খারাপ অবস্থায় সরকারের এত বড় ভর্তুকির দায়িত্ব নেওয়াকে ভাল চোখে দেখছে না বিদেশি লগ্নিকারীরা। মুখে ভর্তুকি কমানোর কথা এবং আর্থিক সংস্কারের কথা বললেও বাস্তবে এত বড় ভর্তুকি ভারতের ক্রেডিট রেটিং কমাতে পারে বলে আশঙ্কা করা হচ্ছে। তা যদি হয় তবে তা বড় আঘাত হানবে বাজারে। মনমোহন সিংহ অবশ্য সংসদকে আশ্বস্ত করেছেন যে, আর্থিক সংস্কার থেকে পিছিয়ে আসার কোনও প্রশ্ন নেই। মনে রাখতে হবে, খাদ্য সুরক্ষা বিলের বিপুল ব্যয়ভার বহন করতে হবে আমজনতাকেই। এতে চাপতে পারে নতুন করের বোঝা। প্রত্যক্ষ করবিধি বিল এখনকার মতো প্রত্যাহার করা হয়েছে। গরিবের জন্য অর্থসংস্থান করতে, না অতি বড়লোকদের অতিরিক্ত করের বোঝা পুনর্বিবেচনা করতে এই প্রশ্ন এখন অনেকেরই মনে। সংসদে পাশ হওয়ার পর দ্রুত রাষ্ট্রপতির স্বাক্ষর পাওয়ায় কোম্পানিজ বিল এরই মধ্যে আইনে পরিণত হয়েছে। কার্যকর হবে সরকারি গেজেটে প্রকাশিত হওয়ার পর। ১৯৫৬ সালের কোম্পানি আইন এ বার জায়গা করে দেবে কোম্পানি আইন ২০১৩-কে। দেশের অর্থনীতি ভাল রকম ঝিমিয়ে পড়লেও পৌষ মাস চলছে রফতানি প্রধান কোম্পানিগুলির কাছে। এই তালিকায় উপরের দিকে আছে টিসিএস, ইনফোসিস, উইপ্রো, এইচসিএল, বজাজ অটো, লুপিন, সিপ্লা, আইটিসি, টেক মহীন্দ্রা ইত্যাদি। বাজার দরের সর্বকালীন রেকর্ড গড়েছে টিসিএস। কোম্পানির ১ টাকার শেয়ার শুক্রবার হাতবদল হয়েছে ২০৫০ টাকা পর্যন্ত দামে। আগের দু'টি অর্থবর্ষে বছরের শেষ দিকে বাজারে এলেও এ বার কিন্তু এরই মধ্যে বাজারে এসেছে করমুক্ত বন্ড। রাষ্ট্রায়ত্ত রুরাল ইলেকট্রিফিকেশন করপোরেশন (রেটিং 'এএএ') আকর্ষণীয় সুদ-সহ এ বার প্রথম এসেছে করমুক্ত বন্ড নিয়ে। ব্যক্তিগত লগ্নিকারীদের ১০ লক্ষ টাকা পর্যন্ত লগ্নির উপর সুদ দেওয়া হবে ৮.৭১ শতাংশ হারে, যা করমুক্ত পিপিএফ অ্যাকাউন্টের সুদ থেকেও এক চুল বেশি। পিপিএফ অ্যাকাউন্টে কিন্তু বছরে ১ লক্ষ টাকার বেশি জমানো যায় না। মনে রাখতে হবে করমুক্ত ৮.৭১ শতাংশ করযোগ্য ১২.৬২ শতাংশের সমান (৩০.৯ শতাংশ করের ক্ষেত্রে)। ৩৫০০ কোটি টাকার এই ইস্যুর প্রথম দিনেই আবেদন জমা পড়েছে ১৮২৫ কোটি টাকার। সঙ্গের সারণিতে দেওয়া হল এই ইস্যুর প্রয়োজনীয় সব তথ্য। করমুক্ত বন্ড ইস্যু করার অনুমতি পেয়েছে আরও ১২টি কোম্পানি। বাজার থেকে এই খাতে মোট এ বছর সংগ্রহ করা যাবে ৪৮০০০ কোটি টাকা। |
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Forbes Top—10 Indian billionaires 1. Mukesh Ambani— $21 billion (Reliance Industries) 2. Lakshmi Mittal — $16 billion (ArcelorMittal) 3. Azim Premji— $12.2 billion (Wipro) 4. Pallonji Mistry— $9.8 billion (Shapoorji Pallonji Group) 5. Dilip Shanghvi — $9.2 billion (Sun Pharmaceuticals) 6. Adi Godrej— $9 billion (Godrej Group) 7. Savitri Jindal and family — $8.2 billion (Jindal Group) 8. Shashi & Ravi Ruia— $8.1 billion (Essar Group) 9. Hinduja brothers— $8 billion (Hinduja Group) 10. Kumar Mangalam Birla— $7.8 billion (Aditya Birla Group) For more updates join us on……………………………. http://www.facebook.com/cnaonweb Gajendra Bahuguna commented on your post in Mental Liberation.
Satya Narayanगुजरात के विकास की एक सच्चाई यह भीअलंग को पुराने "जहाज़ों की कब्रगाह" भी कहते हैं। लेकिन उससे भी बढ़कर यह इन्सानी ज़िन्दगियों की कब्रगाह है जहाँ हर साल सैकड़ों मज़दूर दुर्घटनाओं और घातक बीमारियों की भेंट चढ़ जाते हैं और सैकड़ों अन्य जीवनभर के लिए अपाहिज हो जाते हैं। जो ज़िन्दा हैं वे तमाम तरह के रोगों और घावों को लिये हुए मुनाफे की चक्की में पिसते रहते हैं। वे टूटी एड़ियाँ, कटी हुई उँगलियाँ, कुचले हुए सिर, रीढ़ की चोट, मलेरिया, हैजा, टीबी, भयंकर जलन वाली खुजली को झेलकर काम करते हैं। कुछ जलकर मरते हैं तो कुछ डूबकर मर जाते हैं। किसी के पास कोई ब्योरा नहीं कि हादसे और बीमारियाँ कितनों की बलि लेती हैं। लेकिन हर कोई कहता है कि यहाँ कम से कम एक मज़दूर रोज़ मरता है!http://www.mazdoorbigul.net/Alang-Shipyard-workers-working-on-the-verge-of-deathमौत के मुहाने पर : अलंग के जहाज़ तोड़ने वाले मज़दूर Like · · Follow Post · Share · 4 hours ago |
विश्व के 40 देशों में राजनैतिक दल करते हैं अपनी आय का खुलासा
फ्रांस, इटली, र्जमनी एवं जापान सहित 40 देशों में राजनीतिक दलों को कानून के तहत अपनी आय का स्रोत, संपत्तियों एवं देनदारियों का अन्य रिकार्ड के साथ खुलासा करना होता है । एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय एनजीओ की रिपोर्ट में इसका खुलासा किया गया है ।
कामनवेल्थ ह्यूमन राइट्स इनिशिएटिव (सीएचआरआई) की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार स्वीडन एवं तुर्की जैसे देशों में राजनीतिक दलों में स्वैच्छिक व्यवस्था है जिसमें वे अपने रिकार्ड सार्वजनिक करते हैं । इन देशों में से कुछ में राजनीतिक दल केवल सरकारी वित्त पोषण पर निर्भर करते हैं जबकि अधिकतर अन्य देशों में इन दलों को सार्वजनिक एवं निजी योगदान मिलता है ।
रिपोर्ट के अनुसार आस्ट्रिया, भूटान, ब््राजील, बल्गारिया, फ्रांस, घाना, यूनान, हंगरी, इटली, कजाकिस्तान एवं किर्गिस्तान में कानून के तहत यह व्यवस्था है कि राजनीतिक दलों को अपनी वित्तीय सूचनाओं का समय रहते ही लोगों के समक्ष खुलासा करना होता है । रिपोर्ट में कहा गया कि नेपाल, पोलैंड, रोमानिया, स्लोवानिया, सूरीनाम, स्वीडन, तजाकिस्तान, तुर्की, यूक्रेन एवं उज्बेकिस्तान में भी राजनीतिक दलों को अपने वित्त पोषण का सार्वजनिक खुलासा करना होता है ।
अमेरिका, ब्रिटेन, बेल्जियम, कनाडा, आस्ट्रेलिया, न्यूजीलैंड और दक्षिण अफ्रीका सहित अन्य ने राजनीति दलों के खुलासे एवं चुनाव प्रचार में लगने वाले धन के खुलासे के लिए विभिन्न माडल अपना रखे हैं । बहरहाल, भारत में नियामक निकायों पर राजनीतिक दलों द्वारा उन्हें सौंपी गई किसी भी तरह वित्तीय सूचनाओं का समय रहते खुलासा करने के लिए कोई अनिवार्यता नहीं है । अभी हाल ही में सुचना आयोगे ने इस सम्बन्ध में आदेश किया तो सभी राजनैतिक दल उसके विरुद्ध एक स्वर में लामबंद हो गए !
ऐसे समय में जब राजनीतिक वित्त पोषण की पारदर्शिता के सिद्धांत की अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर पहचान और मांग बढ़ रही है । तब आरटीआई कानून में संशोधन करके इस चलन को दबाने की बजाय भारत के राजनीतिक दलों को उनके कामकाज में और अधिक पारदर्शिता लाने की आम समाज की मांग पर कदम उठाने चाहिए, लेकिन भारत के किसी भी राष्ट्रीय राजनैतिक दल के चरित्र में ऐसा कुछ दिखाई नहीं देता है l
क्या भारत में पारदर्शिता को दबाने का यह खेल ऐसे ही चलता रहेगा ? क्या कांग्रेस-भाजपा-सपा-बसपा-माकपा-भाकपा-जदयू जनता के इस प्रश्न का जवाब दे पाएंगे ? देश को बुलंदियों पर ले जाने का दावा करने वाले राहुल - मोदी राजनैतिक दलों में पारदर्शिता लाने के लिए किसी कानून या व्यवस्था के पक्ष में खड़े दिखाई क्यों नहीं देते ? उनका इस बात का विरोध करना क्या यह साबित नहीं करता कि वे केवल दिखावे मात्र को एक दूसरे का विरोध करते हैं लेकिन एजेंडा सभी दलों का एक ही है, जो यह सिद्ध करता हैं कि इस देश की बागडोर राहुल के हाथ आये या मोदी के आम जनमानस और देश की किस्मत बदलने वाली नहीं है l
साभार : दैनिक जनवाणी
A stark choice increasingly confronts central banks like the RBI: opt for control over monetary policy, or implement capital curbs.
Why the US' minor economic hiccups spell major trouble for India
Why the US' minor economic hiccups spell major trouble for India
A stark choice increasingly confronts central banks like the RBI: opt for control over monetary policy, or implement capital curbs.
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The rollercoaster ride for the rupee andstocks these last few weeks has been accompanied by severe criticism of the UPAgovernment's policy failures, whether its an inability to tame the deficit or its slowness in getting projects moving.
The UPA's policies certainly haven't helped the economy but, as has been pointed out by others, India's markets haven't been alone in being sold off. With the US monetary authorities signalling the end of cheap money, stocks and currencies across emerging markets have plummeted.
The global 'carry trade', under which foreign investors borrowed dollars at low rates and invested in high-yielding assets in emerging markets, looks set to come to an end. With a cheap source of funding gone, investors are pulling out. But as outgoing RBI governor D Subbarao pointed out, had the domestic economy not been in such a mess, it would have been better suited to face the end of global 'easy' money.
But new research out this week poses fundamental, and uncomfortable, questions to central banks across the globe about the consequences of shifts in US monetary policy. The impact is so huge that when America sneezes, emerging markets come down with severe pneumonia. The irony is that when global capital pulls out, domestic policies, whether good or bad, may really not matter all that much — not at least in the short term — in avoiding panic.
Bad Choices
For decades, economists have been aware of a fundamental problem when it comes to making monetary policy in a world where foreign capital flows in and out of a country. No country can have a fully open capital account, fix its exchange rate (similar to what India had before 1991), and have control over its monetary policy. At the most, one can have two of these three. Assume, for example, the RBI wanted to set a fixed rate of the rupee against the dollar, but also allowed the rupee to be fully convertible. And suppose we were in the midst of a recession, thus prompting the RBI to cut interest rates to boost investment.
But a fall in interest rates would lead to a fall in returns on Indian investments, prompting foreign investors to flee. The rupee would fall sharply (as is happening now), and to maintain the rate it fixed, the RBI would be forced to sell dollars and suck out rupees, causing local interest rates to rise. In effect, the central bank has been defeated in its policy of providing 'easy money' to stimulate investment. If the rupee had been allowed to float instead, the central bank wouldn't be obligated to 'defend' it quite so strenuously, allowing it stick to its policy of keeping rates low.
Since the '90s, this is what Indian policymakers have settled for - having control over monetary policy, while gradually easing capital controls. The trade off has been to allow the rupee to float. But a new paper by London Business School economist Helene Rey, presented this week at a conference of central bankers in the US, points to an even starker choice facing emerging markets.
Given that global capital flows are determined to such an extent by whether US monetary policy is 'easy' or 'tight', it actually matters very little whether a country like India tweaks interest rates to attract or repel global capital flows, or uses such rates to prop up the rupee. Instead, Rey points to earlier research co-authored by her which points to the fact that returns on a diverse range of assets across the globe — equities, debt, commodities — are actually determined by a very narrow set of factors. Rey attempts to correlate movements in global assets to the widely tracked and followed VIX index.
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The VIX index, colloquially termed the 'fear gauge', is essentially derived from market expectations of how volatile US stocks are likely to be over the coming month. If traders get increasingly nervous about the USeconomy, or even market sentiment weakens over other factors, the VIX index rises (as it has done over a possible attack on Syria).
What Rey found was that movements in the VIX index have a major effect on the movements in the prices of stocks, bonds and commodities across the world. This is true of the Indian market as well. ET Magazine compared monthly movements in the US VIX index with the NIFTY. As the chart shows, the two move in opposite directions — as sentiment on US stocks weakens (and the VIX rises), the NIFTY weakens. And vice-versa.
No Control?
That weak global market sentiments affect Indian stocks is hardly a revelation. But what does it imply for monetary policy? The implication, that capital flows move in a 'global financial cycle' heavily driven by factors like the VIX and US monetary policy, means that, even if the rupee floats freely against the dollar, this hardly guarantees that the RBI has autonomy or control over its monetary policy.
"Risky assets around the globe, from stocks to corporate bonds, have a strong common component," says Rey. "As credit cycles and capital flows obey global factors, they may be inappropriate for the cyclical conditions of many economies. For some countries, the global cycle can lead to excessive credit growth in boom times, and excessive retrenchment in bad times." In effect, even when the RBI doesn't have to worry about keeping the rupee fixed, Indian monetary policy is hugely dependent on the US Fed.
Rey's bottomline is that the 'trilemma' that economists are so fond of, doesn't exist, but is, in fact, a much starker choice. "Independent monetary policies are possible if and only if the capital account is managed," she says. In other words, the RBI can either have a say over India's monetary policy or put in place curbs on flows of foreign capital. It can't do both.
India–United States relations
India | United States |
India–United States relations (or Indo-American relations) refers to the international relations that exist between the Republic of India and the United States of America.
Despite being one of the pioneers and founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement of 1961, India developed a closer relationship with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. During that period, India's relatively cooperative strategic and military relations with Moscow and strong socialist policies had a distinctly adverse impact on its relations with the United States. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, India began to review its foreign policy in an unipolar world, and took steps to develop closer ties with theEuropean Union and the United States. Key recent developments include the very rapid growth of the India economy and the growth of trade, the close links between the Indian and American computer and internet industries, and the reversal in 2008 of the long-standing American opposition to India's nuclear programme. Today, India and the US share an extensive cultural, strategic, military, and economic relationship.[1][2][3]
According to Gallup's annual public opinion polls, India is perceived byAmericans as their 7th favorite nation in the world, with 72% of Americans viewing India favorably in 2011, increasing to 75% in 2012.[4] As of 2012, Indian students form the second-largest group of international students studying in the United States, representing 13.1% of all foreigners pursuing higher education in America.[5]
Contents
[hide]History[edit source | editbeta]
To 1947[edit source | editbeta]
Historically, the relationships between India in the days of the British Raj and the US were thin.[6] The only significant immigration from India before 1965 involved Sikh farmers going to California in the early 20th century.[7] Very few American businessmen, tourists, religious seekers or Christian missionaries spent much time in India.[8]
The religiously curious in the U.S. welcomed the visit of Swami Vivekananda, who introduced Yoga and Vedanta to America at theWorld's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, in connexion with the World's Fair there in 1893. He also spoke to large audiences in Chicago and at numerous other venues in 1893-94. He raised some money but won few followers, so he moved on to England.[9]
Mark Twain visited India in 1896[10] and described it in his travelogue Following the Equator with both revulsion and attraction before concluding that India was the only foreign land he dreamed about or longed to see again.[11] Regarding India, Americans learned more from English writer Rudyard Kipling.[12] Mahatma Gandhi had an important influence on the philosophy of non-violence promoted byMartin Luther King, Jr. in the 1950s.
World War II[edit source | editbeta]
Everything changed in World War Two, when India became the main base for the American China Burma India Theater (CBI) in the war against Japan. Tens of thousands of American servicemen arrived, bringing all sorts of advanced technology, and money; they left in 1945. Serious tension erupted over American demands, led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, that India be given independence, a proposition Prime Minister Winston Churchill vehemently rejected. For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain's disengagement from India. The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism, practical concern for the outcome of the war, and the expectation of a large American role in a post-colonial era. However, in 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India movement, the British authorities immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists. Meanwhile India became the main American staging base for aid to China. Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt pushed too hard, so Roosevelt backed down.[13][14]
Post-independence (1947-1997)[edit source | editbeta]
After Indian independence and until the end of the Cold War, the relationship between the US and India was cold and often thorny. This was due to India pursuing a policy of being neutral i.e. not aligned with either the US or the Soviet Union, but maintaining close ties with the latter. The closeness of the US towards India's arch-rival Pakistan during the War, with Pakistan joining the US-led Western Bloc in 1954, further worsened the relations.
In the late 1940s, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru rejected American suggestions for resolving the Kashmir crisis. His 1949 tour of the US was "an undiplomatic disaster" that left bad feelings on both sides.[15] India rejected the American advice that it not recognise the Communist conquest of China, but it did back the US when it supported the 1950 United Nations resolution condemning North Korea's aggression in the Korean War. India tried to act as a broker to help end that war, and served as a conduit for diplomatic messages between the US and China. Meanwhile poor harvests forced India to ask for free American food, which was given starting in 1950.[16] In the first dozen years of Indian independence (1947–1959), the US provided $1.7 billion in gifts, including $931 million in food. The Soviet Union provided about half as much, largely in the form of steel mills.[17] In 1961, the US pledged $1.0 billion in development loans, in addition to $1.3 billion of free food.[18]
In 1959, Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first US President to visit India to strengthen the staggering ties between the two nations. He was so supportive that the New York Times remarked, "It did not seem to matter much whether Nehru had actually requested or been given a guarantee that the US would help India to meet further Chinese Communist aggression. What mattered was the obvious strengthening of Indian-American friendship to a point where no such guarantee was necessary."[19]
During John F. Kennedy's period as President (1961–63), India was considered a strategic partner and counterweight to the rise of Communist China. Kennedy said,
"Chinese Communists have been moving ahead the last 10 years. India has been making some progress, but if India does not succeed with her 450 million people, if she can't make freedom work, then people around the world are going to determine, particularly in the underdeveloped world, that the only way they can develop their resources is through the Communist system."
The Kennedy administration openly supported India during the 1962 Sino-Indian war and considered the Chinese action as "blatant Chinese Communist aggression against India".[20][21] The United States Air Force flew in arms, ammunition and clothing supplies to the Indian troops and the United States Navy even sent the USS Kitty Hawk aircraft carrier from the Pacific Ocean to protect India, only to recall it back before it reached theBay of Bengal.[22][23] In a May 1963 National Security Council meeting, the United States discussed contingency planning that could be implemented in the event of another Chinese attack on India. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and General Maxwell Taylor advised the president to use nuclear weapons should the Americans intervene in such a situation. Kennedy insisted that Washington defend India as it would any ally, saying, "We should defend India, and therefore we will defend India."[24] Kennedy's ambassador to India was the noted liberal economist John Kenneth Galbraith, who was considered close to India.[25] While in India, Galbraith helped establish one of the first Indian computer science departments, at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. As an economist, he also presided over the (at the time) largest US foreign aid program to any country.
Following the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, Indo-US relations deteriorated gradually and hit an all time low under the Nixon administration in the early 1970s. Richard Nixon established a very close relationship with Pakistan, aiding it militarily and economically, as India, now under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, was seen as leaning towards the Soviet Union. He considered Pakistan as a very important ally to counter Soviet influence in the Indian subcontinent and establish ties with China, with whom Pakistan was very close.[26] The frosty relationship between Nixon and Indira worsened the relations further.[27] During the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, the US openly supported Pakistan and even deployed its aircraft carrier USS Enterprise towards the Bay of Bengal, which was seen as a show of force by the US in support of the beleaguered West Pakistani forces (though it was later revealed to be a plan by the US to target the Indian army facilities).[28] Later in 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, which was opposed by the US, however it also concluded that the test did not violate any agreement and proceeded with a June 1974 shipment ofenriched uranium for the Tarapur reactor.[29][30]
In the late 1970s, with the anti-Soviet Janata Party leader Morarji Desai becoming the Prime Minister, India improved its relations with the US, now led by Jimmy Carter, despite the latter signing an order in 1978 barring nuclear material from being exported to India due to the latter's non-proliferation record.[31] But with Indira Gandhi returning to power in 1980 and India supporting the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan, the relations between the two countries weakened again in the 1980s. Not until 1997 was there any significant effort by both countries to improve relations with each other.[32]
The Hurdles in India-United States Relations[edit source | editbeta]
The main hurdles, according to Sailen Debnath, that intermittently impaired the relations between India and the United States have been as under:
- Though both the countries of India and the U.S.A. have been democratic, in spite of US efforts since the time of Dwight D. Eisenhower and during the period of Kennedy to make and maintain reliable and durable friendship with India, India in the name of non-Alignment played the role of a strong supporter of the Soviet Union, for Nehru and many of his associates and successors suffered from Russophilia and Sinomania; and above all, the Indian left leaders kept constant pressure on Indian foreign policy makers to maintain distance from the U.S.A.[33]
- India's anti-Zionist stand and leaning toward the Muslim side in debates regarding Israel is at odds with American policy, regardless of party-lines in the U.S.A.[33]
- The role of Pakistan as a catalyst in normalising Sino-US relations in the 1970s led the US to favour Pakistan.
Post-Globalisation (1998-2008)[edit source | editbeta]
Soon after Atal Bihari Vajpayee became Indian Prime Minister, he authorised nuclear weapons testing at Pokhran. The United States strongly condemned this testing, promised sanctions, and voted in favour of a United Nations Security Council Resolution condemning the tests. President Bill Clinton then imposed economic sanctions on India, including cutting off all military and economic aid, freezing loans by American banks to state-owned Indian companies, prohibiting loans to the Indian government for all except food purchases, prohibiting American technology and uranium exports to India, and requiring the US to oppose all loan requests by India to international lending agencies.[34] However, these sanctions proved ineffective - India was experiencing a strong economic rise, and its trade with the US only constituted a small portion of its GDP. Only Japan joined the US in imposing direct sanctions, while most other nations continued to trade with India. The sanctions were soon lifted. Afterward, the Clinton administration and Prime Minister Vajpayee exchanged representatives to help rebuild relations. In March 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton visited India, undertaking bilateral and economic discussions with Prime Minister Vajpayee. Over the course of improved diplomatic relations with the Bush Administration, India agreed to allow close international monitoring of its nuclear weapons development, although it has refused to give up its current nuclear arsenal.[35] India and the US since have also greatly increased their economic ties.
After the September 11 attacks against the US in 2001, President George W. Bush collaborated closely with India in controlling and policing the strategically critical Indian Ocean sea lanes from the Suez Canal to Singapore. After the December 2004 tsunami, the US and Indian navies cooperated in search and rescue operations and in the reconstruction of affected areas. An Open Skies Agreementwas signed in April 2005, enhancing trade, tourism, and business via the increased number of flights, and Air India purchased 68 USBoeing aircraft at a cost of $8 billion.[36]
Former US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice made recent visits to India as well in 2005. The United States and India also signed a bilateral Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation in 2005.[37] AfterHurricane Katrina, India donated $5 million to the American Red Cross and sent two planeloads of relief supplies and materials to help.[38] Then, on 1 March 2006, President Bush made another diplomatic visit to further expand relations between India and the US.[39]
Recent relations[edit source | editbeta]
India emerged in the 21st century as increasingly vital to core US foreign policy interests. India, the dominant actor in its region, and the home of more than one billion citizens, is now often characterised as a nascent Great Power and an "indispensable partner" of the US, one that many analysts view as a potential counterweight to the growing clout of China. Since 2004, Washington and New Delhi have been pursuing a "strategic partnership" that is based on shared values and generally convergent geopolitical interests. Numerous economic, security, and global initiatives - including plans for civilian nuclear cooperation - are underway. This latter initiative, first launched in 2005, reversed three decades of American non-proliferation policy. Also in 2005, the United States and India signed a ten-year defence framework agreement, with the goal of expanding bilateral security cooperation. The two countries now engage in numerous and unprecedented combined military exercises, and major US arms sales to India have gotten under way. The value of all bilateral trade tripled from 2004 to 2008 and continues to grow, while significant two-way investment also grows and flourishes.[40] The influence of a large Indian-American community is reflected in the largest country-specific caucus in the United States Congress, while from 2009-2010 more than 100,000 Indian students have attended American colleges and universities.[41]
During the tenure of the George W. Bush administration, relations between India and the United States were seen to have blossomed, primarily over common concerns regarding growing Islamic extremism, energy security, and climate change.[42] In November 2010, President Barack Obama visited India and addressed a joint session of the Indian Parliament, where he backed India's bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.[43]
Country comparison[edit source | editbeta]
India | United States | |
---|---|---|
Population | 1,210,193,422 | 314,256,000 |
Area | 3,287,240 km2 (1,269,210 sq mi) | 9,526,468 km2 (3,678,190 sq mi)[44] |
Population Density | 370/km2 (958.2/sq mi) | 33.7/km2 (87.4/sq mi) |
Capital | New Delhi | Washington, D.C. |
Largest City | Mumbai – 13,922,125 (21,347,412 Metro) | New York City – 8,363,710 (19,006,798 Metro) |
Government | Federal parliamentary constitutional republic | Federal presidential constitutional republic |
Official languages | Hindi and English, 21 other constitutionally recognised languages | English (de facto) |
Main religions | 80.5% Hinduism, 13.4% Islam, 2.3% Christianity, 1.9% Sikhism, 0.8% Buddhism, 0.4% Jainism | 78.4% Christianity, 16.1% non-Religious, 1.7% Judaism, 0.7% Buddhism, 0.6% Islam, 0.4% Hinduism[45] |
Ethnic groups | See Ethnic Groups of India | 58.08% White American, 14.8% Hispanic and Latino Americans (of any race), 13.4% African American, 6.5% Some other race, 4.4% Asian American, 2.0% Two or more races, 0.68% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.14% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander |
GDP (nominal) | $1.848 trillion ($1,389 per capita)[46] (10th) | $15.094 trillion ($48,386 per capita) (1st) |
GDP (PPP) | $4.515 trillion ($3,694 per capita)[46](3rd) | $15.094 trillion ($48,386 per capita) (1st) |
Indian Americans | 60,000 American born people living in India | 2,765,815 People of Indian origin living in the United States |
Military expenditures | $48.9 billion (FY 2012) | $700.7 billion (FY 2012) [47] |
Military Troops | 4,768,407 | 2,927,754 |
English Speakers | 125,226,449 | 267,444,149 |
Labour Forces | 478,300,000 | 154,900,000 |
Telecommunications (Mobile Phones) | 893,843,534 | 327,577,529 |
Military relations[edit source | editbeta]
US-India military relations derive from a common belief in freedom, democracy, and the rule of law, and seek to advance shared security interests. These interests include maintaining security and stability, defeating violent religious extremism and terrorism, preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and associated materials, data, and technologies, and protecting the free flow of commerce.
In recent years, India has conducted large joint military exercises with the US in the Indian Ocean.[48]
Recognising India as a key to its strategic interests, the United States has sought to strengthen its relationship with India. The two countries are the world's largest democracies, and both are committed to political freedom protected by representative government. The US and India have a common interest in the free flow of commerce and resources, including through the vital sea lanes of the Indian Ocean. They also share an interest in creating a strategically stable[clarification needed] Asia.
There have been some differences, however, including US concerns over the nuclear weapons programmes and the pace of economic reforms in India. In the past, these concerns may have dominated US thinking, but today the US views India as a growing world power with which it shares common strategic interests.[citation needed] A strong partnership between the two countries will continue to address differences and shape a dynamic and collaborative future.
In late September 2001, President Bush lifted sanctions imposed under the terms of the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act following India's nuclear tests in May 1998. The non-proliferation dialogue has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries. In a meeting between President Bush and Prime Minister Vajpayee in November 2001, the two leaders expressed a strong interest in transforming the US-India bilateral relationship. High-level meetings and concrete cooperation between the two countries increased during 2002 and 2003. In January 2004, the US and India launched the "Next Steps in Strategic Partnership" (NSSP), which was both a milestone in the transformation of the bilateral relationship and a blueprint for its further progress.
In July 2005, Bush hosted Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in Washington, D.C. The two leaders announced the successful completion of the NSSP, as well as other agreements which further enhanced cooperation in the areas of civil nuclear, civil space, and high-technology commerce. Other initiatives announced included a US-India economic dialogue, the fight Against HIV/AIDS, disaster relief, technology cooperation, an agriculture knowledge initiative, a trade policy forum, energy dialogue, CEO Forum, and an initiative to assist each-other in furthering democracy and freedom.[49] President Bush made a reciprocal visit to India in March 2006, during which the progress of these initiatives were reviewed, and new initiatives were launched.
In December 2006, the US Congress passed the historic Henry J. Hyde US-India Peaceful Atomic Cooperation Act, which allows direct civilian nuclear commerce with India for the first time in 30 years. US policy had been opposed to nuclear cooperation with India in prior years because India had developed nuclear weapons against international conventions, and had never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT). The legislation clears the way for India to buy US nuclear reactors and fuel for civilian use.
Nuclear cooperation[edit source | editbeta]
In July 2007, the two countries reached a historic milestone in their strategic partnership by completing negotiations on the bilateral agreement for peaceful nuclear cooperation, also known as the "123 Agreement." Signed on 10 October 2008 by Secretary of State Rice and Indian External Affairs Minister Mukherjee, the agreement governs civil nuclear trade between the two countries, and opens the door for American and Indian firms to participate in each other's civil nuclear energy sector.[50][51] Rani argues that India benefits from the agreement in terms of energy security, economic growth, environmental impact, and improvements in science and technology. The benefits to the U.S. include economic market improvements, job creation, and the advancement of non-proliferation objectives.[52]
Economic relations[edit source | editbeta]
The United States is one of India's largest direct investors. From 1991 to 2004, the stock of FDI inflow has increased from USD $11.3 million to $344.4 million, and totaling $4.13 billion. This is a compound rate increase of 57.5 percent annually. Indian direct investments abroad began in 1992, and Indian corporations and registered partnership firms are now allowed to invest in businesses up to 100 percent of their net worth. India's largest outgoing investments are in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 54.8 percent of the country's foreign investments. The second largest are in non-financial services (software development), accounting for 35.4 percent of investments.
Trade relations[edit source | editbeta]
The US is one of India's largest trading partners. In 2011, the US exported $21.50 billion worth of goods to India, and imported $36.15 billion worth of Indian goods.[53] Major items imported from India include information technology services, textiles, machinery, gems anddiamonds, chemicals, iron and steel products, coffee, tea, and other edible food products. Major American items imported by India include aircraft, fertilisers, computer hardware,scrap metal, and medical equipment.[54][55]
The United States is also India's largest investment partner, with a direct investment of $9 billion (accounting for 9 percent of total foreign investment). Americans have made notable foreign investments in the Asian country's power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads, petroleum exploration and processing, and mining industries.[55]
In July 2005, President Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh created a new programme called the Trade Policy Forum. It is run by a representative from each nation. The United States Trade Representative was Rob Portman, and the Indian Commerce Secretary then-Minister of Commerce Kamal Nath. The goal of the programme is to increase bilateral trade and investment flow. There are five main sub-divisions of the Trade Policy Forum, including:
- The Agricultural Trade group has three main objectives: agreeing on terms that will allow India to export mangoes to the United States, permitting India's Agricultural and Process Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to certify Indian products to the standards of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and executing regulation procedures for approving edible wax on fruit.
- The goals of the Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers group include agreeing that insecticides manufactured by US companies can be sold throughout India. India had also agreed to cut special regulations on trading carbonated drinks, many medicinal drugs, and lowering regulations on many imports that are not of an agricultural nature. Both nations have agreed to discuss improved facets of Indian regulation in the trade of jewellery, computer parts, motorcycles, fertiliser, and those tariffs that affect American exporting of boric acid. The group has also discussed matters such as those wishing to break into the accounting market, Indian companies gaining licenses for the telecommunications industry, and setting policies regarding Indian media and broadcasting markets. Other foci include the exchange of valuable information on recognising different professional services, discussing the movement and positioning of people in developing industries, continuation of talks on financial services markets, limitation of equities, insurance, retail, joint investment in agricultural processing and transportation industries, and small business initiatives.
The majority of exports from the US to India include: aviation equipment, engineering materials and machinery, instruments used in optical and medical sectors, fertilisers, and stones and metals. Below are the percentages of traded items (India to US), which have increased by 21.12 percent to $6.94 billion:
- Diamonds & precious stones (25 percent)
- Textiles (29.01 percent)
- Iron & Steel (5.81 percent)
- Machinery (4.6 percent)
- Organic chemicals (4.3 percent)
- Electrical Machinery (4.28 percent)
Major items of export (US to India) for the year 2006 (up to the month of April) were $2.95 billion USD:
- Engineering goods & machinery (including electrical) (31.2 percent)
- Aviation & aircraft (16.8 percent)
- Precious stones & metals (8.01 percent)
- Optical instruments & equipment (7.33 percent)
- Organic chemicals (4.98 percent)
Ties under the Obama Administration (2009-present)[edit source | editbeta]
Just days into President Barack Obama's term, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and India's External Affairs Minister agreed to "further strengthen the excellent bilateral relationship" between the two countries. Soon afterward, President Obama issued a statement asserting that, "Our rapidly growing and deepening friendship with India offers benefits to all the worlds citizens", and that the people of India "should know they have no better friend and partner than the people of the United States." As part of her confirmation hearing, Hillary Clinton told US senators she would work to fulfill President Obama's commitment to "establish a true strategic partnership with India, increase our military cooperation, trade, and support democracies around the world."
Despite such top-level assurances from the new US Administration, during 2009 and into 2010, many in India became increasingly concerned that Washington was not focusing on the bilateral relationship with the same vigor as did the previous. Many concerns arose in New Delhi that the Obama Administration was overly focused on US relations with China in ways that would reduce India's influence and visibility. In addition, the government of India was concerned that America was intent on deepening relations with India's main rival, Pakistan, in ways that could be harmful to Indian security and perhaps lead to a more interventionist approach to the Kashmir problem, that a new US emphasis on nuclear nonproliferation and arms control would lead to pressure on India to join such multilateral initiatives as the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the Fissile Materials Cutoff Treaty, and that the Administration might pursue (so-called) protectionist economic policies that could adversely affect bilateral commerce in goods and services.
New Delhi has also long sought the removal of Indian companies and organisations from US export control lists, seeing these as discriminatory and outdated. Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs Robert Blake contends that much progress has been made in this area, with less than one-half of one percent of all exports to India requiring any license.
India also continued to seek explicit US support for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. However, the Obama Administration said it recognised a "need to reassess institutions of global governance", and asserted that India's rise "will certainly be a factor in any future consideration of reform" of that Council.
Secretary of State Clinton was widely seen to have concluded a successful visit to India in July 2009, inking several agreements, making important symbolic points by staying at Mumbai's Taj Mahal hotel (site of a major terrorist attack in 2008), and having a high-profile meeting with women's groups. While in New Delhi, Clinton set forth five "key pillars" of the US-India engagement: (1) strategic cooperation, (2) energy and climate change, (3) economics, trade, and agriculture, (4) education and development, and (5) science, technology, and innovation.
In November 2009, President Obama hosted an inaugural state visit with Prime Minister Singh at the White House. Despite its important symbolism, the resulting diplomacy was seen by many proponents of closer ties as disappointing (if not an outright failure) in its outcome, at least to the extent that no "breakthroughs" in the bilateral relationship were announced[citation needed]. Yet from other perspectives there were visible ideational gains: the relationship was shown to transcend the preferences of any single leader or government, the two leaders demonstrated that their mutual strategic goals were increasingly well-aligned, and plans were made to continue taking advantage of complementarities, with differences being well-managed. Perhaps most significantly, the visit itself contributed to ameliorating concerns in India that the Obama Administration was insufficiently attuned to India's potential role as a US partner.
President Obama's May 2010 National Security Strategy noted that, "The United States and India are building a strategic partnership that is underpinned by our shared interests, our shared values as the world's two largest democracies, and close connections among our people," and
"Working together through our Strategic Dialogue and high-level visits, we seek a broad-based relationship in which India contributes to global counterterrorism efforts, nonproliferation, and helps promote poverty reduction, education, health, and sustainable agriculture. We value India's growing leadership on a wide array of global issues, through groups such as the G-20, and will seek to work with India to promote stability in South Asia and elsewhere in the world."
June 2010 Strategic Dialogue[edit source | editbeta]
In June 2010, the United States and India formally re-engaged the US-India Strategic Dialogue initiated under President Bush when a large delegation of high-ranking Indian officials, led by External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna, visited Washington, D.C. As leader of the US delegation, Secretary of State Clinton lauded India as "an indispensable partner and a trusted friend".[56] President Obama appeared briefly at a United States Department of State reception to declare his firm belief that America "will be one of the defining partnerships of the 21st century."[57] The Strategic Dialogue produced a joint statement in which the two countries pledged to "deepen people-to-people, business-to-business, and government-to-government linkages ... for the mutual benefit of both countries and for the promotion of global peace, stability, economic growth and prosperity."[58] It outlined extensive bilateral initiatives in each of ten key areas: (1) advancing global security and countering terrorism, (2) disarmament and nonproliferation, (3) trade and economic relations, (4) high technology, (5) energy security, clean energy, and climate change, (6) agriculture, (7) education, (8) health, (9) science and technology, and (10) development.[59]
President Obama's planned travel to India[edit source | editbeta]
While US-India engagement under the Obama Administration has not (to date) realised any groundbreaking initiatives (comparable to that of the Bush Administration), it may be that the growing "dominance of ordinariness" in the relationship is a hidden strength that demonstrates its maturing into diplomatic normalcy. In this way, the nascent partnership may yet transform into a "special relationship" similar to those the United States has with the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan, as is envisaged by some proponents of deeper US-India ties.
As the US President planned his November 2010 visit to India, an array of prickly bilateral issues confronted him, including differences over the proper regional roles to be played by China and Pakistan, the status of conflict in Afghanistan, international efforts to address Iran's controversial nuclear program, restrictions on high-technology exports to India, outsourcing, and sticking points on the conclusion of arrangements for both civil nuclear and military cooperation, among others.
According to some foreign policy experts, Obama's India visit was going to change US approach towards India permanently. This was later proved when President Obama saw India as a prominent Great Power on the world stage and declared it as one of the most important allies of the US President Obama also openly supported India's bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council. Obama's India Visit is seen by some foreign relations experts as the most successful US Presidential Visit to India.
Foreign policy issues[edit source | editbeta]
According to some analysts, India-US relations have been strained over the Obama administration's approach to handling the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[60][61] India's National Security Adviser, M.K. Narayanan, criticised the Obama administration for linking the Kashmir dispute to the instability in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and said that by doing so, President Obama was "barking up the wrong tree."[62] Foreign Policy in February 2009 also criticised Obama's approach to South Asia, saying that "India can be a part of the solution rather than part of the problem" in South Asia. It also suggested that India take a more proactive role in rebuildingAfghanistan, irrespective of the attitude of the Obama Administration.[63] In a clear indication of growing rift between the two countries, India decided not to accept a US invitation to attend a conference on Afghanistan at the end of February 2009.[64] Bloomberg has also reported that, since the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the public mood in India has been to pressure Pakistan more aggressively to take actions against the culprits behind the terrorist attack, and that this might reflect on the upcoming Indian general elections in May 2009. Consequently, the Obama Administration may find itself at odds with India's rigid stance against terrorism.[65]
Robert Blake, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs, dismissed any concerns over a rift with India regarding American AfPak policy. Calling India and the United States "natural allies",[66] Blake said that the United States cannot afford to meet the strategic priorities in Pakistan and Afghanistan at "the expense of India".[67]
Economic relations[edit source | editbeta]
India strongly criticised the Obama Administration's decision to limit H-1B (temporary) visas, and India's then External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee (Now the President of India) said that his country would oppose US "protectionism" at various international forums.[68] TheVishwa Hindu Parishad, a close aide to India's main opposition party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), said that if the United States continues with its anti-outsourcing policies, India will "have to take steps to hurt American companies in India."[69] India's Commerce Minister,Kamal Nath, said that India may move against Obama's outsourcing policies at the World Trade Organization.[70] However, the outsourcing advisory head of KPMG said that India had no reason to worry, since Obama's statements were directed against "outsourcing being carried out by manufacturing companies" and not outsourcing of IT-related services.[71]
In May 2009, President Obama reiterated his anti-outsourcing views and criticised the current US tax policy "that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York."[72] However, during the US-India Business Council meeting in June 2009, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton advocated for stronger economic ties between India and the United States. She also rebuked protectionist policies, saying that "[United States] will not use the global financial crisis as an excuse to fall back on protectionism. We hope India will work with us to create a more open, equitable set of opportunities for trade between our nations."[73]
In June 2009, United States provided diplomatic help in successfully pushing through a $2.9 billion (USD) loan for India sponsored by the Asian Development Bank, despite considerable opposition from China.[74]
Strategic and military relations[edit source | editbeta]
" | "As part of that strategy, we [India and U.S.] should expand our broader security relationship and increase cooperation on counterterrorism and intelligence sharing." | " |
In March 2009, the Obama Administration cleared the $2.1 billion sale of eight P-8 Poseidons to India.[75] This deal, and the $5 billion agreement to provide Boeing C-17military transport aircraft and General Electric F414 engines announced during Obama's November 2010 visit, makes the US one of the top three military suppliers to India (after Israel and Russia).[76]
India has expressed its concerns that the Obama Administration's non-military aid to Pakistan will not be used for counter-insurgency, but for building up the Pakistani military, which India strongly opposes.[77] However,Robert Blake, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs, said that the Pakistani government was increasingly focused on fighting the Taliban insurgency, and expressed hope that the people of India would "support and agree with what we are trying to do".[67]
Concerns were raised in India that the Obama Administration was also delaying the full implementation of the India-US Nuclear Deal.[78]The Obama administration has strongly advocated for the strengthening of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and has pressured India to sign the agreement. India's special envoy, Shyam Saran, "warned" the United States that India would continue to oppose any such treaty, as it was "discriminatory".[79] In June 2009, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the Obama administration was "fully committed" to the India-US civil nuclear agreement.[80]
US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen has encouraged stronger military ties between India and the United States, and said that "India has emerged as an increasingly important strategic partner [of the US]".[81] US Undersecretary of State William Joseph Burns also said, "Never has there been a moment when India and America mattered more to each other." [82] The Deputy Secretary of Defence, Ashton Carter, during his address to the Asia Society in New York on August 1, 2012 said that India-US relationship has a global scope, in terms of the reach and influence of both countries. He also said that both countries are strengthening the relations between their defence and research organisations.[83]
While they have been pleased with the quality of the American weapons, the Indians have raised concerns about contract clauses forbidding the offensive deployment of these systems.[84]
2010 visit by President Obama[edit source | editbeta]
In November 2010, Obama became the second US President (after Richard Nixon in 1969) to undertake a visit to India in his first term in office. On 8 November, Obama also became the second US President to ever address a joint session of the Parliament of India. In a major policy shift, Obama declared US support for India's permanent membership on the UN Security Council.[85] Calling the India-US relationship "a defining partnership of the 21st century", he also announced the removal of export control restrictions on several Indian companies, and concluded trade deals worth $10 billion, which are expected to create and/or support 50,000 jobs in the US.[86]
See also[edit source | editbeta]
- Indian Americans
- Americans in India
- India as an emerging superpower
- Embassy of India in Washington, DC
- Foreign relations of India
- Foreign relations of the United States
- United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act
- American Library (New Delhi)
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
- United States Ambassador to India
Notes[edit source | editbeta]
- ^ Teresita C. Schaffer, India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership (2010)
- ^ India-U.S. Economic and Trade Relations
- ^ The Evolving India-U.S. Strategic Relationship
- ^ "Americans Give Record-High Ratings to Several U.S. Allies". Gallup.com. 2012-02-16. Gallup
- ^ TOP 25 PLACES OF ORIGIN OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Institute of International Education
- ^ Holden Furber, "Historical and Cultural Aspects of Indo-American Relations," Journal of the University of Bombay(1965), Vol. 34 Issue 67/68, pp 95-116.
- ^ Juan L. Gonzales, Jr., "Asian Indian Immigration Patterns: The Origins of the Sikh Community in California," International Migration Review (1986) 20#1 pp 40-54 in JSTOR
- ^ Harold R. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Views of China and India (1980) p 239
- ^ Satish K. Kapoor, "The Motivation Behind Swami Vivekananda'S 'Wanderjahre' in America," Indian Journal of American Studies (1981) 11#2 pp 62-68
- ^ Barbara Schmidt. "Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures". marktwainquotes.com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
- ^ Gupta, Vipin; Saran, Pankaj (2007). David Leninson, Karen Christensen, ed. Global Perspectives on the United States: A Nation by Nation Survey, Volume 1. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing Group. pp. 294–300. ISBN 978-1-933782-06-5.
- ^ Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Views of China and India (1980) p 241
- ^ Eric S. Rubin, "America, Britain, and Swaraj: Anglo-American Relations and Indian Independence, 1939–1945," India Review(2011) 10#1 pp 40–80
- ^ Arthur Herman (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 472–539.
- ^ H.W. Brands, Inside the Cold War (1991) p 202-5, quote p 204
- ^ Brands, Inside the Cold War (1991) pp 212-24, 229
- ^ Richard P. Stebbins, The United States in World Affairs: 1959(1960) p 297
- ^ Richard P. Stebbins, The United States in World Affairs: 1961(1962) p 208
- ^ Strategic Counter Nuclear Fuel Supply Visit
- ^ "India used US spy planes to map Chinese incursion in Sino-Indian war". Hindustan Times. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ "Nehru permitted CIA spy planes to use Indian air base".Business Standard. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ The Untold Story- How the US came to India's aid
- ^ The 1962 India-China War and Kargil 1999: Restrictions on the Use of Air Power
- ^ [1] — Taipei Times,[2] Indian American Center for Political Awareness
- ^ Personality in its place
- ^ "Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972". US State Department. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
- ^ Nixon's dislike of 'witch' Indira
- ^ US forces had orders to target Indian Army in 1971
- ^ Perkovich, George (2002). India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5.
- ^ "Ripples in the nuclear pond". The Deseret News. 22 May 1974. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ Executive Order 12055 - Export of Special Nuclear Material to India
- ^ India: Government
- ^ a b Sailen Debnath, West Bengal in Doldrums, chapter: The Leftists' Russophilia and Sinomania, ISBN 9788186860342, N.L. Publishers
- ^ http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/clinton-imposes-full-sanctionsindia/22222/
- ^ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0104qus_india.pdf
- ^ http://www.boeing.co.in/Boeing-in-India/About-Boeing-in-India
- ^ Dolan, Bridget M. (12/10/12). "Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy". Science & Diplomacy 1 (4).
- ^ http://ia.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/03katrina.htm
- ^http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/news_archive/mar_06_nuclear.pdf
- ^ http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/south-central-asia/india
- ^ http://trade.gov/press/press-releases/2011/commerce-trade-official-to-lead-education-trade-mission-to-india-100711.asp
- ^ http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/4%20-%20Ahmad%20Ejaz%20Artical-2_v13No1.pdf
- ^ Obama supports India on UN Security Council
- ^ "United States". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
- ^ Religious Affiliation Pew report
- ^ a b http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_india
- ^http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/budget/defense.pdf
- ^ Exercise Malabar
- ^ http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050718-6.html
- ^ http://www.dpcc.co.in/pdf/nuclearenergyprogramme.pdf
- ^ Schaffer, India and the United States (2010) pp 89-117
- ^ Sudesh Rani, "Indo-US Nuclear Agreement: A Critical Study,"Punjab Journal of Politics (2010) 34#1 pp71-87.
- ^ Foreign Trade Census
- ^ India - U.S. Trade and Economic Relations
- ^ a b India (10/07)
- ^ http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33529.pdf
- ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-joint-session-indian-parliament-new-delhi-india
- ^ http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/clintonvisit0711.html
- ^ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/07/168745.htm
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-02-05/news/28438459_1_wrong-tree-narayanan-pakistan-and-india
- ^ India needs a lot more love from Obama
- ^ India not to attend conference on Afghanistan with Pakistan, U.S.
- ^ India's Terror Stance Vexes Obama Amid Voter Ire at Pakistan
- ^ Reflections on U.S. - India Relations - Robert O. Blake
- ^ a b New Strategic Partnerships Robert O. Blake
- ^ India says it will oppose U.S. 'protectionism'
- ^ Anger Grows in India over U.S. Visa Rules
- ^ India may contest Obama's move against outsourcing in WTO
- ^ 'Obama on outsourcing is no reason to panic'
- ^ U.S.-India Relations Strained under Obama
- ^ a b Remarks at U.S.-India Business Council's 34th Anniversary "Synergies Summit"
- ^ The China-India Border Brawl
- ^ U.S. OKs record $2.1 billion arms sale to India
- ^ Cohen, Stephen and Sanil Dasgupta. "Arms Sales for India". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Indian Vote May Revive Stalled U.S. Defense, Nuclear Exports
- ^ Indo-U.S. nuclear deal in jeopardy
- ^ India warns Obama on nuclear test ban treaty
- ^ Hillary: fully committed to nuclear deal
- ^ India has emerged as a strategic partner for U.S.: Mullen
- ^ http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100602_6708.php
- ^ "US India relationship is global in scope: Pentagon". 2 August 2012.
- ^ "Boeing Could Win Another Indian Helicopter Contract". 20 November 2012.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl (8 November 2010). [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100131/spectrum/main1.htmRichard Nixon visited India in 1969 after becoming the presidenthttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/asia/09prexy.html"Obama Backs India for Seat on Security Council"]. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Reynolds, Paul (8 November 2010). "Obama confirms U.S. strategic shift towards India". BBC. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
India US TradeIndia US Trade in 2015US Trade with BRIC: China holds the key Economic profile of India and the United Statesiyty
Further reading[edit source | editbeta]
- Ayres, Alyssa and C. Raja Mohan, eds. Power Realignments in Asia: China, India and the United States (2009) excerpt and text search
- Barnds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers (1972)
- Chary, M. Srinivas (1995). The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward India Since Independence. Greenwood.
- Brands, H. W. India and the United States: The Cold Peace (1990)
- Brands, H. W. Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918-1961 (1991) pp 196–230; Loy Henderson was US Ambassador, 1948–51
- Chary, M. Srinivas. The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. Foreign Policy toward India since Independence (1995) online edition
- Clymer, Kenton J. Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence (1995) online
- Isaacs, Harold R. Scratches on Our Minds: American Views of China and India (1980) online
- Karl, David J. "U.S.-India Relations: The Way Forward," Orbis (2012) 56#2 pp 308–327 online
- Kux, Dennis. India and The United States: Estranged Democracies 1941 - 1991 (1993)
- McMahon, Robert J. Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India and Pakistan (1994) excerpt and text search
- Merrill, Dennis (1990). Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963. UNC Press.
- Pant, Harsh V. "The US-India Nuclear Pact: Policy, Process, and Great Power Politics," Asian Security (2009) 5#3 pp 273–95 DOI: 10.1080/14799850903179012
- Rani, Sudesh. "Indo-US Maritime Cooperation: Challenges and Prospects," Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, Vol. 8, No. 2, (December 2012) Pages: 123-43 DOI:10.1080/09733159.2012.742664
- Rotter, Andrew J. Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947-1964 (2000)
- Roy, Dr. P. C. Indo-U.S. Economic Relations. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1986. 73–125.
- Schaffer, Teresita C. India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership (2010)
- Sharma, G. D. Indo Us Defence Cooperation (Vij Books, 2012), excerpt and text search
- Sokolski, Henry. United States and India Strategic Cooperation (2010)
Primary sources[edit source | editbeta]
- Bowles, Chester (1969). A View from New Delhi: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1963-1969. Yale U.P., US ambassador 1951-53 and 1963–69
- Bowles, Chester. A View From New Delhi (1969) excerpt and text search
- Bowles, Chester. Promises to Keep (1972), autobiography; pp 531–79 by US ambassador 1951-53 and 1963–69
- Galbraith, John K. Ambassador's journal: a personal account of the Kennedy years (1969) online, he was US ambassador to India 1961-63
- U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), many volumes of primary sources; the complete texts of these large books are all online. See Guide to FRUS. For example, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971 was published in 2005 and is online here. The most recent volumes are Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 (2005) online here and Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–8, Documents on South Asia, 1973–1976 (2007) online here.
External links[edit source | editbeta]
- Blake, Jr., Robert O. "U.S.-India Relations: the Making of a Comprehensive Relationship." U.S. official speech at India's Army War College, August 23, 2004; online
- History of India - U.S. Relations, official U.S. site
- Indian Embassy: India – U.S. Relations: A General Overview, official Indian site
- Deepening U.S.-India Economic Engagement, Q&A with U.S. Ambassador Susan Esserman (September 2011)
- A Way Forward in U.S.-India Defense Cooperation, July 2011 interview with Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta
- Charting the Future of U.S.-India Relations, June 2011 interview with Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering
- U.S. Department of state: The Future of US-India Relations
- U.S. Department of Agriculture: U.S.–India Trade Relations
- India US Trade Summary
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