Indian Struggle of LIBERATION is nothing but the LIBERATION from the Post Modern Manusmriti Zionsist Order Brahaminical!
FICCI opposes mining bill, debunks tribal compensation scheme
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time - Four Hundred THIRTY One
Palash Biswas
http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/
FICCI opposes mining bill, debunks tribal compensation scheme!
India and Pakistan Dance on the TENSION Rope on US Tune as once again US has sugested that India should continue talks with Pakistan to resolve issues!
Next India Startegy, Companies eye the Purchasing Power of Rural Youth as Free Market Democracy Focuses on Ethnic Cleansing!I have been watching the Rural India countrywide in Transition and the Plastic Money Inflicted Great Change has become the Fort Williams of Post Modern Manusmriti Zionist Rule.
Mind you, after Colonising India, the British Imperialists focused on Oriental studies and Lord Hestings and John Williams aligned to institutionalise the studies in Sanskrit. They established the ASIATIC Society as well as SANSKRIT College which was eventually headed by so called Indian Renaissance ICON ISHWAR Chandra Vidya Sagar!
John williams did learn Sanskrit within four years as he landed in Kolkata as High Court Judge and translated the the first Sanskrit Book, MANUSMRITI. Manusmriti is so vital for Imperialism. The Geramn Pundit Max Muller is also well known for his studies in Vedic culture and literature.
Hence, for me, perhaps our derest Friends and guides including VTR and Colonel Barves, Leaders representing Excluded communities, specifically AMBEDKARITES and TRUE Anti Imperialist Anti Fascist Social and environment Activist should agree, Indian Struggle of LIBERATION is nothing but the LIBERATION from the Post Modern Manusmriti Zionsist Order Brahaminical!
Hence the alliance of Global Hindutva and US War Economy sponsored International Zionsism, Indo US Nuclear Deal, Chidambaram`s Corporate War, War against Terror and RURAL Marketing Strategies do link with the History of British India and it is damn Interesting. The Bnegali Brahaminical Renaissance in the age of Sepoy Revolt, Indigo Revolt, Santahl Munda Bheel Gond Koiri Chuar Revolts and Agrarian Uprisings is well supported by the British Empire! Even today, Bengali Brahamins use the Icons of Rabindra Nath Tagore and the Renaissance heroes to hold on their Colonies across the Political borders all over the World on Fire!
Opinions and Editorials
Efforts off track
IE - 05:12 AMThe breakdown in diplomatic talks between India and Pakistan in Islamabad is despite the best efforts of interested third parties, most notably the US. In the last six months, funds for Track Two diplomacy through journalists, retired bureaucrats and academics have increased manifold.
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- Art magnifies imagination IE - 05:12 AM
- History has documented different eras that have taken business forward. Technology advancement in the 19th century established the mechanical age, the 20th century belonged to electronic technology while the 21st century is proving to be based on digital technology. Last week, I'd touched upon musical breakthroughs in different eras that contributed to business success.
- India needs new politics IE - 05:12 AM
- India is adrift. Worrisomely adrift. This is not because of any widespread social unrest or destabilising economic problems. Discontent in society there certainly is. Grievances due to the country's unbalanced economic growth there certainly are and they are mounting. But the lack of direction is primarily due to the stagnant state of Indian politics.
- A very rough guide to India IE - 05:12 AM
- Dear David Cameron, This is your first trip as British Prime Minister though I know you have been to India before.
- A case of exploding mangoes IE - 05:12 AM
- There is much about American policy in South Asia that is mysterious and mystifying but Hillary Clinton's offer to help Pakistan sell its mangoes is about as mysterious as it gets.
- 'There is no point in the PM saying Naxalism is a grave situation. What are you doing as PM? IE - 05:12 AM
- Seema Chishti: What is the difference between the BJP you left and the one you have rejoined?
- I didn't leave the party, I was required to exit—and I was invited back. I am very touched by both Advaniji and Nitin Gadkari's gesture. Advaniji was very gracious. He called me to inquire whether I would even talk to him. The new president of the party, Nitin Gadkari, came to my house.
- Surrogate practice FE - 03:03 AM
- The move to allow international audit firms to carry out audits in India apparently gives an impression to the general readers that these firms are not operating in India at the moment.
- A Dream IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Post-Inception, dreams are totally cool. So, I will abandon my inhibition and write about a dream I frequently have.
- Pulses heartbeat IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Crops are grown outside our towns. Anger over food prices grows in our towns. Put these two facts together, and you can figure out exactly how divorced, sometimes, the justifiable concern about food inflation is from the cold realities of agriculture.
- Three clever by half IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Just about a few months back ('Pak daydream, wake-up call', IE, March 20) I had written that the Pakistani establishment suffers from periodic bursts of delusion, about once in eight years or so.
- Feeding both the prisoner and the jailer IE - Sat, Jul 24
- I was intrigued to see several recent calls for bids by the US Agency for International Development for programmes that would, among other things, train young Arabs how to better use the Internet and other digital technologies for political activism, advocacy, greater transparency and accountability, and other such democratic practices.
- Politics of slight IE - Sat, Jul 24
- The omens for the monsoon session of Parliament are clear. On Friday, senior BJP leaders pleaded their inability to keep a luncheon appointment with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, citing the CBI summons to Gujarat Home Minister Amit Shah.
- The arithmetic of dal, atta and rice IE - Sat, Jul 24
- During the last six months, much debate has focused on the "price rise" in agricultural commodities, especially in the price of food.
- Unveiling the truth IE - Sat, Jul 24
- It would not be entirely correct to assume that the animated discussion these days on the subject of the burqa necessarily reflects a concern for the rights of Muslim women.
- Printline pakistan IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Hillary comes visiting
- US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was in Pakistan this week. The News reported on July 18: "Clinton called for 'additional steps' from Pakistan against terrorism... Should an attack against the US be traced to Pakistan, it would have a very devastating impact on our relationship,' she added.
- The dream lives IE - Sat, Jul 24
- It started as a dare. When MIT Media Lab visionary Nicholas Negroponte promised to bring affordable computing to children in developing countries with the One Laptop Per Child project, India's HRD ministry rejected the idea. We didn't need the largesse, because we had the smarts and economies of scale to make a $10 laptop, it claimed.
- Keeping up the acts IE - Sat, Jul 24
- The monsoon session of Parliament will be held from July 26 to August 27. The UPA government has not been able to meet its legislative targets in the last couple of sessions.
- Duping Uncle Sam IE - Sat, Jul 24
- In the three Indo-Pak wars, the only beneficiary from the American perspective is their military-industrial complex.
- FE Editorial : Sound banking FE - Sat, Jul 24
- Banks are posting robust results in the quarter ended June this year, largely on the back of strong credit growth, led in particular by the telecom sector.
- Behind the curve? FE - Sat, Jul 24
- Reserve Bank of India's credit policy is due later this month. The latest data for industrial production and prices released in July will make RBI's policy dilemma worse. Industrial production declined in May while core inflation rose sharply.
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The United States has asked India to remain engaged with Pakistan to bridge the trust deficit between both neighbours.
"We understand that there are difficult issues that will over time be a subject of that ongoing dialogue," The Daily Times quoted P.J. Crowley, U.S. State Department spokesman, as saying.
"However, we can certainly continue, as we always have, to encourage India to sit down, talk at high levels, engage in the issues that have created tensions between the two countries in the past," he added.
Crowley also said that Washington wants both New Delhi and Islamabad to work together to combat terrorism in the region.
"We certainly want to see both India and Pakistan cooperate together along with other countries in the region to combat terrorism, which is a threat to all of us," Crowley said.
"But ultimately, how this proceeds, at what pace - these are decisions to be made respectively by Pakistan and India," he added.
The spokesman also reaffirmed the Obama administration's promise to stay engaged in its war against terrorism in Afghanistan.
"The fact is we're not leaving Afghanistan or the region at the end of next year," Crowley said.
"Our commitment to regional security is a significant one. We are going to be engaged with countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, India for a long time, because it is in our interest to do so," he added.
Protest in London to stop mining project in Orissa
London, July 25 (IANS) Human rights activists will paint their faces to resemble the blue-faced Na'vis in the Hollywood film 'Avatar' to protest the dislocation of tribals by mining company Vedanta in the Niyamgiri hills of India's Orissa state.The protest will be staged Wednesday on the occasion of Vedanta's annual shareholders meeting.
A human rights campaign group, Survival International, has hired makeup artists for the novel form of protest. It likens Vedanta to the multinational company featured in 'Avatar' and the Dongria Kondh tribals of Orissa to the Na'vi people who fight the multinational's anti-people policies.
'Vedanta should halt its operations in the region and postpone further development pending the outcome of talks with local people, whose wishes should be respected in accordance with international guidelines. Like the Na'vi, the Kondh tribals are also at risk. The (proposed) mine will destroy the forests on which the Kondh depend and wreck the lives of thousands,' Survival International said in a statement.
The controversial mining company is already facing protests from Amnesty International, the Church of England and Britain-based charity Joseph Rowntree Trust.
Vedanta is a British mining company headquartered in London.
Lashkar-e-Taiba has become global threat: Mullen
Islamabad, July 25 (IANS) The Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) has become 'a very dangerous organisation and a significant regional and global threat', Admiral Mike Mullen, the chairman of US Joint Chiefs of Staff, has said.Talking to reporters at the US embassy here, Mullen stressed Saturday that there was a strong need to take stern action to stop LeT's activities. He said LeT was expanding into Afghanistan and other countries beyond the region, the Daily Times reported.
Mullen also supported the statement of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about the presence of Osama bin Laden and other Al Qaeda leadership in Pakistan.
'They are hiding in a very secure place and it is very difficult to trace them,' he said. He claimed that the tribal belt on Pakistan's western border had become the 'global headquarters' for Al Qaeda.
Mullen said that the Pakistani government had not taken any action against the Haqqani network. 'The Haqqani group is the most lethal network faced by the US-led international forces in Afghanistan,' he said.
He said the US and Pakistan were very strong allies in the war against terrorism and the US had a strong desire to extend help and cooperation to Pakistan.
Referring to the planned withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan, Mullen said it would not be the end of the mission, rather 'it will be the start of a process'. 'The US military will stay there (Afghanistan) till complete revival of peace,' he said.
Al Qaeda racism could deter black African recruits: Report
New York, July 25 (ANI): A National Counter Terrorism Center terrorism bulletin from October 2009 has come out with the argument that highlighting al Qaeda racism could deter black African recruits.The Oct. 19, 2009 "National Terrorism Bulletin," obtained by ABC News, is headlined "Highlighting AQIM's Racism Could Deter Black African Recruits."
AQIM is an acronym for Al Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb, a terrorist group based in Algeria that the NCTC says was "originally formed in 1998 as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), a faction of the Armed Islamic Group, which was the largest and most active terrorist group in Algeria.
The GSPC was renamed in January 2007 after the group officially joined al-Qa'ida in September 2006. The GSPC had close to 30,000 members at its height, but the Algerian Government's counter-terrorism efforts have reduced the group's ranks to fewer than 1,000."
The NCTC concluded that a "strategic communications campaign that spotlights the cultural and racial insensitivities" that AQIM "holds towards blacks in North and West Africa probably would hinder the group's growing efforts to attract black recruits in those areas. Widespread discrimination against black Africans is a contentious issue in North and West Africa, particularly in regions where slavery still exists..."
The bulletin says that some recruits "claimed that AQIM was clearly racist against some black members from West Africa because they were only sent against lower-level targets."
Elaborating on the president's comments, a White House official told ABC News that the message was: "al Qaeda is a racist organization that treats black Africans like cannon fodder and does not value human life."
The NCTC analyst suggested "highlighting AQIM's preferential treatment of Arabs and exploitation of blacks probably would resonate with the local black populations.
Some black Africans probably would be receptive to messages comparing AQIM's treatment of black Africans to the condition of slave castes in their countries.
Nearly 500,000 black Mauritanians, 43,000 black Nigerians, and 7,000 black Malians are enslaved from birth, often by Arabs or white Moors. (ANI)
Criticising the government's Mining Bill, FICCI has said that the proposed legislation would adversely impact investments in the sector.
It also termed the government's scheme to provide shareholdings to tribals in mining projects as flawed.
In a recent letter to Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, FICCI Secretary General Amit Mitra said that the proposed act will "adversely affect the industry".
"...the latest draft of the Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation Act 2010 proposes measures... that will adversely affect the industry and its viability and thus deter the flow of investments into the sector," Mitra said.
On the scheme of giving 26 per cent equity or annuity to locals and tribals affected by the mining project, the industry body said that the proposal was "complex" and "difficult" to implement.
Elaborating on the issue, it said that persons with vested interests may buy the shareholdings of tribals/local people and eventually gain control over the company.
"It is mandatory for a listed company to have 25 per cent float in the market. If 26 per cent--out of the balance 75 per cent--is allotted as compensation, the promoter will become vulnerable to hostile takeovers," Mitra said.
It also said that investments in the sector would take a hit as "no shareholders would like to invest where 26 per cent of the shareholders do not make any contribution to the company".
The scheme would also lead to social and economic inequality as the people affected by the projects will derive benefits, while the rest of the population will not get any, he added.
Last week, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had said that the rights of tribals to forests must be protected.
"Development schemes have not worked well in...the areas inhabited by the adivasi population. We must make a concerted effort to bridge the development deficit in these backward areas and reduce whatever sense of alienation that may exist among the adivasis," Singh had said.
As an alternative to the scheme of giving equity, Mitra suggested that the government should consider giving one-time fixed compensation to the locals. In the Bill, the Mines Ministry had proposed to make affected tribal families shareholders in the projects, a policy that aimed to help uplift them.
Besides this, Mitra opposed provisions like competitive bidding of mining blocks, central and state cess, and high security deposit for land -- fixed at Rs 1 lakh per hectare.
The Central Government is working on the new mining legislation, which is currently being reviewed by a 10-member Group of Ministers, to make mining allocation expeditious and transparent.
Companies eye the purchasing power of rural youth
25 Jul 2010, 0008 hrs IST,Monica Behura,ET Bureau
NEW DELHI: Last month, when a group of eight top global investors met in London to ponder over their next India strategy, all they wanted to know was how to go 'rural'. They had been advised by experts that the country's hinterland was no more the challenge that it was two decades ago, when the economy was first opened up. Prosperity in the villages was slowly starting to outdo the scope of urban India—Bharat was blossoming into the next big opportunity.
Deutsche Bank, which facilitated the London meeting, invited Pradeep Kashyap of MART, an Indian consultancy specialising in emerging and rural markets, to make a presentation. Kashyap told the eclectic group that all they needed to do was to tap the village youth.
The same man had years ago helped FMCG major Hindustan Lever (now Hindustan Unilever) co-create Project Shakti to appoint women micro entrepreneurs among village self help groups as the company's salespersons. He was a strong believer in the concept of opinion makers such as the village headman or the quintessential postman to influence the villagers' buying decision. So, why was he now talking about the power of India's rural youth?
Part of the reason is the success of the government's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, which promised 100 days of guaranteed employment with an income of `100 a day. With 43 mn new jobs (1.82 billion new mandays), the village economy became a big draw for the village youth. Young people not only decided against migration, those who had already migrated began returning home. At the same time, better power scenario, good connectivity with the cities and access to communication facilities such as mobiles and satellite televisions improved not only the standard of life in far flung villages, but also increased awareness and enhanced aspiration levels. As a result, rural spending in the last three years quadrupled to a whopping `40,000 cr.
"The nature of the spending shows that the biggest driver of the economy is the youth. Young people are earning money, spending on their daily chores and are still left with enough disposable incomes. All that money is going, or will go, into buying vehicles, TVs, mobiles, FMCG products, clothes and a decent education for the next generation," says Sujit Nair, chief executive officer of Linterland, a rural marketing agency of Lowe Worldwide.
Take a look at the facts. The rural market already contributes more than half of FMCG and durables sales, 100% of agri-products sales, and nearly 40% of automobile sales. In the last few years, the biggest push to India's mobile telephony story has come from the hinterland where 175 million connections have been sold—and this is expected to rise to 440 million by 2012. Half of life insurance policies are also sold in India's villages.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Corporate-Trends//articleshow/6212016.cms
Debt-hit Vidarbha farmers stare at land loss
23 Jul 2010, 0426 hrs IST,ET BureauMUMBAI: Scores of farmers mired in debt in the arid cotton belt of Vidarbha in Maharashtra are close to losing their property rights, as the state-controlled Land Development Bank has kick-started the process to recover dues from them.
A top revenue ministry official said the process to recover loans by selling off land belonging to those farmers who have defaulted is "definitely on" and could start as early as July 23. SK Goel, principal secretary,
co-operation and marketing, declined comment.
It is now a well-accepted fact that mega loan amnesty schemes, such as the ` 71,000-crore waiver announced by the central government and the state's ` 6,240-crore loan waiver, excluded many farmers in the state. The waiver was applicable only for loans contracted from a government-backed institution. But in the hinterland, most farmers borrow from money lenders. Many of them could not avail of the amnesty schemes, as the eligibility was restricted to those having two hectares or below.
More-than-half of Vidarbha's 35-lakh farmers own more than two hectares and, therefore, according to the government scheme, can only obtain a loan waiver of 25% of their outstanding loan instead of a total write-off. These stiff terms for the loan waiver kept out a large number of farmers in the region.
Now, the state government wants to recover the remaining 75% of the loans that have not been paid back until now. "According to rules, the Land Development Bank needs to recover loans within five years from disbursement. More delay than the stipulated time makes it mandatory for the bank to recover its dues by selling the immovable assets, in this case, the land," an official associated with the exercise told ET.
He said necessary orders to take over the properties of farmers have been issued and the powers to take possession of defaulters' land have been vested with the respective district deputy registrars. "These officials have demanded police protection. This is being extended to complete the process," a Nagpur-based government official said.
The meeting convened by the district deputy registrars on Wednesday has finalised the process of loan recovery in the suicide-prone districts of Yavatmal, Akola, Washim, Wardha, Amaravati and Buldhana. "We are shocked to know about the loan recovery orders. It's inhuman for the state to begin forceful recovery by auctioning land property.
Nothing can be worse for the distressed farmers," said Kishore Tiwari, president Vidarbha Jan Andolan Samiti. The Samiti and other such organisations have decided to launch an agitation from Friday to oppose the state's loan recovery drive.
A top union agriculture ministry official, when asked to comment on the issue, admitted that the loan recovery process has been launched. "There is a motive behind it. The recovery drive will pressure the government to waive off the remaining portion of the loan too," he said.
US on Headley issue: Expect India to fulfil responsibility
With Indian officials going public with what LeT operative David Headley had told investigators, the US said it fully expects "both countries to live up to their respective responsibilities".Amid reports that the Obama administration was upset over Indian officials going into the details provided by Headley, State Department spokesman P J Crowley said the US values cooperation with India on combating terrorism but it places responsibility on both countries.
"We fully expect both countries to live up to their respective responsibilities," Crowley told reporters at his daily news conference.
Crowley was responding to a question about an Indian media report that stated that the US is upset about the statements coming out from senior Indian officials, revealing details of information the Mumbai terror suspect provided to Indian interrogators recently.
US not prepared to deal with a nuclear attack: Report
America's ability to deal with a nuclear attack has been eroded over the years and the country is woefully unprepared for any kind of nuclear attack, a Pentagon report has suggested.The report has urged the Defense Department to take steps to enhance nuclear survivability as terms its findings as a 'wake-up call' to Pentagon.
The threat of a nuclear exchange between Russia and the United States, that was rampant during the Cold War era, has receded with changing times. So has the US' capability to tackle the consequences of a nuclear attack, it said.
The United States no longer possesses the know-how to deal with an atomic assault, the study said, describing the lack of expertise as dangerous.
"The nation lacks a clear understanding of the response to nuclear radiation exposure," the report said.
"The technical expertise and infrastructure to help remedy the situation has decayed significantly. Investments in addressing nuclear survivability has declined precipitously," it laments.
It adds that the root cause of the situation lies in the "corporate point of view among the Department of Defense leadership" that has developed since the end of the Cold War about these matters.
The Pentagon study pointed out that a number of factors had contributed to the deterioration in such an ability, including the fact that since the First Gulf War the DOD has been focusing on building up conventional weapons, which had displaced the significance of nuclear deterrence.
"As a result... fewer and fewer military and civilian leaders have had experience with nuclear weapons and issues around them... and the downward spiral continues," it said.
The study warned that enhanced US capabilities in the conventional weapons arena may further push its enemies to adopt nuclear tactics and urged the DOD and the US government to change the prevailing indifference to nuclear deterrence.
"The task force also believes that this point of view is profoundly wrong and dangerous," it said.
"The task force is not sure how to change the mindset just described, other than to urge DOD leadership to heed the wake-up call that this report is intended to provide".
The report recommended that nuclear survivability should become a 'routine issue' for the leadership like it was in the Cold War era but in the present context of "horizontal proliferation by both state and non-state actors".
Blair's Iraq war 'gave Bin Laden his jihad,' claims ex MI5 Chief
Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair's order to go to war against Iraq in 2003 along with the United States 'gave Bin Laden his jihad,' claims the director-general of MI5 Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller."Arguably we gave Osama bin Laden his Iraqi jihad so that he was able to move into Iraq in a way that he was not before," she added.
Sky News quoted Manningham-Buller as telling the Lord Chilcot led Iraq Inquiry that the UK's involvement in Iraq gave "fresh impetus" to "home-grown" terrorists who saw the attack on Saddam Hussein as an attack on Islam.
"Our involvement in Iraq radicalised, for want of a better word, a whole generation of young people, not a whole generation, a few among a generation who saw our involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan as being an attack on Islam," she said.
She repeatedly warned ministers of the increased threat but was forced to ask for the MI5 budget to be doubled as a consequence, she told the inquiry.
"We were overburdened with intelligence on a broad scale that was pretty well more than we could cope with in terms of plots, leads to plots and things that we needed to pursue," she said.
The report also quoted him saying that invading Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein allowed al-Qaida to establish a foothold in Iraq which it had never previously managed.
Earlier, previous witnesses told the Inquiry that the 9/11 attacks prompted a steep change in American policy towards Iraq.
Manningham-Buller visited Washington on a number of occasions after the Twin Tower attacks and she told the Inquiry that she detected a split in opinion within US government departments.
She argued that the Government's analysis of a possible increased terror threat to the UK turned out to be correct, but disagreed with the idea that Saddam's possession of 'Weapons of Mass Destruction' (WMD) posed a threat to the nation.
"There is no credible intelligence to suggest that connection between 9/11 and Saddam. That was the judgment of the CIA. It was not a judgment that found favour in some parts of the American machine," she added. (ANI)
Farm sector may achieve 3-3.5 pc growth in 11th plan
India's farm sector is likely to grow by 3-3.5 per cent annually during the 11th Five-Year Plan ending 2011-12, lower than the target of four per cent, the Planning Commission said."The rate of growth in agriculture in the Eleventh Plan is likely to be better than in the Tenth Plan. However, it may not reach the target of four per cent per year and instead range between 3 to 3.5 per cent per year," according to a Commission's note for discussion in the National Development Council meeting on July 24.
The Plan Panel, however, noted that agriculture production in 2010-11 would be better compared to last year, when the crop was severely hit by the worst drought in 32 years.
The agriculture sector, which contributes 17 per cent to GDP and employs 60 per cent of the population, grew by 0.2 per cent in 2009-10 fiscal. In the first three year of the current plan period, the average growth was 2.2 per cent.
The Planning Commission emphasised on undertaking steps to increase production so that the four per cent growth target is "at least achieved in the Twelfth Plan period".
"Food Security will continue to be an important concern and we need to plan for growth in foodgrain production of around 2 to 2.5 per cent per year," the note said.
The allied sectors (including dairy and fisheries) will have to grow at 6-7 per cent, it added. Highlighting important steps taken in the last few years, Plan Panel said that greater efforts were needed to achieve the targeted growth. The Commission noted that bio-technology holds great potential for expanding agri-productivity, but it also "raises concerns about safety in connection with the introduction of GM technology in foods".
The panel suggested that it was essential to establish a regulatory system that will ensure that safety is not compromised.
"The central government should expedite the establishment of statutory Bio-technology Regulatory Board, with appropriate scientific expertise as quickly as possible," the note said. The panel asked states to pay more attention to agriculture development by strengthening research, extension system, state agri-universities and encouraging private sector in seed development.
Describing extension service as the "weakest link", the panel said states should strengthen the extension system. "It is not an exaggeration to say that the extension service has collapsed in most states with large unfilled vacancies and also poor accountability of personnel where they exist," the note said.
RBI, RIL to set tone for the Street; rally may go on
The RBI monetary policy review and Reliance results will set the tone for the Dalal Street this week, analysts said, while expressing optimism that the markets will continue the winning streak for the fourth week on back of strengthening fund inflows.
"Investor sentiment is upbeat and the Dalal Street may see hitting new highs this week. Tracking positive global cues, the market is likely to start the week in the green on Monday," CNI Research chairman and managing director Kishore P Ostwal told PTI. The coming week will be action-packed as the market will be closely watching the RBI policy announcement and the first quarter numbers of the Sensex heavyweight Reliance Industries, both of which are slated for Tuesday. So far, the earnings by most of the corporates have been in line with Street expectations brokers said, adding the market is expecting a good show by the country's largest corporate house on July 27.
Analysts say Reliance Industries' first quarter numbers on Tuesday will be a deciding factor for the markets and will decide the direction in the immediate short-term. According to the brokerage firm ICICIDirect, another key event is the monetary policy announcement by the Reserve Bank on Tuesday.
Any hike rate more than 25 basis points is likely to be a dampener for the markets, it said, adding the market has already factored in a 25 bps policy rate hike. However, most marketmen say they do not see a steep hike in the key policy rates. "We expect a 25 basis points hike in the lending and borrowing (repo and reverse repo) rates in the upcoming monetary policy review by the Reserve Bank," Birla SunLife chief investment officer Vikram Kotak said.
According to analysts, another key factor will be the monthly F&O settlement due Thursday, which is likely to be volatile. Besides, global cues are likely to be positive at least in the early part of the week as the result of the stress tests of European banks has come out without any shocks, say analysts.
Following the stress tests, wherein only seven out of the 91 European banks failed, the US and European markets closed in the green on Friday. The domestic market maintained the upward march and regained the 18,000 level after 30 months on the back of positive domestic sentiment and strong global cues. The positive momentum during the last three days of the week helped both indices to close at their highest levels since early February 2008. On a week-on-week basis, the BSE Sensex rose by nearly 1 per cent to close at 18,131.
This was visible in the foreign fund flows too. Overseas investors have infused over Rs 10,000 crore ($2.1 billion) so far this month into domestic stocks and analysts believe the inflow will continue. "FIIs are bullish about the India growth story and they will infuse more money in the coming weeks as well," Bonanza Portfolio assistant vice-president Avinash Gupta said.
NRI remittances leading to boom in wealth in villages
25 Jul 2010, 0702 hrs IST,Anirvan Ghosh,ET Bureau
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The secret is quite an open one, whether the village be in Punjab, Gujarat or Kerala. Remittances from their NRI sons and daughters have led to an unprecedented boom in wealth. In Kerala, near Thiruvalla, lies the Kumbanad-Kozhencheri belt which has a whopping `5,400 crore parked in bank deposits! In Karamsad village, remittances have topped `1,500 crore in banks and post offices.
Take the example of Kerala. Real estate development, the most visible sign of recent prosperity that provided jobs to 25 lakh people in the state is also roaring in Kochi after being hit by the Gulf crisis earlier this year.
Hoardings at city junctions announce the arrival of new luxury apartments, the kinds which are usually found in posh localities of metro cities. Big builders already have more plans.
"A lot of investment had been planned there on the basis of projected demand linked to the expansion of the technology parks, and in homes," says SN Raghuchandran Nair, president of the Confederation of Real Estate Developers. What has this done to villages? Well they look more like a wealthy suburb in a western country than an Indian village.
If this sounds unbelievable, wait till you hear about Asia's richest village. With remittances of over `5,000 crore, people in Madhapar in Gujarat's Kutch district, live life kingsize. Apart from cars like the Jaguar, or BMW 7-series, they are particularly enthused by the brand of cosmetics they use. Jadhavbhai Varsani, who runs a plush supermarket in the town, says that imported cosmetics, from L'Oreal to Dunhill and Diesel, sell like hot cakes.
Corporate social responsibility can cloak irresponsibility
25 Jul 2010, 0311 hrs IST,Swaminathan SA Aiyar,TNNTopics:
- BP
- Goldman Sachs
- British Petroleum
- CSR
- World Economic Forum
- Greenpeace
- Exxon
- ConocoPhillips
- Beyond Petroleum
*
Corporate leaders' musings on power
The Power List of Top 100 CEOs
India Inc's most powerful CEOs
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has long been a hot topic globally. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has lectured companies on it. Some corporations have won acclaim and awards for CSR.
Two of them were BP, the oil giant, and Goldman Sachs, the big investment bank. But BP has just created the greatest environmental disaster in history at its out-of-control Macondo deep-sea well, ruining bird and marine life as well as the livelihoods of fishermen and beach hotels. Goldman Sachs has just paid a whopping fine of $550 million for wrongful investment advice that trapped its clients.
They are, rightly, being castigated today. But this shows how shallow the CSR concept is, and how it can cloak cynicism and irresponsibility. Thomson-Reuters columnist Chrystia Freeland has called CSR "a fetish encouraged by the philanthropies that feed off it, and funded by the corporate executives who find that it serves their bottom line." Consumers have been willing to pay more and buy more from companies with a CSR halo. Now they should know better.
CSR award-winners have typically engaged in green activism and philanthropy. British Petroleum changed its name to plain BP, and launched a hugely successful image-building campaign, labeling itself "Beyond Petroleum." This showed BP as a green activist, with a new logo of a green and yellow sun.
The company boasted it was among the biggest producers of solar panels and wind power, but these accounted for barely 3% of its total business. "Beyond Petroleum" won two "Campaign of the Year" awards from PR Week, and a gold "Effie" award from the American Marketing Association. BP funded green causes and won green plaudits, brushing aside accusations of "greenwashing" by Greenpeace.
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Fortune magazine has an annual corporate accountability rating for CSR. BP topped the Fortune list in 2004, 2005 and 2007, and came second in 2006. In 2007, BP China won the "The Most Responsible Enterprise" award organized by China News Weekly and the Chinese Red Cross Foundation (CRCF). It also won the Corporate Citizenship Award for Chinese enterprises several times. BP won the 2007 Prime Minister's CSR award in Malaysia for aiding a turtle sanctuary.
All this CSR was mere image-manship by a company with a horrendous record of cutting corners and neglecting safety. In 2005, a poorly maintained BP refinery exploded in Texas, killing 15 and injuring 180. In 2007, a BP pipeline, corroded through neglect, leaked 200,000 gallons of crude into the pristine Alaskan wilderness. The company paid a fine of $303 million to settle a charge that it had conspired to manipulate the price of propane gas.
According to the Center for Public Integrity, Washington, BP refineries in Ohio and Texas in the last three years ran up 760 "egregious, willful" safety violations, while rivals Sunoco and ConocoPhillips each had eight, Citgo had two and Exxon had one comparable citation. So, BP accounted for 97% of all corporate refinery violations.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Company/Corporate-Trends/Corporate-social-responsibility-can-cloak-irresponsibility/articleshow/6212519.cmsCorporate
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Making government policies more palatable
25 Jul 2010, 0028 hrs IST,Mythili Bhusnurmath,ET Bureau
A majority of the public in the European Union's five largest countries disagree with their governments' decision to let budget deficits rise in order to combat the financial crisis, says a recent Financial Times-Harris poll. Asked if public spending cuts were necessary to help long-term economic recovery, 84% of the French, 71 % of Spaniards, 69% of Britons, 67 % of Germans and 61 % of Italians answered, yes!
In the US, 73 % of Americans agreed. Most seemed to understand that fiscal prudence, even if it meant fewer freebies today, would be in their long-term interest. And they were willing to make that trade-off even though cost-cutting was likely to push up unemployment and affect living standards adversely. And, surprise, surprise, they agreed high budget deficits and subsequent spending cuts call for a re-examination of Europe's generous welfare state.
You read that once. And you read it again; this time more slowly, just to ensure your eyes are not playing any tricks on you. Then, having made sure you read it right first time you scratch your head and wonder. Why are Europeans so willing to have their governments cut back on freebies when Indians, even middle-class Indians who don't need handouts, just can't seem to have enough? Witness the loud protests when the government recently withdrew some of the freebies (oil subsidies) that they've been enjoying for so long. And undeservedly!
Short-term pain for long-term gain! That's a trade off even children understand. Finish your homework then you can go to play is something most of us grew up hearing and, in turn, tell our children now. Yet when it comes to public policy issues, more particularly issues of public spending, the average Indian just doesn't seem to get it.
While the FT/Harris poll finding may be partly due to higher public awareness after the debt crisis seriously endangered the eurozone, the contrast with India could not be starker. Unlike the European public that seems to understand that if governments focus only on the short-term without keeping an eye on the long-term consequences of their actions, the burden will ultimately fall on ordinary people, the public in India seems to have little or no appreciation of ground realities. Even the educated middle class wants the government to spend more and more, as though there is some bottomless pit from which it can draw resources indefinitely. What explains this inability to appreciate the consequences of fiscal profligacy; to accept some hardship in the short-term in order to improve our prospects, long-term?Bharti, Wal-Mart may have to restructure partnership
24 Jul 2010, 1145 hrs IST,Sruthijith KK,ET Bureau
Topics:- Sunil Bharti Mittal
- Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion
- Bharti Retail
- Bharti Enterprises
- Walmart Private Ltd
- Bharti Ventures
- Bharti Walmart Private Ltd
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Foreign investment is not allowed in multi-brand retail.
→ Marks and Spencer Reliance India to open 15-stores in 2 years
In a letter dated April 26 to the finance ministry, Bharti Ventures' group general counsel wrote: "We respectfully submit that both these conditions are arbitrary and discriminate against companies in the same group, besides not being practical...".
ET reported on July 8 that the finance ministry has recommended scrapping of the "internal use" clause, but the 25% cap on the volume of trade is likely to stay.
Bharti Enterprises vice-chairman Rajan Mittal, however, was optimistic that the government will change the policy. "We have requested the government that this policy be changed because it is irrational. Why should trade between group companies be limited?" he said.
He did not say what path the two companies would adopt, should the government persist with the policy. "We will cross the bridge when it comes to that."
Indra Nooyi, Arundhati Roy among world's 30 most inspiring women: Forbes
BOSTON: India-born head of PepsiCo, Indra Nooyi and author Arundhati Roy have been named by Forbes among the world's 30 most inspiring women, a list that also features Mother Teresa, Oprah Winfrey and Hillary Clinton.
"Role models mean different things to different people--some of us look for guidance in business, some in our personal lives, some of us strive to make the world a better place each day, some admire trailblazers," Forbes said.
Activist Roy comes in third on the list while Nooyi ranks 10.
The '30 Utterly Inspiring Role Models' list has been compiled by ForbesWoman.
The publication reached out to communities on Facebook and Twitter to determine the most motivating women in the world.
Media Mogul Oprah Winfrey, who was named the Most Powerful Celebrity by Forbes last month, leads the pack for the most inspirational role model.
"Winfrey's role model status extends beyond her professional career; her philanthropic work, including the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, is just as inspiring," Forbes said.
Others named in the list include actor Angelina Jolie, former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, First lady Michelle Obama and author JK Rowling.
On Rowling, Forbes said, "As a single mother, Rowling took writing stories about a young wizard in a coffee shop and built one of the top-earning literary franchises ever, inspiring movies that have grossed more than $5 billion, spin-off books, theme parks and more".
Also on the list is Melinda Gates, who has "inspired many by her generosity and pledged more than $650 million to public schools through The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
"Their personal histories, outlooks and missions may be different, but each role model sets an example of how to be the best women we possibly can be," the publication said.
Obama and oil spill: Lessons from corporate world
As chief executive officer of America Inc, Barack Obama has walked the factory floor when it comes to managing the federal response to the Gulf oil spill, going directly to front-line workers. He's used wiles respected in the boardroom in wringing a $20 billion commitment from BP. But what was that talk about kicking butt? That's so assembly line Ford Motor Co, circa 1930. And why on Earth did it take him so long to talk to BP's chief?
A real CEO would have had Tony Hayward on the phone in a New York minute.
The president is not, of course, the head of a company. He's accountable to the public in ways a chief executive is not to shareholders. Governance and politics differ from effective corporate management while sharing certain qualities. But everyone wants to see the get-it-done ethic of the business world play out in the Gulf of Mexico and in the often confused lines of federal authority. A temporary cap on the ruptured well has held since it was attached on July 15; a permanent fix is expected in August. Since the BP-leased Deepwater Horizon rig exploded on April 20, between 94 million and 184 million gallons have leaked into the Gulf.
The Gulf calamity, like the presidency itself, is a crash course in executive management for a man who came to office with no such experience to speak of. How's he doing? A mix of real-world CEOs and business theorists interviewed by The Associated Press sketched out qualities of a corporate executive and judged Obama by them:
Text: Agencies
Images: Agencies, Gettyimages
ET Features
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http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/6212840.cms
The economics of aloo, pyaaz and pulses of the nation
25 Jul 2010, 0744 hrs IST,Abheek Barman,TNN
Eleven days ago, June's inflation numbers became available at noon . They were a shocker: prices had jumped 10.55% on June 2009. More important, prices had been rising by more than 10% for five months in a row, starting February.
And yet, finance minister Pranab Mukherjee seemed unperturbed. Just days ago, he told the media he was confident that inflation would halve by year-end. Could he be right?
"Food inflation is largely under control," says Planning Commission member Saumitra Chaudhuri, "It's manufacturing prices that are driving inflation today and I expect those to cool off by October."
Here's what the numbers say: between May and June, food inflation fell by just under 1% largely because sugar prices dropped by more than 5%. But if you're shopping and find the price of mangoes and gobhi shockingly high, that impression is correct enough because fruit and vegetable prices shot up by 11% between March and April.
Milton Friedman, who won the economics Nobel in 1976 once said, "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." In other words, the only way you could have prices going up is when too much money is chasing too few goods. No two economists agree on anything, so it's been a contested statement, but on Tuesday, India's central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) might test out Friedman's hypothesis.
One way to rein in the amount of money coursing through the economy is to raise interest rates, which could encourage folks to put their money in banks rather than keep it in circulation. The RBI has already raised rates this year. If it does so again this month, it'll suck some cash out of the system.
It's already cut down on the rate at which it supplies money to the system. In June, money supply grew by the lowest for a year, just 14.5%. If you think that's high, remember the recent peak was a staggering 20.2% in August 2009.
But the second part of the inflation story, the one that hits us in the gut, is when food prices start heating up. In India, the price of food doesn't follow Friedman's simple money supply driven rule; it takes convoluted paths, many driven by government policies.
For the major foodgrains, the government sets a minimum support price (MSP) at which it's bound to buy from farmers. Till 2008, these prices were jacked up repeatedly, encouraging farmers to grow more wheat and rice than other crops. Among others, the cultivation of sugarcane and many kinds of pulses fell, points out Pronab Sen, principal advisor to the Planning Commission.
But dal is the principal protein in many Indian homes and as demand grew steadily, supplies stagnated. There's a limit to how much India can import because no other country eats, and grows, dal the way we do.
In an effort to get farmers back to growing dal, the government recently hiked its support prices. This could help, but the trouble is that unlike foodgrain, the government doesn't commit to buying dal, so the support price stays a notional one, for farmers to aspire to and traders to pay if they can't get anything cheaper.India ranks low in economic freedom: Report
Factors like high level of corruption, poor investment norms and high inflation among others have made India one of the least economically free countries in the world, a report on Friday said.
According to an annual repor, Index of Economic Freedom, released here today by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal, India is ranked 124 in the world when it comes to economic freedom.
Interestingly, other BRIC nations--Brazil, Russia and China have also fallen in the category of 'mostly unfree' nations with ranks 113, 143 and 140 respectively.
Hong Kong has got the highest ranking in the list whereas North Korea remained as the most 'repressed' country, implying least economic freedom, at 179th position, the survey said.
The report observed that India's tax rates and inflation have been relatively high, with inflation averaging 7.7 per cent between 2006 and 2008. Early this year, another survey conducted by the Foundation had ranked India at 85th out of 179 countries in terms of corruption.
"India is no doubt considered as a hot destination for FDI...which has improved over the years. But when it comes to economic freedom it fares badly. It is due to issues like high level of corruption and poor investment freedom," Heritage Foundation's Director of Foreign Policy and Defence Studies, Kim R Holmes, told reporters here today.
Commenting on the survey, Holmes said that there should be a level playing field for the companies to do business, a free trading system and transparency in government procedures to achieve economic freedom.Market
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Use grain stocks to rein in prices: EAC
24 Jul 2010, 0316 hrs IST,ET Bureau
NEW DELHI: The prime minister's economic advisory council, or EAC, has underlined the urgent need to have an effective policy for managing the supply and prices of wheat and rice, as well as cotton, agri commodities that were brought into sharp focus last year.
Such policy intervention, in addition to a "normal" monsoon, is likely to ease supply position and price expectations through the current year, stabilising food prices in general. However, the EAC acknowledges that food price inflation remains at "unacceptably high levels" although it found an "improvement in the situation" in respect of food prices, especially food grains and sugar. Inflation in food articles is over 12%.
On the grain front, the panel has recommended leveraging "more than comfortable" public stocks to the optimum to sustain a gradual release into the open market, both for bulk and retail consumers, through the 2010-11 to keep food prices in check. The releases should necessarily be at lower than market rates, especially since higher than open market rates were the key reason for low offtake thus far on the OMSS for bulk users. States too had found the rates too high. Over a longer term, it has said, the stability in farm produce supply should also be sustained through adequate returns through fair support prices to producers.
In addition, it suggested states should be allowed to sell OMSS retail grain releases through the public distribution system, or PDS. However, using PDS as the sole means of grain distribution could be another key reason why offtake has been low thus far. In view of this, it suggests developing additional distribution channels at the state level.
The principal contributing factor to inflation in manufactured food products through 2009-10 was the price of sugar. This category, including sugar, will see inflation drop sharply in 2010-11. However, price pressure in manufactured goods was likely to continue to remain high, the Council has said.
For pulses, prices of which have remained at a steady high through last year, the Council has pinned the entire burden of price de-escalation on hopes of a good monsoon this summer.
"Output is expected to be higher in the 2010-11 kharif season on account of special efforts taken and also more favourable rainfall conditions and this is expected to take the edge off prices, especially in arhar/tur," it contends. In the case of cotton, the Council has emphasized that policy for 2010-11 must find an "even balance" between the grower and the domestic user and that exports targets for the next year should be fixed at the end of the previous year on the basis of estimated production, domestic use by industry and availability for exports. Cotton was transferred from the OGL list to the restricted list in May 2010 and exports were allowed only under license by the DGFT subsequently.
The targets for exports should be relaxed only if home prices fall below a threshold level, it says, urging the government to resort to duty levy rather than imposing a de facto physical ban. The former would be consistent with WTO regulations.
Interestingly, the suggestion on public food grain stocks is a deviation, if not a U-turn, from the suggestions of the Abhijit Sen's expert panel on a long term foodgrain policy in 2002. That panel had suggested de-escalation of food stocks with the government besides reducing the powers of the FCI. It also maintained that high and politically-propelled support rates for crops compelled farmers to sell to the government and reduce demand.
Mobile telephony has begun enhance agricultural productivity: Study
22 Jul 2010, 2229 hrs IST,Prabha Jagannathan,ET Bureau
NEW DELHI: The first ever paper to look at the impact of farm information-enabled mobile telephony on small farmers has concluded that while it has begun to enhance agricultural productivity at different levels, it needs significant improvements in order to achieve full productivity-enhancing potential.
Erratic services and irrelevant information dominate at present, instead. Among the states studied (the relevant services are not available countrywide yet), small farmers from Maharashtra (income between Rs 12-17,000/month) reported the highest use of their phones to access information, leading to diverse benefits.
These included yield improvements, price realisation and better adjustment of supply to market demand. They could also afford more personalised services and superior text messages.
In contrast, benefits were limited only to improvement in yields among low income farmers of UP and Rajasthan. Awareness on the range of customer support service provided in these states was low, restricting two-way communication. Significant improvements in supporting infrastructure and capacity building amongst farmers are critical, the study Socio-economic Impact of Mobile Phones on Indian Agriculture contends.
Small and marginal farmers, who are the vast majority of 127.3 million cultivators in India, are often unable to consistently access information that could increase yields and lead to better prices for crops. A 2005 NSSO survey found that only 40% of farmer households accessed information about agricultural techniques and inputs. Authors Surabhi Mittal et al conclude that mobiles are still primarily used for social purposes. If tipping point to amplify the impact of mobile phones on productivity and farm revenues is to be reached, greater customisation and frequent updating should first add substantial value to services.
One key takeaway from the study : For a true revolution to occur, farmers must get information at a time and place of their choosing. Rarely do these sources provide the farmer with access to consistent, reliable, updated information that is tailored for his use. Further, no single source was able to provide the breadth of information required by the farmer through the demands of the farm cycle, the study contends, the study says.
Takeaway 2: There are many takers for localised weather/rainfall reports.
Takeaway 3: input dealers still work as crucial information purveyors, making sense for government policy to tap into this.
That farmers benefit from the introduction of mobile-enabled information services is borne out by the increasing number of subscribers to these services. But despite owning less than 5 acres of land, the study found, small farmers remained parched for customised information on many subjects including new and short duration crops, when to sow, new cropping methods, application of fertilisers, market price information etc. This, although mobile communication is a highly personalised mode of information access.
Small farmers, prioritised weather, plant protection (disease/pest control), seed information and market prices as the most important issues. Close to 90% of UP and Rajasthan farmers studied ranked seed information as the highest priority while over 70% cited market prices as most important.
National News
Get a gift you love
HT - 08:30 PM
Mumbai, July 25 -- What can be more tedious for a just married couple than wondering what to do with the four casseroles, two wall clocks and ceramic figurines that they've just been gifted? Fortunately, you can now decide what you'd like to receive at your wedding.
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- Chhari Mubarak taken to Amarnath shrine todayANI - 08:15 PM
- Lord Shiva's holy mace or Chhari Mubarak will be carried to the cave shrine of Amarnath from the Shanakaracharya Temple in Srinagar on Sunday through the traditional Pahalgam route.
- Women accuse CRPF personnel of sexual harassmentANI - 08:15 PM
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- Guru Poornima celebrated across IndiaANI - 08:15 PM
- Thousands of devotees flocked various religious places across India on Sunday to offer their prayers on the occasion of Guru Poornima.
- Amit shah surfaces, surrenders to CBIANI - 08:15 PM
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Politics
- Nearly 68,000 elected representatives take oath in HaryanaIANS - 08:06 PM
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- Bomb explodes as Bangkok votes, wounding eightReuters - 06:58 PM
- A bomb exploded in Bangkok on Sunday, wounding at least eight people, as the city voted in a by-election that could signal whether recent unrest has changed Thailand's political landscape.
- Rain keeps people away from BJP's protest marchIANS - 07:26 PM
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- Shah joins other accused in Sabarmati jailIANS - 07:19 PM
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- Opposition demands discussion on price riseIANS - 07:14 PM
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- Rs 7.5 lakh snatchedHT - 01:35 PM
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While addressing a meeting of the National Development Council (NDC) in New Delhi on Saturday Indian Prime Minister,Manmohan Singh has asked state chiefs to strengthen the agricultural sector to ...ANI - Sat, Jul 24
View: Headlines Only | Include Summaries | Include Photos- Amit Shah's resignation has come too late: ...
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- 80 children fall sick after consumption of ...ANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Around 80 students fell sick after consumption of reported unhygienic midday meal at a government school in Pune on Friday.
- Floods wreak havoc in various parts of Uttar ...ANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Normal life in various parts of Uttar Pradesh has been badly hit as many areas experienced flood or flood like situation on Friday due to incessant rainfall.
- Anamika Khanna and JJ Valaya shine on fourth ...ANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Top designers Anamika Khanna and JJ Valaya showcased modish traditional Indian wear and western wear with Indian craft on the fourth day of Delhi Couture Week in New Delhi on Friday.
- Narendra Modi lashes out at congress,says ...
ANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Gujarat Chief Minster Narendra Modi finally broke his silence on Saturday and slammed Congress for allegedly using CBI against his minister Amit Shah and fabricating false charges against him.
- Six militants surrender in ManipurANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Six hardcore militants, belonging to three banned militant outfits, surrendered before the top brass of the state police in Manipur on Friday.
- Wipro Q1 profit rises up to 31%ANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Wipro, India's third largest IT Company, saw its net profit grow by 31% to Rs 1,319 crore in the quarter ended June 30, 2010.
- India, US ink counter-terror pactANI - Sat, Jul 24
- In a major boost to the relations between India and United States of America, both countries signed a Counter-Terror Cooperation agreement in New Delhi on Friday.
- Inflation would ease to 7-8% by December: C ...ANI - Sat, Jul 24
- Ahead of the Reserve Bank of India's monetary policy, scheduled for July 27, C. Rangarajan, the chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council on Friday called for strong monetary ...
- Maoists kill former 'Salwa Judum' leaderANI - Fri, Jul 23
- Maoists killed a former leader of the 'Salwa Judum', the local militia in Gunlapanta area of Bijapur in Chhattisgarh.
- Women BSF guards to be part of retreat ...ANI - Fri, Jul 23
- Females entered yet another hitherto foray of male as female BSF constables would become part of The Retreat ceremony at the Wagah Border For the first time female constables have been trained ...
- RJD flays Nitish Kumar over lathi charge on ...ANI - Fri, Jul 23
- RJD supremo Lalu Prasad accused Nitish Kumar on Friday for coordinating a murderous attack against protesting members his party.
- Petrol pump strike in west Bengal,people ...ANI - Fri, Jul 23
- Around 2,000 petrol pump dealers across West Bengal called for a 24 hour strike on Friday to protest the irrational policies of the major oil companies in the country.
- Heavy rains wreak havoc in various parts of IndiaANI - Fri, Jul 23
- The unpredictable nature of monsoon has shown its face once again.
- BJP decides to skip PM lunchANI - Fri, Jul 23
- BJP on Friday refused Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's invitation for lunch ahead of the Monsoon session of Parliament, apparently angry over the CBI summoning Gujarat Home Minister Amit Shah in ...
- An Affair to Remember collection rules third ...ANI - Fri, Jul 23
- The third day of the Couture Week showcased 'An Affair to Remember' collection in New Delhi on Thursday.
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Opinions and Editorials
Efforts off track
IE - 05:12 AM
The breakdown in diplomatic talks between India and Pakistan in Islamabad is despite the best efforts of interested third parties, most notably the US. In the last six months, funds for Track Two diplomacy through journalists, retired bureaucrats and academics have increased manifold.
View: Headlines Only | Include Summaries | Include Photos
- Art magnifies imagination IE - 05:12 AM
- History has documented different eras that have taken business forward. Technology advancement in the 19th century established the mechanical age, the 20th century belonged to electronic technology while the 21st century is proving to be based on digital technology. Last week, I'd touched upon musical breakthroughs in different eras that contributed to business success.
- India needs new politics IE - 05:12 AM
- India is adrift. Worrisomely adrift. This is not because of any widespread social unrest or destabilising economic problems. Discontent in society there certainly is. Grievances due to the country's unbalanced economic growth there certainly are and they are mounting. But the lack of direction is primarily due to the stagnant state of Indian politics.
- A very rough guide to India IE - 05:12 AM
- Dear David Cameron, This is your first trip as British Prime Minister though I know you have been to India before.
- A case of exploding mangoes IE - 05:12 AM
- There is much about American policy in South Asia that is mysterious and mystifying but Hillary Clinton's offer to help Pakistan sell its mangoes is about as mysterious as it gets.
- 'There is no point in the PM saying Naxalism is a grave situation. What are you doing as PM? IE - 05:12 AM
- Seema Chishti: What is the difference between the BJP you left and the one you have rejoined?
- I didn't leave the party, I was required to exit—and I was invited back. I am very touched by both Advaniji and Nitin Gadkari's gesture. Advaniji was very gracious. He called me to inquire whether I would even talk to him. The new president of the party, Nitin Gadkari, came to my house.
- Surrogate practice FE - 03:03 AM
- The move to allow international audit firms to carry out audits in India apparently gives an impression to the general readers that these firms are not operating in India at the moment.
- A Dream IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Post-Inception, dreams are totally cool. So, I will abandon my inhibition and write about a dream I frequently have.
- Pulses heartbeat IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Crops are grown outside our towns. Anger over food prices grows in our towns. Put these two facts together, and you can figure out exactly how divorced, sometimes, the justifiable concern about food inflation is from the cold realities of agriculture.
- Three clever by half IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Just about a few months back ('Pak daydream, wake-up call', IE, March 20) I had written that the Pakistani establishment suffers from periodic bursts of delusion, about once in eight years or so.
- Feeding both the prisoner and the jailer IE - Sat, Jul 24
- I was intrigued to see several recent calls for bids by the US Agency for International Development for programmes that would, among other things, train young Arabs how to better use the Internet and other digital technologies for political activism, advocacy, greater transparency and accountability, and other such democratic practices.
- Politics of slight IE - Sat, Jul 24
- The omens for the monsoon session of Parliament are clear. On Friday, senior BJP leaders pleaded their inability to keep a luncheon appointment with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, citing the CBI summons to Gujarat Home Minister Amit Shah.
- The arithmetic of dal, atta and rice IE - Sat, Jul 24
- During the last six months, much debate has focused on the "price rise" in agricultural commodities, especially in the price of food.
- Unveiling the truth IE - Sat, Jul 24
- It would not be entirely correct to assume that the animated discussion these days on the subject of the burqa necessarily reflects a concern for the rights of Muslim women.
- Printline pakistan IE - Sat, Jul 24
- Hillary comes visiting
- US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was in Pakistan this week. The News reported on July 18: "Clinton called for 'additional steps' from Pakistan against terrorism... Should an attack against the US be traced to Pakistan, it would have a very devastating impact on our relationship,' she added.
- The dream lives IE - Sat, Jul 24
- It started as a dare. When MIT Media Lab visionary Nicholas Negroponte promised to bring affordable computing to children in developing countries with the One Laptop Per Child project, India's HRD ministry rejected the idea. We didn't need the largesse, because we had the smarts and economies of scale to make a $10 laptop, it claimed.
- Keeping up the acts IE - Sat, Jul 24
- The monsoon session of Parliament will be held from July 26 to August 27. The UPA government has not been able to meet its legislative targets in the last couple of sessions.
- Duping Uncle Sam IE - Sat, Jul 24
- In the three Indo-Pak wars, the only beneficiary from the American perspective is their military-industrial complex.
- FE Editorial : Sound banking FE - Sat, Jul 24
- Banks are posting robust results in the quarter ended June this year, largely on the back of strong credit growth, led in particular by the telecom sector.
- Behind the curve? FE - Sat, Jul 24
- Reserve Bank of India's credit policy is due later this month. The latest data for industrial production and prices released in July will make RBI's policy dilemma worse. Industrial production declined in May while core inflation rose sharply.
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Rural markets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help by adding relevant internal links, or by improving the article's layout. (July 2010) Rural Markets are defined as those segments of overall market of any economy, which are distinct from the other types of markets like stock market, commodity markets or Labor economics. Rural Markets constitute an important segment of overall economy, for example, in the USA, out of about 3000 countries, around 2000 counties are rural, that is, non-urbanized, with population of 55 million. Typically, a rural market will represent a community in a rural area with a population of 2500 to 30000[1].
[edit] Significance
In recent years, rural markets have acquired significance in countries like China and India, as the overall growth of the economy has resulted into substantial increase in the purchasing power of the rural communities. On account of the green revolution in India, the rural areas are consuming a large quantity of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this context, a special marketing strategy, namely, rural marketing has taken shape. Sometimes, rural marketing is confused with agricultural marketing – the later denotes marketing of produce of the rural areas to the urban consumers or industrial consumers, whereas rural marketing involves delivering manufactured or processed inputs or services to rural producers or consumers. Also, when we consider the scenario of India and China, there is a picture that comes out,huge market for the developed products as well as the labor support. This has led to the change in the mindset of the marketers to move to these parts of the world.
Also rural market is getting an importance because of the saturation of the urban market. As due to the competition in the urban market, the market is more or so saturated as most of the capacity of the purchasers have been targeted by the marketers.So the marketers are looking for extending their product categories to an unexplored market i.e. the rural market. This has also led to the CSR activities being done by the corporate to help the poor people attain some wealth to spend on their product categories. Here we can think of HLL (now, HUL) initiatives in the rural India. One of such project is the Project Shakti, which is not only helping their company attain some revenue but also helping the poor women of the village to attain some money which is surely going to increase their purchasing power. Also this will increase their brand loyalty as well as recognition in that area. Similarly we can think of the ITC E-Chaupal, which is helping the poor farmers get all the information about the weather as well as the market price of the food grains they are producing.In other view these activities are also helping the companies increase their brand value. So as it is given above the significance of the rural market has increased due to the saturation of the urban market as well as in such conditions the company which will lead the way will be benefited as shown by the success of HUL and ITC initiatives.
[edit] Strategies
This article or section appears to have been copied and pasted from a source, possibly in violation of a copyright.
Please edit this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attribute free content correctly. Follow the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. Remove this template after editing. (April 2010)Dynamics of rural markets differ from other market types, and similarly rural marketing strategies are also significantly different from the marketing strategies aimed at an urban or industrial consumer. This, along with several other related issues, have been subject matter of intense discussions and debate in countries like India and China and focus of even international symposia organized in these countries[2].
Rural markets and rural marketing involve a number of strategies, which include:
- Client and location specific promotion
- Joint or cooperative promotion..
- Bundling of inputs
- Management of demand
- Developmental marketing
- Unique selling proposition (USP)
- Extension services
- Business ethics
- Partnership for sustainability
Client and Location specific promotion involves a strategy designed to be suitable to the location and the client.
Joint or co-operative promotion strategy involves participation between the marketing agencies and the client.
'Bundling of inputs' denote a marketing strategy, in which several related items are sold to the target client, including arrangements of credit, after-sale service, and so on.
Management of demand involve continuous market research of buyer's needs and problems at various levels so that continuous improvements and innovations can be undertaken for a sustainable market performance.
Developmental marketing refer to taking up marketing programmes keeping the development objective in mind and using various managerial and other inputs of marketing to achieve these objectives.
Media, both traditional as well as the modern media, is used as a marketing strategy.
Unique Selling Propositions (USP) involve presenting a theme with the product to attract the client to buy that particular product. For examples, some of famous Indian Farm equipment manufactures have coined catchy themes, which they display along with the products, to attract the target client, that is the farmers. English version of some of such themes would read like:
- The heartbeats of rural India
- With new technique for a life time of company
- For the sake of progress and prosperity
Extension Services denote, in short, a system of attending to the missing links and providing the required know-how.
Ethics in Business. form, as usual, an important plank for rural markets and rural marketing.
Partnership for sustainability involve laying and building a foundation for continuous and long lasting relationship.
'''Building sustainable market linkages for rural products: Industry's role, scope, opportunities and challenges'''
Introduction: Rural products of India are unique, innovative and have good utility and values. Large number of these rural products (like handicraft items, food products, embroidery, clothes & other products) sustains a significant segment of the population in the rural areas. Several attributes of rural products can be identified, for which, it has a demand in the market. Out of the lots, 'ethnic origin' and 'indigenous design & appearance' are two traits of rural products, attracting a premium in the market. But, contrary to this, the non-uniformity of rural products (from one another) and lack of its quality control measures has been creating a negative demand. Besides, the small sized and dispersed production units of these rural products hinder realization of the economies of scale in marketing and result in high transaction costs per unit of output. Niche-based products have no local market. Products in local use are also not marketed horizontally; they often first travel down to market through a long chain of intermediaries and then up to more difficult locations in the rural areas. In the process, the people in rural areas suffer from both low prices as producers and high prices as consumers. In this conflict, rural products loss its equilibrium and the supply side becomes exponentially high. Because of this hazard, rural entrepreneurs face acute economic loss and rural markets become stagnant. Therefore, there is an emergent need for Building sustainable market linkages for rural products, so that, it can be connected to larger markets and farmers can get a sustainable livelihood.
Market linkages for rural products: There are, broadly speaking, three ways in which they can be connected to the markets. They can do it on their own — through cooperatives. Or, the state can do it for them — through its procurement engines. Stages one and two, in a manner of speaking. Today, developmental thinking on market linkages has reached stage three — linkages through companies or industries. Rural markets are regarded as organizations for marketing of non-farm products in a traditional setting. Developing rural markets is one of the major concerns of government and Non-governmental organization in India. This subject has attracted large number of research studies over past. Among which noted contributions are made by Rajagopal, PhD, FRSA; faculty members of Institute of Rural Management Anand, IIMA and others.
Across India, previous attempts to create such linkages have floundered. Take Assam and other eastern states itself. Around the Eighties, the state government here decided that cooperatives were a great way to consolidate its political base. Loans went to the undeserving. Debts were written off. The institutions slowly got corrupted. As for the linkages provided by the state, these offer uncertain sustainability. Given this context, one can conclude that profit-oriented industry linkages are a more sustainable, more scalable alternative. In this scenario, companies can use the social infrastructure (the self help group et al.) as an alternative procurement and distribution chain and vise versa.
Industry's role in building market linkages: To make an effective market linkage, industries have to play as an engine of market, which can generate a brand image of the rural products. This initiative of industries will also strengthen the backward and forward linkages of the rural market, besides, accelerating the innovations of the rural products. Definitely, this strategy will also give a remarkable dividend to the industries & profit making companies. In micro level, it is observed that to create a sustainable market linkage for rural products, industries can develop an ecosystem of Self Help Groups (SHGs) by involving the local communities through village level empowerment. It is nothing less than the next phase in the democratization of commerce. Under this paradigm, industries can create a network with viable marketing channels covering all the linkages from villages to the global level. This architecture provides the right value of procurement through the village procurement centres and rural entrepreneurs can sell their products faster with better price realization. This model is also capable of generating a consumer business and an output business in a win-win scenario, where rural producers can get a wide marketing horizon and the industries shall get a new, lower cost 'salesforce'. Another role of industries in building market linkages for agro-based rural products can be the 'dynamic contract farming'. If a conventional industry can kick off a contract farming business, and export niche horticulture crops like cucumbers, the small and marginal farmers who could grow these small cucumbers would make Rs 30,000 in profits in a year. KRBL, one of India's largest basmati exporters, has contract farming agreements with 24,000 farmers; Global Green buys from about 12,000 farmers. Moreover, in the current era of information technology, industry and private companies can also creatively use ICT for building sustainable marketing linkages. This approach creatively leverages information technology (IT) to set up a meta-market in favour of small and poor producers/rural entrepreneurs, who would otherwise continue to operate and transact in 'unevolved' markets where the rent-seeking vested interests exploit their disadvantaged position. ITC e Choupal is the best example in this context. Through creative use of Information Technology, ITC eChoupal has been creating sustainable stakeholder value by reorganizing the agri-commodity supply chains simultaneously improving the competitiveness of small farmer agriculture and enhancing rural prosperity. eChoupal also sidesteps the value-sapping problems caused by fragmentation, dispersion, heterogeneity and weak infrastructure. ITC takes on the role of a Network Orchestrator in this meta-market by stitching together an end-to-end solution. It eliminated the traditional 'mandi' system which involved lot of middlemen as a result of which farmers failed to get the right value for their produce. The solution simultaneously addresses the viability concerns of the participating companies by virtually aggregating the demand from thousands of small farmers, and the value-for-money concerns of the farmers by creating competition among the companies in each leg of the value chain.
Scope & opportunities: The basic scope of this novel initiative will be the mutual benefits of the rural entrepreneurs and industries. The entrepreneurs – primary beneficiaries, SHGs – bridge with the community, participating companies/industries and rural consumers have befitted through a robust commercial relationship. These models of marketing linkages demonstrate a large corporation which can play a major role in reorganizing markets and increasing the efficiency of a rural product generation system. While doing so it will benefit farmers and rural communities as well as shareholders. Moreover, the key role of information technology—provided and maintained by the industry/company for building linkages, and used by local farmers—brings about transparency, increased access to information, and rural transformation. Besides, this strategy of market linkage, addresses the challenges faced by rural entrepreneurs due to institution voids, numerous intermediaries and infrastructure bottlenecks. Moreover, the prime scope of this model is the creation of opportunities for the rural entrepreneurs for product differentiation and innovation by offering them choices. Because of this sustainable market linkages, rural producers can participate in the benefits of globalization and will also develop their capacity to maintain global quality standard. Nonetheless, it creates new stakeholders for the industry sector. And subsequently, they become part of the firms' core businesses. The involvement of the private /industry sector at the rural product and market development can also provide opportunities for the development of new services and values to the customers, which will find application in the developed markets. It will be worth mentioning that building a sustainable market linkage through industry's intervention will also empower the rural mass (producers, farmers & entrepreneurs) to cope with socio-economic problems in the rural society and will ensure economic self –reliance.
Challenges: There are significant challenges to the entire process the most important being the capacity building of the rural entrepreneurs. For decades, the entrepreneurs associated with very conventional/traditional knowledge of business, humiliation with government, so they are likely to look at these initiatives with skepticism. Only consistent performance can convince the skeptics. Therefore, the industries must play a catalytic role to cope with this challenge and should also train the entrepreneurs to develop their managerial and IT skills. On the other hand, the products of the existing and popular brand also stand as threat to the rural products. These global giants (brand) may try to suppress the rural products in the markets with its communication hype. Therefore, developing alternative and additional market linkages for these products is an absolute necessity. Moreover, the low volumes of rural products, high operating costs, high attrition, and absence of local know how and relationships may also create problem in the process. Henceforth, it is essential to make a way out to cope with these odds.
Conclusion: These issues gain added complexity under globalization, where markets are characterized by extreme competition and volatility. While rural products has been perceived traditionally as catering to the local market, or at best, to a wider national market through limited formal channels, the reality of globalization since the 1990s introduced a new dimension to the market for such products. The issue of rural product generation through industrialization, therefore, needs to be viewed from a new angle and on far more scientific lines. The core of a scientific approach is to understand the market opportunities for rural products along with the country's development priorities and to chalk out a strategy where rural industries have an important role to play. While rural products are forced to increasingly become part of global supply chains, these products need to adapt themselves, not only according to the changing tastes of the national market, but also according to changes in tastes in the international market. Therefore, a process is essential to explore the market linkages and capacity building for SHGs through a bottom up approach and continuous dialogue with stakeholders of rural enterprise. This process should ensure the participation of rural people as consumers and producers in the globalization mechanism, with better livelihoods and global access to markets. The real challenge of building a sustainable market linkage starts here.
[edit] Present position
Rural markets, as part of any economy, have untapped potential. There are several difficulties confronting the effort to fully explore rural markets. The concept of rural markets in India, as also in several other countries, like China[3], is still in evolving shape, and the sector poses a variety of challenges, including understanding the dynamics of the rural markets and strategies to supply and satisfy the rural consumers.
- Sukhpal Singh- Rural Marketing Management
- A Developmental approach from Vikalpa(July-September 1985), a journal in English, published by IIMA
- K. L. K. Rao and Ramesh Tagat: Rural Marketing - a developmental approach
South Asian History: Pages from the History of India
Unsung Heroes of the Indian Freedom Struggle (1763-1856)
(A Brief Summary)
While much has been written on the Indian Freedom Movement as led by the Congress and Gandhi, little is known of the numerous uprisings by peasants, tribal communities, princely states and other isolated revolutionary acts of resistance against the British. Heroic acts of resistance against the British during1763 to 1857 are almost unknown. The following is a listing of armed revolts that were brutally suppressed by the British as the East Indian Company consolidated it's rule in the century preceding the 1857 revolt:-
Sanyal Revolt : 1763-1800
Dhaka: 1763
Rajshahi: 1763-4
Cooch Bihar: 1766
Patna: 1767
Jalpaiguri, Rangpur and surroundings: 1766-69, 1771, 1776
Purnea: 1770-71
Mymensingh: 1773
Midnapur: 1766-7
Dhalbhum Rajas: 1766-7
Peasant's Revolt, Tripura: 1766-8
(led by Shamsher Ghazi in Roshanabad)
Sandip Islands: 1769-70
(S. of Noakhali)
Moamarias, Jorhat/Rangpur: 1769-99
Chakmas, Chittagong: 1776-89
Gorakhpur, Basti and Bahraich: 1781
Rangpur Peasants: 1783
Sylhet: 1787-99
Radharam: 1787
Khasi revolt: 1788
Agha Muhammad Reza: 1799
Birbhum, Bishnupur: 1788-9
Bakarganj Peasants: 1792
Vizianagram: 1794
Poligars Uprising: 1795-1805
included Tinnevelly, Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Sivagiri, Madurai, N. Arcot
Chuar Peasants, Midnapur: 1799
Bednur: 1799-1800
Vaji Ali, Awadh: 1799
Ganjam, Gumsur: 1800, 1835-7
Palamau: 1800-2
Vellore Mutiny: 1806
Bhiwani: 1809
Naik Revolt: 1810-16
(in Bhograi, Midnapur)
Travancore: 1808-9
(under Velu Thambi)
Bundelkhand Chiefs: 1808-12
Abdul Rahman, Surat: 1810
Benaras Hartal/Agitation: 1810-11
Parlakimedi, W. Ganjam: 1813-34
Kutch: 1815-32
Rohilla Revolt: 1816
(included Bareilly, Pilbhit, Shahjahanpur, Rampur)
Hathras: 1817
Paiks: 1817-18
(included Cuttack, Khurda, Pipli, Puri)
Bhils: 1817-31, 1846, 1852
(included Khandesh, Dhar, Malwa)
Kols: 1820-37
(included Sighbhum, Chota Nagpur, Sambhalpur, Ranchi, Hazari Bagh, Palamau, Chaibasa)
Mers, Marwar 1819-21
Gujars, Kunja: 1824
Sindgi, Bijapur: 1824
Bhiwani, Rewari, Hissar, Rohtak: 1824-26
Kalpi: 1824
Kittur, Belgaum: 1824-29
Kolis: 1828-30, 39, 1844-48
Ramosis, Pune: 1826-29
Garos: 1825-27, 1832-34
(Also known as the Pagal Panthis Revolt - in Sherpur, Mymensigh distt.)
Assam: 1828-30
(included Gadadhar Singh 1828-30, Kumar Rupchand 1830)
Khasis: 1829-33
(led by Tirot Singh)
Sighphos: 1830-31, 43
(Assam/Burma border)
Akas: 1829, 1835-42
(Assam)
Wahabis: 1830-61
(spread from Bengal, Bihar to Punjab and NWFP)
Titu-Mir, 24-Parganas: 1831
Mysore Peasants: 1830-31
Vishakapatnam: 1830-33
Bhumij, Manbhum: 1832
Coorg: 1833-4
Gonds, Sambhalpur: 1833
Naikda, Rewa, Kantha: 1838
Farazis, Faripur: 1838-47
Khamtas, Sadiya-Assam: 1839
Surendra Sai, Sambhalpur: 1839-62
Badami: 1840
Bundelas, Sagar: 1842
Salt Riots, Surat: 1844
Gadkari, Kolhapur: 1844
Savantvadi, N. Konkan: 1844-59
Narasimha Reddy, Kurnool: 1846-7
Khonds, Orissa: 1848
Nagpur: 1848
Garos, Garo Hills: 1848-66
Abors, NE Hills: 1848-1900
Lushais, Lushai Hills: 1840-92
Nagas: Naga Hills: 1849-78
Umarzais: Bannu: 1850-2
Survey Riots: Khandesh: 1852
Saiyads of Hazara: 1852
Nadir Khan, Rawalpindi: 1853
Santhals: 1855-6
(included Rajmahal, Bhagalpur, Birbhum)
These revolts show how widespread the opposition to British colonial rule was. Though fragmented, this opposition eventually crystallized into a more sweeping and cohesive force that would eventually lead to 1857 - which provided a brief and faint glimmer of freedom that would not be won untill almost a century later.
Back to a History of the 1857 Revolt
Other Essasy pertaining to Colonization, British Rule:
From Trade to Colonization - Historic Dynamics of the East India Companies
The Colonial Legacy - Some Myths and Popular Beliefs
Freedom Movement, Struggle for Independence:
Adivasi Contributions to Indian Culture and Civilization
Key Landmarks in the Indian Freedom Struggle
Freedom fighters of Orissa; anti-British revolts; national movement in Orissa:
History of Orissa: An introduction
Bengal Renaissance, Indian Renaissance, British India Bengal renaissance counted as an integral part under British India, leading to Indian innovation and independence. |
With the consolidation of British political power in India came the ascension of extensive trade and the establishment of large centres of administration and business. Calcutta in particular became the focus of British administration, trade and commerce. In the process a class of Bengali elite germinated that could mingle with the ruling British. This was the bhadraloka, a `socially privileged and consciously superior group`, economically dependent upon landed rents, professional and clerical employment. During the second half of eighteenth century, this elite group started to reside in Calcutta as permanent residents. Some from this `elite` bunch hurriedly acquired fortunes by working in partnership with the British. Bengal renaissance can be declared to have commenced precisely from this bunch, which including among other legends, started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). Nineteenth century Bengal was an unparalleled mish-mash of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary heavyweights, journalists, patriotic orators and scientists, all coalescing to form the image of a renaissance. During the period designated as Bengal renaissance, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that was in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century. Indian renaissance severely questioned the existing orthodox customs, especially with respect to women (sati for instance), marriage, the dowry system, the caste system and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, that adopted rationalism and atheism as the common attributes of civil conduct among upper caste cultivated Hindus.
The Brahmo Samaj, the parallel socio-religious movement had germinated during this time and banked upon many of the leaders of Bengal Renaissance amongst its followers. Their version of Hinduism, or rather Universal Religion (likened to that of Ramakrishna), was entirely devoid of practices like sati and polygamy that had crept into the social aspects of Hindu life. Hinduism according to Brahmo Samaj was an unyielding impersonal monotheistic faith, which actually was quite dissimilar from the pluralistic and comprehensive nature of the way Hindu religion was practiced. Future leaders like Keshab Chandra Sen were as much devotees of Christ, as they were of Brahma, Krishna or Buddha. The renaissance period after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, witnessed an outstanding overflow of Bengali literature. While Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar were the pioneers, others like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee broadened it and built upon it. The first significant nationalist detour to the Bengal Renaissance was given by the splendid writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Later writers of the British Indian period, who introduced panoptic discussions of social problems and more colloquial forms of Bengali into mainstream literature, included the great Sarat Chandra Chatterjee. Later, Ramakrishna Paramahansa, the legendary saint from Bengal, is believed to have recognized the mystical truth of every religion and to have harmonised the conflicting Hindu sects ranging from Shakta tantra, Advaita Vedanta and Vaishnavism. In fact Ramakrishna made famous the Bengali saying: "Jato Mat, Tato Path" (All religions are different paths to the same God). The Vedanta movement flourished principally through his disciple and sage, Swami Vivekananda. He was one of the leading intellectuals who had carried the torch of Bengal Renaissance towards the dazzling future of swaraj. On Vivekananda`s return from the highly acclaimed Parliament of the World`s Religions in Chicago in 1893 and subsequent lecture tour in America, he had become a revered national idol. Ramakrishna Mission, the great organisation founded by Swami Vivekananda, was wholly non-political in nature. It must be stressed that the Ramakrishna Movement founded by Swami Vivekananda carried forward their Master`s (Ramakrishna`s) message of all religions being true.
Next to this illustrious line of Bengalis, the Tagore family, including Rabindranath Tagore, were leaders of this period and shared a meticulous interest in educational reforms. Their contribution to Bengal Renaissance was multi-faceted and indeed priceless. Tagore`s 1901 Bengali novella, Nastanirh was penned as a critique of men who conceded to follow the ideals of Bengali Renaissance, but were unsuccessful to do so within their own families. Tagore`s English translation of a set of poems titled the Gitanjali won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He was the first Bengali, first Indian and first Asian to win the award. That was the only unparalleled example during that time, but the contribution of the Tagore family is mammoth. British Orientalism was another significant factor that worked to shape the Bengal Renaissance during the nineteenth century, particularly on religio-cultural matters. As much as English language education brought the ideas of West to India, so did the era of Orientalism facilitate spread of innovative cultural attitudes to the bhadraloka. British Orientalism was an inimitable phenomenon in British Indian history that was inspired by the requirements of the East India Company to tutor a class of British administrators in the languages and customs of India. Intellectually, this was one of the most powerful ideas of nineteenth century India.
In the political pre-independence scenario, a huge number of debating societies and newspapers appeared. Personalities like Kashi Prasad Ghosh (1809-1873), Kristo Pal and Sisir Kumar Ghosh explicitly expressed their political opinions and would not hesitate to exercise their newspapers to achieve political ends, often in direct defiance to British rule. Ultimately the roots of Indian independence can be traced back to the Bengal Renaissance. http://www.indianetzone.com/38/bengal_renaissance.htm
Bengal Renaissance
The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the region of Bengal during the period of British rule. The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), although there have been many stalwarts thereafter embodying particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output.[1] Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'[2].
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[edit] Background
During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, that espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus.
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The parallel socio-religious movement, the Brahmo Samaj, developed during this time period and counted many of the leaders of the Bengal Renaissance among its followers[3]. In the earlier years the Brahmo Samaj, like the rest of society, could not however, conceptualize, in that feudal-colonial era, a free India as it was influenced by the European Enlightenment (and its bearers in India, the British Raj) although it traced its intellectual roots to the Upanishads. Their version of Hinduism, or rather Universal Religion (similar to that of Ramakrishna), although devoid of practices like sati and polygamy that had crept into the social aspects of Hindu life, was ultimately a rigid impersonal monotheistic faith, which actually was quite distinct from the pluralistic and multifaceted nature of the way the Hindu religion was practiced. Future leaders like Keshub Chunder Sen were as much devotees of Christ, as they were of Brahma, Krishna or the Buddha. It has been argued by some scholars that the Brahmo Samaj movement never gained the support of the masses and remained restricted to the elite, although Hindu society has accepted most of the social reform programmes of the Brahmo Samaj. It must also be acknowledged that many of the later Brahmos were also leaders of the freedom movement.
The renaissance period after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 saw a magnificent outburst of Bengali literature. While Ram Mohan Roy and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar were the pioneers, others like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee widened it and built upon it[4]. The first significant nationalist detour to the Bengal Renaissance was given by the brilliant writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Later writers of the period who introduced broad discussion of social problems and more colloquial forms of Bengali into mainstream literature included the great Saratchandra Chatterjee.
The Tagore family, including Rabindranath Tagore, were leaders of this period and had a particular interest in educational reform[5]. Their contribution to the Bengal Renaissance was multi-faceted. Indeed, Tagore's 1901 Bengali novella, Nastanirh was written as a critique of men who professed to follow the ideals of the Renaissance, but failed to do so within their own families. In many ways Rabindranath Tagore's writings (especially poems and songs) can be seen as imbued with the spirit of the Upanishads. His works repeatedly allude to Upanishadic ideas regarding soul, liberation, transmigration and -- perhaps most essentially -- about a spirit that imbues all creation not unlike the Upanishadic Brahman. Tagore's English translation of a set of poems titled the Gitanjali won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He was the first Asian to win this award. That was the only example at the time but the contribution of the Tagore family is enormous.[6]
[edit] Comparison with European renaissance
The word "renaissance" in European history meant "rebirth" and was used in the context of the revival of the Graeco-Roman learning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries after the long winter of the dark medieval period. A serious comparison was started by the dramatis personae of the Bengal renaissance like Keshub Chunder Sen, Bipin Chandra Pal and M. N. Roy. For about a century, Bengal's conscious awareness and the changing modern world was more developed and ahead of the rest of India. The role played by Bengal in the modern awakening of India is thus comparable to the position occupied by Italy in the European renaissance. Very much like the Italian Renaissance, it was not a mass movement; but instead restricted to the upper classes. Though the Bengal Renaissance was the "culmination of the process of emergence of the cultural characteristics of the Bengali people that had started in the age of Hussein Shah, it remained predominantly Hindu and only partially Muslim. Swami Vivekananda who founded Ramakrishna Mission is considered a key figure in the introduction of Hindu philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America, and is also credited with rising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a world religion during the end of the 19th century. Vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of Hinduism in modern India. He is best known for his inspiring speech beginning with "sisters and brothers of America", through which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions at Chicago in 1893.
Several leaders of 20th Century India and philosophers have acknowledged Vivekananda's influence. The first governor general of independent India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, once observed that "Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India."[7] According to Subhas Chandra Bose, Vivekananda "is the maker of modern India" and for Mohandas Gandhi, Vivekananda's influence increased his "love for his country a thousandfold." National Youth Day in India is held on his birthday, January 12, to commemorate him. This was a most fitting gesture as much of Swami Vivekananda's writings concerned the Indian youth and how they should strive to uphold their ancient values whilst fully participating in the modern world.
| " | During nineteenth century A.D., Bengal produced a galaxy of reform movements among the Hindus which had also given birth to the contemporary Hindu reform movements such as Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj, which thrived in Bengal side by side with them… Raja Ram Mohan Roy's movement is generally regarded as 'Renaissance movement'. It is called by some as Hindu Renaissance and by others as Bengali Renaissance movement. It should nevertheless be observed that compared with the European 'Renaissance model', it was a Renaissance with a difference, especially, deeply inlaid by a revivalist make-up of pristine Hindu or Aryan religious spirit… Raja Ram Mohan Roy's Renaissance aimed at resuscitating the pristine Aryan spirit, 'Unitarianism of God', with the help of modern Western rationalist spirit. | " |
[edit] Science
During the Bengal Renaissance science was also advanced by several Bengali scientists such as Satyendra Nath Bose and Jagadish Chandra Bose. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction.[8] He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.[9] He is considered one of the fathers of radio science,[10] and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He was the first from the Indian subcontinent to get a US patent, in 1904.
Satyendra Nath Bose was a physicist, specializing in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. He is honoured as the namesake of the boson. Although more than one Nobel Prize was awarded for research related to the concepts of the boson, Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein condensate—the latest being the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics, which was given for advancing the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates—Bose himself was never awarded the Nobel Prize.
[edit] Literature
According to historian Romesh Chunder Dutt:[11]
| " | The conquest of Bengal by the English was not only a political revolution, but ushered in a greater revolution in thoughts and ideas, in religion and society... From the stories of gods and goddesses, kings and queens, princes and princesses, we have learnt to descend to the humble walks of life, to sympathise with the common citizen or even common peasant … Every revolution is attended with vigour, and the present one is no exception to the rule. Nowhere in the annals of Bengali literature are so many and so bright names found crowded together in the limited space of one century as those of Ram Mohan Roy, Akshay Kumar Datta, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Hem Chandra Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Dina Bandhu Mitra. Within the three quarters of the present century, prose, blank verse, historical fiction and drama have been introduced for the first time in the Bengali literature... | " |
[edit] Contributing institutions
- Asiatic Society (est.1784)
- Fort William College (1800)
- Serampore College (1817)
- Calcutta School-book Society (1817)
- Hindu College (1817)
- Sanskrit College (1824)
- General Assembly's Institution (1830) (now known as Scottish Church College)
- Calcutta Medical College (1835)
- Mutty Lall Seal's Free School & College (1842)
- Presidency College (1855)
- University of Calcutta (1857)
- Vidyasagar College (1872)
- Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya (1873)
- Banga Mahila Vidyalaya (1876)
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1876)
- Bethune College (1879)
- Ripon College (1884) (now known as Surendranath College)
- National Council of Education, Bengal (1906) (now known as Jadavpur University)
- Visva-Bharati University (1921)
- University of Dhaka (1921)
- Bengal Engineering College (established 1856) (Now know as BESU, Shibpur)
[edit] See also
- History of Bengal
- Bengali people
- Ramtanu Lahiri
- Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj
- Adi Dharm
- Brahmo Samaj
- Young Bengal
- Prarthana Samaj
- Arya Samaj
- Ayyavazhi
- Calcutta Youth Choir
- Parineeta
- Structure of Ayyavazhi
- Tattwabodhini Patrika
- Scottish Renaissance
- Harlem Renaissance
[edit] References
- ^ History of the Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 211, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7476-355-4.
- ^ Sumit Sarkar, "Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance", in Calcutta, the Living City ed. Sukanta Chaudhuri, Vol I, p. 95.
- ^ "Reform and Education: Young Bengal & Derozio", Bengalinet.com
- ^ History of Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 253.
- ^ Kathleen M. O'Connell, "Rabindranath Tagore on Education", infed.org
- ^ Deb, Chitra, pp 64-65.
- ^ Prabuddha Bharata: 112. 1983.
- ^ A versatile genius, Frontline 21 (24), 2004.
- ^ Chatterjee, Santimay and Chatterjee, Enakshi, Satyendranath Bose, 2002 reprint, p. 5, National Book Trust, ISBN 8123704925
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), p. 557-560.
- ^ Cultural Heritage of Bengal by R. C. Dutt, quoted by Nitish Sengupta, pp 211-212.
[edit] Literature
- Sivanath Sastri, A History of the Renaissance in Bengal: Ramtanu Lahiri, Brahman and Reformer, London: Swan, Sonnenschein (1903); Kolkata: Renaissance (2002)
[edit] External links
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List of revolutions and rebellions
This is a list of revolutions and rebellions. (For a list of coups d'état and coup attempts, see List of coups d'état and coup attempts).
[edit] BC
- c. 2380 BC (short chronology): A popular revolt in the Sumerian city of Lagash deposes King Lugalanda and puts the reformer Urukagina on the throne.
- 615 BC: The Babylonians revolt against rule from the Assyrian empire.
- 570 BC: A revolt broke out among native Egyptian soldiers, giving Amasis II opportunity to seize the throne.
- 499–493 BC: The Ionian Revolt. Most of the Greek cities occupied by the Persians in Asia Minor and Cyprus rose up against their Persian rulers.
- 464 BC: The Helot serfs revolt against their Spartan masters.
- 460 BC: The Inarus revolted against the Persians in Egypt with the help of his Athenian allies.
- 206 BC: Ziying, last ruler of the Qin Dynasty of China surrenders himself to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt and founder of the Han Dynasty.
- 181–174 BC: The Celtiberian revolt in Spain; Romans eventually subdue the Celtiberians.
- 154 BC: The failed Rebellion of the Seven States by members of the royal family of the Han Dynasty.
- 153–133 BC: The Celtiberians again revolted, and were not finally overcome until the capture of Numantia.
- 147–139 BC: The Lusitanian Rebellion against the Roman forces in modern day Portugal, led by Lusitanian leader named Viriathus.
- 73–71 BC: The failed Roman slave rebellion, led by the gladiator Spartacus.
- 52–51 BC: The revolt of the Celtic Gauls, led by Vercingetorix, was crushed by Julius Caesar.
- 49–45 BC: Julius Caesar crossed the river Rubicon heading part of the roman army and marched on Rome. After overthorwing and assuming control of Pompeian government, he was proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity".
[edit] 1–999 AD
- 6–9: The Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted against the Roman Empire, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years.
- 9: The Arminius revolt against the Roman Empire; alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
- 18: The Red Eyebrow Rebellion in China.
- 20: The Green Forest Rebellion in China.
- 60–61: Boudica, queen of the Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Roman-occupied Britain, led a major uprising of the Briton tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.[1]
- 66–70: The Great Jewish Revolt, the first of three Jewish-Roman wars that took place in Iudaea Province against the Roman Empire.[2]
- 69–70: The Batavian rebellion in the Roman province of Germania Inferior.
- 115–117: The Kitos War, the second of the Jewish-Roman wars.
- 132–135: Bar Kokhba's revolt, the third and last of the Jewish-Roman wars.
- 184: Zhang Jiao led an unsuccessful peasant revolt called theYellow Turban Rebellion during the later Han dynasty, which later collapsed due to destabilization and lack of co-ordination with other Yellow Turban forces across China.
- 496: Mazdak led a Persian socialistic movement and overthrew Shahanshah Kavadh I of the Persian empire.
- 532: The Nika revolt in Constantinople.
- 613: A rebellion by Yang Xuangan in China was crushed by the Sui Dynasty.
- 623: An uprising of Slavs led by Samo against Avars.
- 685–699: The Azraqi Khariji revolt in Iraq and Iran against the Umayyad Caliphate.
- 740: The Zaidi revolt against the Umayyad dynasty.
- 740–743: The Great Berber Revolt in Maghreb against the Umayyads marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).
- 747–750: The Abbasid Revolt overthrew the Umayyad dynasty. When Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty gathered to receive pardons, and all were massacred.
- 755: Abd ar-Rahman I landed at Almuñécar in al-Andalus. Abd ar-Rahman I was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries.
- 755–763: The Rebellion by powerful Jiedushi An Lushan in Tang Dynasty, which caused heavy damage in China in terms of population and economy.
- 762: Muhammad ibn Abdallah led a failed rebellion in Medina against the second Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur.
- 782–785: The Saxon revolt against Charlemagne. Rebellion was part of Saxon Wars.
- 814: Al-Hakam I crushed a rebellion of Iberian Muslims led by clerics in a suburb called al-Ribad on the south bank of the Guadalquivir river.
- 815: Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (Al-Dibaj) lead an unsuccessful revolt against the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ma'mun.
- 817–837: The revolution of the Iranian Khurramites led by Babak Khorramdin.
- 824–836: The revolt of Arab troops in Tunisia against Aghlabids was only put down with the help of the Berbers.
- 828: The failed rebellion by Kim Heon-chang against Silla.
- 845: The rebellion by the famous naval commander Jang Bogo against Silla, ended when Jang was assassinated.
- 861–1003: Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar established Saffarid dynasty. He seized control of the Seistan region, conquering modern-day eastern Iran, much of Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan. Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar started his campaign as a bandit and formed his own army.
- 864: Yahya ibn Umar lead an abortive uprising from Kufa against the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'in.
- 869–883: The Zanj Rebellion of black African slaves in Iraq. The Zanj Rebellion was crushed in 883 by the Abbasids.[3]
- 875–884: A rebellion by salt smuggler Huang Chao against Tang Dynasty China, which later collapsed due to the destabilization caused by the rebellion.
- 884: Umar ibn Hafsun led anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Spain.
- 899–906: The Qarmatians, an extremist Ismā'īlī Muslim sect centered in eastern Arabia, revolted against Abbasids.
- 943–947: The great revolt of Abu Yazid, a Khariji Berber leader who assembled a large tribal coalition against Fatimid rule.
- 982: The great revolt of the pagan Polabian Slavs of the lower Elbe against the Holy Roman Empire.
[edit] 1000–1499
- 1090: Hassan-i Sabbah Hassan took over Alamut for Hashshashin.
- 1095: Rebellion of northern nobles against William Rufus.
- 1125: The Almohads began a rebellion in the Atlas Mountains.
- 1156: The Hōgen Rebellion succeeded in establishing the dominance of the samurai clans and eventually the first samurai-led government in the history of Japan.
- 1185: The Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion against Byzantine Empire.
- 1233–1234: The Stedinger revolt in Frisia caused Pope Gregory IX to call on a crusade.
- 1242–1249: The The First Prussian Uprising against the Teutonic Knights, which took place during the Northern Crusades.
- 1250: The Mamluks killed the last sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty, and established the Bahri dynasty.
- 1296–1328: The First of the Wars of Scottish Independence between Scotland and England, leading to renewed Scottish independence in 1328.
- 1332–1357: The second instalment of the Wars of Scottish Independence, leading again to renewed Scottish independence from England and the Treaty of Berwick.
- 1302: The Battle of the Golden Spurs in Flanders, after which the French were ousted.
- 1323–1328: Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, the Peasant revolt in Flanders escalated into a full-scale rebellion and ended with the Battle of Cassel.
- 1343–1345: the St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia.
- 1354: The revolt of Cola di Rienzi in Rome.
- 1356–1358: Jacquerie: a peasant revolt in northern France, during the Hundred Years' War.
- 1368: Zhu Yuanzhang led peasant Han Chinese in a rebellion against the Mongol Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty.
- 1378: The Revolt of the Ciompi in Florence.
- 1381: The Peasants' Revolt, or the Great Rising of 1381, in England.
- 1390s: The revolts that broke out all over Persia while Timur Lenk was away were repressed with ruthless vigour; whole cities were destroyed, their populations massacred, and towers built of their skulls.[4]
- 1400–1415 The Welsh revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr.
- 1418–1427: Vietnamese led by Lê Lợi revolted against Chinese occupation.
- 1420: The Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both Catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire. The wars that ensue are known as the Hussite Wars.
- 1434: A Swedish peasant rebellion breaks out against the Danes.
- 1437: The Bobâlna (Bábolna) revolt in Transylvania, using military tactics inspired by the Hussites wars.
- 1444–1468: Skenderbeg's rebellion in Ottoman-ruled Albania.
- 1450: The Kent rebellion led by Jack Cade.
- 1462–1485: The Rebellion of the Remences in Catalonia.
- 1497: The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 in England.
[edit] 1500–1699
- 1514: A peasants' war led by György Dózsa in the Kingdom of Hungary.
- 1515: The Slovenian peasant revolt.
- 1515–1523: The Frisian rebellion of the Arumer Black Heap, led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard Jelckama.
- 1519–1523: The first Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics.
- 1519–1610: The Jelali revolts in Anatolia against the authority of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1520–1522: The Revolt of the Comuneros against the rule of Spanish king and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
- 1523: The nobility in Jutland rebelled against Christian II of Denmark, forcing him to abdicate and flee the country 1 May.
- 1524–1525: The Peasants' War of in the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1542: The Dacke Feud in Sweden.
- 1549: The Prayer Book Rebellion in Cornwall and Devon, United Kingdom.
- 1549: Kett's Rebellion.
- 1566–1648: Eighty Years' War; revolt of the Low Countries against Spain.
- 1567–1799 and beyond: Philippine revolts against Spain.
- 1568–1571: The Morisco Revolt by the remnants of the Morisco community (Spanish Christian converts from Islam ["crypto-Muslims"] in Granada, Spain.
- 1573: The Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt.
- 1594–1603: The Nine Years War or Tyrone's Rebellion in Ulster, Ireland against English rule in Ireland.
- 1596: The Club War uprising in Finland.
- 1606–1607: The Bolotnikov rebellion for the abolition of serfdom, which was part of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
- 1618–1625: The Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburgs. Rebellion was part of Thirty Years' War.
- 1637–1638: The Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians.[5]
- 1640: The Portuguese Revolt against Spanish Empire.
- 1640–1652: The Catalan Revolt.
- 1640–1644: The Vlach uprising against Habsburg rule in Moravia.
- 1641: The Irish Rebellion of 1641.
- 1642–1653: The English Revolution, commencing as a civil war between Parliament and the King, and culminating in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Commonwealth, which was succeeded several years later by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.
- 1644: The Li Zicheng rebellion against the Ming Dynasty.
- 1647: The Naples Revolt.
- 1648: The Khmelnytsky Uprising of Cossacks in Ukraine against Polish nobility in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- 1648–1653: The Fronde, in France.
- 1664-1670: The Zrinski, Wesselényi and Frankopan uprising against the Habsburgs.
- 1668: The Sikhs in the Anandpur revolted against the Mughal Empire.
- 1668–1676: The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising.
- 1669: The Jat uprising under Gokula. The Hindu Jats in the Agra district revolted against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
- 1672: The Pasthun rebellion against the Mughals.
- 1672–1674: The Lipka Rebellion, an uprising of Polish Tatars against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- 1672–1678: The Messina Revolt. The Sicilian revolt against Spanish rule took place during the Franco-Dutch War of Louis XIV; the rebels were supported by France.
- 1675–1676: King Philip's War between Indians and English settlers, sometimes called Metacom's Rebellion.
- 1676: The Bashkir Rebellion against Russian rule.
- 1680: The Pueblo Revolt against Spanish settlers in New Mexico.
- 1682: The Moscow Uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments.
- 1688: The Siamese revolution (1688) the overthrow of pro-foreign Siamese king Narai by Mandarin Petracha.
- 1688: The Glorious Revolution in England overthrew King James II and established a Whig-dominated Protestant constitutional monarchy.
- 1688–1746: The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the British Isles occurring between 1688 and 1746.
- 1689: Karposh's Rebellion against Ottoman Empire.
- 1693: The second Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, prompted by feudal taxation.
- 1698: The Streltsy Uprising in Russia.
[edit] 1700–1799
- 1702–1715: The Camisard Rebellion in France.
- 1703–1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburgs.
- 1707–1709: The Bulavin Rebellion in Imperial Russia.
- 1709: Mir Wais Hotak, an Afghani tribal leader, led a successful rebellion against Gurgin Khan, the Persian governor of Kandahar.
- 1722: Afghan rebels defeated Shah Sultan Hossein and ended the Safavid dynasty.
- 1743: The Fourth Dalecarlian Rebellion in Sweden.
- 1745–1746: The Jacobite Rising in Scotland.
- 1763–1766: Pontiac's Rebellion by numerous North American Indian tribes who joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the Great Lakes region.
- 1768: The Rebellion of 1768 by Creole and German settlers objecting to the turnover of the Louisiana Territory from New France to New Spain.
- 1770: The Orlov Revolt in Peloponnese.
- 1773–1775:Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history. Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.[6]
- 1775–1783: The American Revolution establishes independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain, creating the republic of the United States of America.
- 1773–1802?: The Tây Sơn Revolt, annihilation of the ruling Trịnh and Nguyễn clans as well as the Lê Dynasty in Đại Việt.
- 1780–1782: José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known as Túpac Amaru II, raises an indigenous peasant army in revolt against Spanish control of Peru. Julián Apasa, known as Tupac Katari allied with Tupac Amaru and lead an indigenous revolt in Alto Peru (preset day Bolivia) nearly destroying the city of La Paz in a siege.
- 1789: Regarded as one of the most influential of all socio-political revolutions, the French Revolution is associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.
- 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution: A successful slave rebellion, led by Toussaint Louverture, establishes Haiti as the first free, black republic.
- 1793–1796: The Revolt in the Vendée was popular uprising against the Republican government during the French Revolution.
- 1794: The Polish revolt.
- 1794: Protests over taxes leads to the Whiskey rebellion in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and the Monongahela Valley. President George Washington invokes martial law and squashes insurrection with 13,000 troops.
- 1795–1796: Rebels in Grenada led by Julien Fédon executed the governor and wrested control of most of the island from Britain, which maintained a stronghold in St. George's, the capital. The goal was to incorporate Grenada into revolutionary France, but Fédon soon disappeared and was never heard from again.
- 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty of China.
- 1797: The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the British Royal Navy.
- 1798: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
[edit] 1800–1849
- pre-1800–1872: Philippines revolts against Spain (See also 1896 and 1898 in this list).
- 1803: The rebellion of Robert Emmet in Dublin, Ireland against British rule.
- 1804–1817: The Serbian revolution against Ottoman rule erupts.
- 1808: The Dos de Mayo Uprising against the occupation of Madrid by French troops.
- 1808–1814: The Peninsula war.
- 1809–1810: The rebellion of Velu Thampi Dalawa of Travancore.
- 1809: The city of Chuquisaca, modern Sucre, starts the Chuquisaca Revolution.
- 1809: The city of La Paz starts the La Paz revolution, headed by Pedro Murillo.
- 1810: The West Florida rebellion against Spain, eventually becomes a short-lived republic.
- 1810–1821: The Mexican War of Independence, a revolution against Spanish colonialism.
- 1810: The Viceroy of the Río de la Plata Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros is deposed during the May Revolution.
- 1812: The peasant rebellion of Hong Gyeong-nae against Joseon Dynasty of Korea.
- 1817: The Pernambucan Revolution, a republican separatist movement which resulted in the creation of the short-lived Republic of Pernambuco (7 March 1817–20 May 1817).
- 1817: The Pentrich Revolution, Derbyshire; an ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Government, unknowingly it was instigated by William Oliver, aka Oliver the Spy. Three men were executed in November 1817, and fourteen men were transported to NSW. The event is known as 'England's Last Revolution' (9–10 June 1817).
- 1820: Radical War or "Scottish Insurrection".
- 1820: Revolutions in Spain and Portugal.
- 1820–1824: The revolutionary war of independence in Peru led by José de San Martín.
- 1821–1829: The Greek War of Independence.
- 1822–1823: The republican revolution in Mexico overthrows Emperor Agustín de Iturbide.
- 1825: The Decembrist revolt in Russian Empire.
- 1825–1830: The Java War or Dipanegara Revolution, when the prince of Mataram Islam against the tax and land rent dommination from Dutch.
- 1826: The Janissary revolt in Ottoman Empire.
- 1827–1828: The failed conservative rebellion in Mexico led by Nicolás Bravo.
- 1830: The July Revolution, or the French Revolution of 1830, was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe (the "July Monarchy").
- 1830: The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium.
- 1830–1831: The November Uprising in Poland.
- 1831: The Merthyr Rising in South Wales.
- 1832–1843: Abdelkader's rebellion in French-occupied Algeria.
- 1834–1859: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.
- 1835–1836: Texas secedes from Mexico in the Texas Revolution.
- 1835–1845: The War of Tatters, Separatists gauchos revolutionaries declared the independence of the Rio Grande do Sul from Brazil.
- 1837–1838: The Rebellions of 1837 and the Upper Canada Rebellion: failed republican revolutions against British rule in Canada.
- 1841–1842: The Afghan uprising. Hostile Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilian dependents and camp followers.[7]
- 1847: The Maya Rebellion in Yucatán.
- 1847: The Taos Revolt in New Mexico against the United States.
- 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 were a wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions that swept Europe.
- 1848: The French Revolution of 1848 led to the creation of the French Second Republic.
- 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states.
- 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.
- 1848: The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 grew into a war for independence from Austrian Empire.
- 1848: The Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 took place during the Great Irish Famine.
- 1848: A rebellion in British-ruled Ceylon.
[edit] 1850–1899
- 1851–1864: The Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty of China. In total between 20 and 30 million lives had been lost, making it the second deadliest war in human history.
- 1854: A revolution in Spain against the Moderate Party Government.
- 1854–1873: The Miao Rebellion in China.
- 1854–1855: The Revolution of Ayutla in Mexico.
- 1855–1873: The Panthay rebellion by Chinese Muslims against the Qing Dynasty.
- 1857: The failed Indian rebellion against British East India Company, marking the end of Mughal rule in India. Also known as the 1857 War of Independence and, particularly in the West, the Sepoy Mutiny.
- 1858: The Mahtra War in Estonia.
- 1858–1861: The War of the Reform in Mexico.
- 1859: The Second Italian War of Independence.
- 1861–1865: The American Civil War in the United States, between the United States and the Confederate States of America, which was formed out of eleven southern states.
- 1861–1866: Quantrill's Raiders in Missouri.
- 1862: The Sioux Uprising in Minnesota.[8]
- 1862–1877: The Muslim Rebellion by Chinese Muslims against the Qing Dynasty.
- 1863: The New York Draft Riots.[9]
- 1863–1865: The January Uprising was the Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
- 1865: The Morant Bay rebellion.
- 1866: The Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia.
- 1866–1868: The Meiji Restoration and modernization revolution in Japan. Samurai uprising leads to overthrow of shogunate and establishment of "modern" parliamentary, Western-style system.
- 1867: The Fenian Rising: an attempt at a nationwide rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood against British rule.
- 1868: The Glorious Revolution in Spain deposes Queen Isabella II.
- 1868: In the Grito de Lares, rebels proclaim the independence of Puerto Rico from Spain.
- 1869–1870: The Red River Rebellion, the events surrounding the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Settlement, Manitoba, Canada.
- 1871: The Paris Commune.
- 1871–1872: Porfirio Díaz rebels against President Benito Juárez of Mexico.
- 1871: The liberal revolution in Guatemala.
- 1875: The Deccan Riots.
- 1875: The Herzegovinian rebellion, the most famous of the rebellions against the Ottoman Empire in Herzegovina; unrest soon spread to other areas of Ottoman Bosnia.
- 1875: The Stara Zagora uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
- 1876: The second rebellion by Porfirio Díaz against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada of Mexico.
- 1876: The April uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
- 1877: The Satsuma Rebellion of Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government.
- 1882: The Urabi Revolt: an uprising in Egypt on June 11, 1882 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. It was led by and named after Colonel Ahmed Urabi.
- 1885: A peasant revolt in the Ancash region of Peru led by Pedro Pablo Atusparía succeeds in occupying the Callejón de Huaylas for several months.
- 1885: The North-West Rebellion of Métis in Saskatchewan.
- 1888: The Rebellion of Peasant in Banten, Indonesia.
- 1893: A liberal revolt brings José Santos Zelaya to power in Nicaragua.
- 1894–1895: The Donghak Peasant Revolution: Korean peasants led by Jeon Bong-jun revolted against Joseon Dynasty; the revolt was crushed by Japanese and Chinese intervention, leading to First Sino-Japanese War.
- 1895: The revolution against President Andrés Avelino Cáceres in Peru ushers in a period of stable constitutional rule.
- 1896–1898: The Philippine Revolution, a war of independence against Spanish rule directed by the Katipunan society.
- 1898: The Dukchi Ishan (Andican Uprising): Kirgiz, Uzbek, and Kipcak peoples rebelled against Tsarist Russia in Turkestan (Fargana Valley).
- 1898: A mob of white supremacists forced out the city government of Wilmington, North Carolina.[10]
- 1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Qing Dynasty.
[edit] 1900–1909
- 1903: The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of the Bulgarian Macedonians in the Ottoman Empire breaks out.
- 1904: A liberal revolution in Paraguay.
- 1905: The failed bourgeois-liberal revolution against Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
- 1905–1906: The Persian/Iranian constitutional revolution.
- 1905–1906: The Maji Maji Rebellion in German east Africa.
- 1907: The Romanian Peasants' Revolt.
- 1908: The Young Turk Revolution: Young Turks force the autocratic ruler Abdul Hamid II to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire.
[edit] 1910–1919
- 1910–1920: The Mexican Revolution overthrows the dictator Porfirio Díaz; seizure of power by Institutional Revolutionary Party.
- 1910: The republican revolution in Portugal.
- 1910–1911: The Sokehs Rebellion erupts in German-ruled Micronesia. Its primary leader, Somatau, is executed soon after being captured.
- 1911: The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the ruling Qing Dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China.
- 1914: The Ten Days War was a shooting war involving irregular forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side, opposed to the Colorado National Guard, Baldwin Felts detectives, and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the other, occurring in the aftermath of the Ludlow Massacre. The Ten Days War ended when federal troops intervened.
- 1914: The Boer Revolt against the British in South Africa.
- 1915: The Armenian Revolt in city of Van against the Ottomans in Turkey.
- 1916: The Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland during which the Irish Republic was proclaimed.
- 1916: An anti-French uprising in Algeria.
- 1916: The Central Asian Revolt started when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.
- 1916–1917: The Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger.
- 1916–1918: The Arab Revolt with the aim of securing independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1916–1923: The Irish War of Independence, the period of nationalist rebellion, guerrilla warfare, political change and civil war which brought about the establishment of the independent nation, the Irish Free State.
- 1916–1947: Gandhi's struggle against the British for Indian Independence.
- 1917: The French Army Mutinies.
- 1917: The February Revolution overthrows Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
- 1917: The Green Corn Rebellion takes place in rural Oklahoma.
- 1917: The October Revolution in Russia: Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia and the establishment of the Soviet Union, sparking the Russian Civil War.
- 1918: The Finnish Civil War.
- 1918: The Christmas Uprising in Montenegro: Montenegrins (Zelenaši) rebelled against unification of Kingdom of Montenegro with Kingdom of Serbia.
- 1918: The Wilhelmshaven mutiny.
- 1918: The German Revolution overthrows the Kaiser; establishment of the Weimar Republic.
- 1918–1919: A wave of strikes and student unrest shakes Peru. These events influence two of the dominant figures of Peruvian politics in the 20th century: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui.
- 1918–1919: The Greater Poland Uprising (1918-1919) Polish uprising against German authorities.
- 1918–1920: The Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920), the southern Ossetians revolted against Georgian rule.[11]
- 1918–1921: The Ukrainian Revolution.
- 1918–1922: The Third Russian Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against Bolshevism.
- 1918–1931: The Basmachi Revolt against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia.
- 1919–1920: The Euphrates Revolt, Iraqi insurgents revolt against British and British-Indian troops, attempting to create a Muslim regime or the restoration of Turkish rule.
- 1919–1921: The Tambov Rebellion, one of the largest peasant rebellions against the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War.
- 1919–1921: The Silesian Uprisings of the ethnic Poles against Weimar rule.
- 1919–1922: The Turkish War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
- 1919: The German Revolution.
- 1919: A revolution in Hungary, resulting in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic.
[edit] 1920–1929
- 1920: The Pitchfork Uprising was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Tatarstan.
- 1920–1922: Gandhi led Non-cooperation movement.
- 1921: The Battle of Blair Mountain ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebel in West Virginia, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces in the largest armed, organized uprising in American labor history.
- 1921: The Kronstadt rebellion of Soviet sailors against the government of the early Russian SFSR.
- 1921–1923: The Yakut Revolt.
- 1921–1924: A revolution in (Outer) Mongolia re-establishes the country's independence and sets out to construct a Soviet-style socialist state.
- 1922–1923: The Irish Civil War, between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the government of the Irish Free State and more radical members of the original Irish Republican Army who opposed the treaty and the new government.
- 1923: The founding of the Republic of Turkey by overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and introduction of Atatürk's Reforms.
- 1923: The Klaipėda Revolt in the Memel territory that had been detached from Germany after World War I.
- 1924–1927: The Sheikh Said Rebellion.
- 1925: The July Revolution in Ecuador.
- 1925–1927: The Syrian Revolution, a revolt initiated by the Druze and led by Sultan al-Atrash against French Mandate.
- 1926: The National Revolution in Portugal initiated a period known as the National Dictatorship.
- 1926–1929: The Cristero War in Mexico, an uprising against anti-clerical government policy.
- 1926–1927: The first PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) rebellion against colonialism and imperialism of Dutch Hindie.
- 1927: KMT Military forces in Nanchang rebelled under the leadership of He Long and Zhou Enlai attempting to seize control of the city after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance, marking the Nanchang Uprising and the establishment of the People's Liberation Army.
- 1927–1931: The Kurdish Rebellion against Turkey.
- 1927–1933: A rebellion led by Augusto César Sandino against the United States presence in Nicaragua.
[edit] 1930–1939
- 1930: The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 led by Getúlio Vargas.
- 1930: The Salt Satyagraha, a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India.
- 1932: The Constitutionalist Revolution against the provisional president Getúlio Vargas led Brazil to a short civil war.
- 1932: The Aprista revolt in Trujillo, Peru.
- 1932: The Siamese coup d'état of 1932, sometimes called the "Promoters Revolution", ends absolute monarchy in Thailand.
- 1933: The popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado.
- 1934: In October, workers including radical socialists and anarchists stage coups in the Spanish regions of Asturias and Catalonia. The immediate cause was the entrance of a right-wing Catholic party into the government of the unstable Second Spanish Republic. The Asturian uprising was put down by General Francisco Franco.
- 1936: The Febrerista Revolution, led by Rafael Franco, ended oligarchic Liberal Party rule in Paraguay.
- 1936: General Francisco Franco led a coup and started the Spanish Civil War, leading to the Spanish Revolution.
- 1936–1939: A period of so-called "military socialism" in Bolivia follows a revolution in which celebrated war hero David Toro takes power. A constitution establishing a corporative state is promulgated in 1938, following the nationalization of Standard Oil and the passage of progressive labor laws.
- 1937–1938: The Dersim Rebellion was the most important Kurdish rebellion in modern Turkey.
- 1937: The "Jornadas de Mayo", a workers' revolution in Catalonia.
- 1938–1948: The Zionist Revolution, or the period of Jewish guerrilla warfare, the spread words of terror,and the application of duress upon farmers to sell their lands; against the normal Palestinians supported by the British Empireand European nations, in Palestine which brought about the establishment of the State of Israel.
[edit] 1940–1949
- 1940–1944: The Insurgency in Chechnya.
- 1940–1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah's struggle for an separate state for the Muslims of India.
- 1941: The June Uprising against the Soviet Union in Lithuania.
- 1941–1945: Yugoslav People's Liberation War against the Axis Powers in World War II.
- 1941-1944: Greek Resistance
- 1942: Sri Lankan soldiers ignite the Cocos Islands Mutiny in an unsuccessful attempt to transfer the islands to Japanese control.
- 1942: The destruction of the German garrison in Lenin.
- 1943: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
- 1943: The uprising at Treblinka extermination camp.
- 1943: The uprising at Sobibór extermination camp.
- 1943-1945: Italian Resistance Movement against the Fascist Italian Social Republic, culminating in the 25th April final insurrection in Northern Italy.
- 1944: The Guatemalan Revolution overthrows the dictator Federico Ponce Vaides by liberal military officers.
- 1944: The Warsaw Uprising was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. It started on 1 August 1944.
- 1944: The Paris Uprising staged by the French Resistance against the German Paris garrison.
- 1944: The Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany.
- 1944: The uprising at Auschwitz extermination camp.
- 1944–1947: A Communist-friendly government was installed in Bulgaria following a coup d'état and the Soviet invasion.
- 1944: Following the liberation of Albania, the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha consolidated its control and declared the People's Republic of Albania in January 1946.
- 1944–1949: The Greek Civil War.
- 1944–1965: The Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union.
- 1945–1949: The Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch after their independence from Japan. Led by Soekarno, Hatta, Tan Malaka, etc. with the Dutch led by Van Mook.
- 1945: The Prague uprising against German occupation during World War II.
- 1945: The August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule.
- 1945: A democratic revolution in Venezuela, led by Rómulo Betancourt.
- 1946: The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny takes place in Bombay, and spreads to different parts of British India, demanding Indian independence.
- 1947: Three months after an abortive coup, civil war broke out in Paraguay. The rebellion was crushed by the government of dictator Higinio Morínigo.
- 1946–1951: The Telengana Rebellion: a Communist-led peasant revolt in Hyderabad State, India.
- 1947–1952: In the Albanian Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and Britain deployed exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists in a failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled Albania.
- 1947: Angami Zapu Phizo declared the independence of Nagaland from India only to be subdued by the Indian army.
- 1947: The 228 Massacre occurred following discontent and resentment of the native Taiwanese under the early rule of the KMT of the island.
- 1948: The Costa Rican Civil War precipitated by the vote of the Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government representatives, to annul the results of the presidential election of 1948.
- 1948: Following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges of "feudalism.".
- 1948–1960: The Malayan Emergency.
- 1949: The Communist-led Chinese Revolution under chairman Mao overthrows the ruling Nationalist Party and establishes the People's Republic of China.
[edit] 1950–1959
- 1950: The Jayuya revolt in Puerto Rico, explosion in the Blair House, and shooting at Congress, all looking for Puerto Rican independence.
- 1954–1962: The Algerian War of Independence: a revolutionary war of independence against French colonialism.
- 1950s: The Mau Mau Uprising.
- 1952: A popular revolution in Bolivia led by Víctor Paz Estenssoro and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) initiates a period of multiparty democracy lasting until a 1964 military coup.
- 1952: The Rosewater Revolution in Lebanon.
- 1953: The Vorkuta uprising was a major uprising of the Gulag inmates in Vorkuta in the summer of 1953. Like other camp uprisings it was bloodily quelled by the Red Army and the NKVD.[12]
- 1954: The Kengir uprising in the Soviet prison labor camp Kengir.
- 1954: The Uyghur uprising against Chinese rule in Hotan.
- 1955–1960: The Guerrilla war against British colonial rule of Cyprus led by the EOKA (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).
- 1955–1972: The First Sudanese Civil War was a conflict between the northern part of Sudan and a south that demanded more regional autonomy.
- 1956–1959: The Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro removes the government of General Fulgencio Batista. By 1962 Cuba had been transformed into a declared socialist republic.
- 1956–1962: The Border Campaign led by the Irish Republican Army against the British, along the border of the independent Republic of Ireland and British Northern Ireland.
- 1956: The Hungarian Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary.
- 1956: The Tibetan rebellions against Chinese rule broke out in Amdo and Kham.
- 1958: A popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez culminates in a civic-military coup d'état.
- 1958: The Iraqi Revolution led by nationalist soldiers abolishes the British-backed monarchy, executes many of its top officials, and begins to assert the country's independence from both Cold War power blocs.
- 1959: The failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule led to the flight of the Dalai Lama.
- 1959: The Tutsi king of Rwanda is forced into exile by Hutu extremists; racial pogroms follow an assassination attempt on Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda.
[edit] 1960–1969
- 1961–1991: The Eritrean War of Independence led by Isaias Afewerki against Ethiopia.
- 1961–1975: The Angolan War of Independence began as an uprising against forced cotton harvesting, and became a multi-faction struggle for control of Portugal's Overseas Province of Angola.
- 1962–1974: The leftist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in Lisbon.
- 1962: The military coup of 1962 in Burma, led by General Ne Win, who became the country's strongman.
- 1962: A revolution in northern Yemen overthrew the imam and established the Yemen Arab Republic.
- 1963–1967: The Aden Emergency was an insurgency against British crown forces in the eastern and southern parts of what is now the country of Yemen on the southern Arabian Peninsula.
- 1964: The Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declared the People's Republic of Zanzibar, and began the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika.
- 1964–1979: The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga or the Liberation Struggle, was a guerrilla war which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and led to universal suffrage, the end of white-rule in Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and the creation of the Republic of Zimbabwe.
- 1964: The October Revolution in Sudan, driven by a general strike and rioting, forced President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government, and eventually to resign.
- 1964–1975: The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commenced a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism. Independence was granted on June 25, 1975; however, the Mozambican Civil War complicated the political situation and frustrated FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state ideology.
- 1964–present: The Colombian Armed Conflict.
- 1965: The March Intifada in Bahrain: a Leftist uprising demanding an end to the British presence in Bahrain.
- 1966: Kwame Nkrumah is removed from power in Ghana by coup d'état.
- 1966–1993: A guerrilla warfare was conducted against the government of François Tombalbaye from the Sudan-based group FROLINAT.
- 1966–1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force was recreated by militant Protestant British loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army and the Roman Catholic community at large.
- 1967–1968 Iraqi communists launched an insurgency in southern Iraq.[13]
- 1967–1970: Biafra: The former eastern Nigeria unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic of Biafra, after the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
- 1967: The Naxalite Movement begins in India, led by the AICCCR.
- 1967: Anguillans resentful of Kittitian domination of the island expelled the Kittitian police and declared independence from the British colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. British forces retook the island in 1969 and made Anguilla a separate dependency in 1980. There was no bloodshed in the entire episode.
- 1968: The revolution in the Republic of Congo.
- 1968: Student protests and riots in Egypt in the wake of the Six-Day War lead to the ratification of the March 30 Program to deepen democratic processes.
- 1968: The May 1968 revolt: students' and workers' revolt against the government of Charles de Gaulle in France.
- 1968: A coup by Juan Velasco Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic reforms.
- 1968: A failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state culminates in the Prague Spring.
- 1969–1998: The Troubles: the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries waged an armed campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to bring about a United Ireland.
- 1969: A mass movement of workers, students, and peasants in Pakistan forced the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan.
- 1969: Somalia's multiparty system supplanted by a military socialist government under Siad Barre.
- 1969–present: Communist insurgency by the New People's Army in the Philippines.
[edit] 1970–1979
- 1970: A rebellion in Guinea by what its government identified as Portuguese agents.
- 1971: The Bangladesh Liberation War led by the Mukti Bahini establishes the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh.
- 1972: A revolution in Benin.
- 1972: A military-led revolution against the civilian government of President Philibert Tsiranana in the Malagasy Republic; a Marxist faction takes power in 1975 under Didier Ratsiraka, modeled on the North Korean juche theory developed by Kim Il Sung.
- 1973: Mohammad Daud overthrows the monarchy and establishes a republic in Afghanistan.
- 1973: Worker-student demonstrations in Thailand force dictator Thanom Kittikachorn and two close associates to flee the country, beginning a short period of democratic constitutional rule.
- 1974: A revolution in Ethiopia.
- 1974: The Carnation Revolution overthrows of right-wing dictatorship in Portugal.
- 1975: A revolution in Cambodia.
- 1975: A revolution in Laos by guerrilla forces of the Pathet Lao overthrows the monarchy.
- 1975: 15 August, coup led by young military officers and the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Bangladesh.
- 1975: A revolution in Cape Verde.
- 1975: Coup led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil in Bangladesh to depose President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. Three days later a counter-coup by Colonel Abu Taher puts Ziaur Rahman in power.
- 1976: Student demonstrations and election-related violence in Thailand lead police to open fire on a sit-in at Thammasat University, killing hundreds. The military seizes power the next day, ending constitutional rule.
- 1977: The Market Women's Revolt in Guinea leads to a lessening of the state's role in the economy.
- 1978: The Saur Revolution led by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposes and kills President Mohammad Daud.
- 1979: New Jewel Movement led by Maurice Bishop launch an armed revolution and overthrow the government of Eric Gairy in Grenada.
- 1979: The popular overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship by progressive/Marxist Nicaraguan Revolution.
- 1979: The Iranian Revolution overthrows the Shah, resulting in the formation of Islamic republic of Iran.
- 1979: Cambodia is liberated from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party.
[edit] 1980–1989
- 1980: National Socialist Council of Nagaland launches its struggle against Indian rule and the establishment of the greater Nagaland.
- 1980: The Santo Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides
- 1980–2000: The Communist Party of Peru launched the internal conflict in Peru.
- 1981: Assassination of Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh sparks protests and riots.
- 1982: General Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes power through a bloodless coup, deposing president Abdus Sattar in Bangladesh.
- 1983: Overthrow of the ruling Conseil de Salut du peuple (CSP) by Marxist forces led by Thomas Sankara in Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso in the following year.
- 1983: Prime Minister of Grenada, Maurice Bishop, overthrown and subsequently executed by high-ranking government officials.
- 1983 Beginning on July 23, 1983, there was an on-and-off insurgency against the Government of Sri Lanka by the the LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers.
- 1983–2005: The Second Sudanese Civil War was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War, and one of the longest lasting and deadliest wars of the later 20th century.
- 1984-1999: Kurdish uprising for independence from the Republic of Turkey
- 1984–1985: Pro-independence FLNKS forces in New Caledonia revolt following an election boycott and occupy the town of Thio from November 1984 to January 1985. Thio is retaken by the French after the assassination of Éloi Machoro, the security minister in the FLNKS provisional government and the primary leader of the occupation.[14]
- 1985: Soviet and Afghanistan P.O.W. rose against their captors at Badaber base.
- 1986: The People Power Revolution peacefully overthrows Ferdinand Marcos after his two decade rule in the Philippines.
- 1986: Khalistan Commando Force started armed movement for the establishment of Khalistan, an independent Sikh homeland. The movement, as is the case with other Sikh nationalistic movements, was fueled in part by the Indian army's Operation Blue Star. The armed struggle resulted in thousands of mostly civilian deaths.
- 1987–1991: The First Intifada, or the Palestinian uprising, a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis.
- 1988–1991: The Pan-Armenian National Movement frees Armenia from Soviet rule.
- 1988: The 8888 Uprising In Burma or Myanmar.
- 1989: Armed resistance breaks out in the Kashmir valley against Indian oppression[15].
- 1989: The Singing Revolution, bloodless overthrow of communist rule in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
- 1989: The violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela. In the next few years, there are two attempted coups and President Carlos Andrés Pérez is impeached.
- 1989: The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between 15 April and 4 June 1989.
- 1989: The bloodless Velvet Revolution overthrows the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
- 1989: The Romanian Revolution violently overthrows the communist state in Romania.
[edit] 1990–1999
- 1990–present: United Liberation Front of Asom launch major violent activities against Indian rule in Assam.To date, the resulting clashes with the Indian army have left more than 10,000 dead[16].
- 1990–1995: The Log Revolution in Croatia starts, triggering the Croatian War of Independence.
- 1990–1995: The First Tuareg Rebellion in Niger and Mali.
- 1991: The Kurdish uprising against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in Iraqi Kurdistan.
- 1991: The Shiite Uprising in Karbala, Iraq.
- 1992–1995: Bosnian War of Independence.
- 1992: An Afghan uprising against the Taliban by United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, or the Northern Alliance.
- 1994: The 1990s Uprising in Bahrain, Shiite-led rebellion for the restoration of democracy in Bahrain.
- 1994: The Zapatista Rebellion: an uprising in the Mexican state of Chiapas demanding equal rights for indigenous peoples and in opposition to growing neoliberalism in North America.
- 1994–1996: The First Chechen Rebellion against Russia.
- 1996: An Islamic movement in Afghanistan led by the Taliban established Taliban rule.
- 1997: The 1997 rebellion in Albania sparked by Ponzi scheme failures.
- 1997–1999: The Kosovo Rebellion against Yugoslavia.
- 1998: The election in Venezuela of socialist leader Hugo Chávez is called the Bolivarian Revolution.
- 1998: The Indonesian Revolution of 1998 resulted the resignation of President Suharto after three decades of the New Order period.
- 1999–present: The Second Chechen Rebellion against Russia.
- 1999: The Iran student protests, July 1999 were, at the time, the most violent protests to occur against the islamic regime of Iran.
[edit] 2000–present
- 2000–present: The Second Intifada a continuation of the First Intifada. The wave of violence that began in September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis.
- 2000: The bloodless Bulldozer Revolution, first of the four colour revolutions, overthrows Slobodan Milošević's régime in Yugoslavia.
- 2001: The 2001 Macedonia conflict.
- 2001–present: The Taliban insurgency following the 2001 war in Afghanistan which overthrow Taliban rule.
- 2001: The 2001 EDSA Revolution peacefully ousts Philippine President Joseph Estrada after the collapse of his impeachment trial.
- 2001: Supporters of Philippines former president Joseph Estrada violently and unsuccessfully stage a rally, so-called the EDSA Tres, in an attempt of returning him to power.
- 2003: The Rose Revolution, second of the colour revolutions, displaces the president of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze, and calls new elections.
- 2003–present: The Iraqi insurgency refers to the armed resistance by diverse groups within Iraq to the U.S. occupation of Iraq and to the establishment of a liberal democracy therein.
- 2003–present: The Darfur rebellion led by the two major rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the land-tilling Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit ethnic groups.
- 2004–present: The Shi'ite Uprising against the US-led occupation of Iraq.
- 2004: After Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner of a presidential election in Ukraine, the Orange Revolution arose and installed him as president, believing the election to have been fraudulent. This was the third colour revolution.
- 2004: A failed attempt at popular colour-style revolution in Azerbaijan, led by the groups Yox! and Azadlig.
- 2004–present: The Naxalite insurgency in India, led by the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
- 2005: The Cedar Revolution, triggered by the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, asks for the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.
- 2005: The Tulip Revolution (a.k.a. Pink/Yellow Revolution) overthrows the President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, and set new elections. This is the fourth colour revolution.
- 2006–present: 2006 democracy movement in Nepal.
- 2006: The 2006 Oaxaca protests demanding the removal of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, the governor of Oaxaca state in Mexico.
- 2006–present: The Mexican Drug War.
- 2007: The popular uprising against the terrorist organization al-Qa'eda by residents of Anbar Province, Iraq.[17]
- 2007–present: The Civil war in Ingushetia within Russia.
- 2007–2009: The Second Tuareg Rebellion in Niger.
- 2007: The Burmese anti-government protests, including the Saffron Revolution of Burmese Buddhist monks.
- 2008: A Shiite uprising in Basra.
- 2009: After the disputed Iranian presidential election, an uprising known as the Green Movement started in Iran, demanding the resignation of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
- 2009: 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh killing 57 army officers.
- 2009: In January, a popular uprising called the saucepan revolution brought down the Icelandic government 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests, after the collapse of the Icelandic financial system in October 2008.
- 2010: 2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising.
- 2010: Riots in Bangkok.
[edit] Cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions
The term revolution is also used to denote trends which have resulted in great social changes outside the political sphere, such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or technology. Many have been global, while others have been limited to single countries. Such revolutions include, in alphabetical order:
- The Agricultural Revolutions, which include:
- The Neolithic Revolution (perhaps 13000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop. It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
- The Green Revolution (1945–): The use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increased the world's agricultural output. It is commonly referred to as the 'Second Agricultural Revolution'.
- The British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanisation and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
- The Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which led to the Lowland Clearances.
- The Commercial Revolution: A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the sixteenth century until the early eighteenth century.
- The Counterculture of the 1960s (approximately 1960–1973) was a social revolution that originated in the United States and United Kingdom, and eventually spread to other western nations. The themes of this movement included the anti-war movement, rebellion against conservative norms, drug use, and the sexual revolution (see below).
- The Sexual revolution: A change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s.
- The Cultural Revolution: A struggle for power within the Communist Party of China, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the People's Republic of China to the brink of civil war, and which lasted from 1966 to 1976.
- The Digital Revolution: The sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology, starting from circa 1950 with the creation of the first general-purpose electronic computers.
- The Industrial Revolution: The major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world.
- The Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914).
- The Price revolution: A series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe.
- The Quiet Revolution: A period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada, in the 1960s. This leads to the separatist movement for Quebec sovereignty and two referendums.
- The Scientific revolution: A fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century.
- The Upper Paleolithic Revolution: The emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regionally distinct cultures.
[edit] References
 | Constructs such as ibid. and loc. cit. are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. |
- ^ Jason Burke, "Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak", The Observer, 3 December 2000
- ^ History and chronology of Rebellion in Roman Empire
- ^ Zanj rebellion
- ^ Timur, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Shimabara Rebellion (Japanese history)
- ^ The Slave Revolts
- ^ Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838–42
- ^ Kunnen-Jones, Marianne (2002-08-21). "Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising". University of Cincinnati. http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
- ^ Renowned author to speak about 1863 New York draft riots at Fairfield University's DiMenna-Nyselius Library press release Fairfield University
- ^ How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History Unfolded. NPR/Weekend Edition Sunday, August 17, 2008.
- ^ Analysis: roots of the conflict between Georgia, South Ossetia and Russia
- ^ I. Baltic Prisoners of the Gulag Revolts of 1953 - L. Latkovskis
- ^ Tripp, Charles (2005). A History of Iraq. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–189,196. ISBN 9780521702478.
- ^ Ibid., pp. 116-126.
- ^ Kashmir insurgency
- ^ Five Dead in Assam - Dawn
- ^ Iraq insurgency: People rise against al-Qa'eda
[edit] See also
-
Welcome to Questia, the online library that lets you read the full text of British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773-1835 and millions of other valuable, copyrighted books and articles.Put exact phrases in quotesBritish Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773-1835Search inside this bookResearch ResourcesBritish Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773-1835by David KopfPages: 326Contributors: David KopfPublisher: University of California PressPlace of Publication: Berkeley, CAPublication Year: 1969Subjects: Bengal (India)--Intellectual LifeAds by Google
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Anglicists versus Orientalists
The contribution of British Orientalists in the second half of the 18th century to the growth of self-awareness and pride in their past cultural achievements among educated Hindus is well known. As David Kopf, author of British Orientalism and Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773-1835, has put it: " The intellectual elite that clustered about Hastings after 1770 was classicist rather than 'progressive' in their historical outlook, cosmopolitan rather than nationalist in their view of other cultures, and rationalist rather than romantic in their quest for those 'constant and universal principles' that express the unity of human nature."
Much of this was to change for the worse in the 19th century when nationalism and racism came to dominate the West European mind. The earliest expression of this change in our case is James Mill's History of India published in 1817. It was, in large part, written to refute the views of Sir William Jones. Though Mill spoke no Indian languages, indeed had never been to India, his damning indictment of Indian society and religion had become the standard work - required reading for all who would serve in India. It marked the triumph of the Anglicists (read detractors of India) over the Orientalists who were admirers of Indian civilization.
Thomas Babbington Macaulay (1800-59) is best known for introducing English education in India. Macaulay was the first Law Member of the Governor-General's Legislature. He clinched the issue in favor of the Anglicists with his famous minute of 1832. English was to become the medium of instruction and not Sanskrit or Persian which the Orientalists had favored. In the House of Commons, Macaulay directed his attack towards Hinduism:
"In no part of the world has a religion ever existed more unfavorable to the moral and intellectual health of our race."
(source: India Discovered - By John Keay p 77-78).He wrote in his notorious 1835 Minute that Hinduism was based on " a literature admitted to be of small intrinsic value ...(one) that inculcates the most serious errors on the most important subjects ... hardly reconcilable with reason, with morality...fruitful of monstrous superstitions. " Hindus had therefore been fed for millennia with a "false history, false astronomy, false medicine ...in company of a false religion."
"A war of Bengalees against English men was like a war of sheep against wolves, of men against demons."
Dismissing with incredible arrogance the profound speculation and beautiful language of the Sanskrit classics, he said, " I doubt whether the Sanskrit literature be as valuable as that of our Saxon and Norman progenitors."
(source: India: A World in Transition - By Beatrice Pitney Lamb p. 194)). Refer to chapter on First Indologists.Oriental Renaissance began to invite opposition. Missionaries were one obvious source of it. Another source was Imperialism. European powers were becoming self-conscious imperialists and they could not rule with a clean conscience over people who were proud possessors of great cultures. Another source, a natural result of Imperialism, was growing Eurocentricity. Europe became less and less inclined to believe that anything worthwhile could be found anywhere outside of Europe .
Therefore, the Oriental Movement began to be downgraded. It was called "romantic" and even "fanatic"; its fascination for India was a form of "Indo-mania".
Indians were allowed to possess the Vedas, the oldest literature of the Aryans, but the Aryans themselves were made to migrate, this time from Europe to India as conquerors. Thus the tables were turned. Migration remained but its direction changed. India which was hitherto regarded as the home of European languages and people now became the happy hunting ground of the same people who came and conquered and imposed their will and culture on India.
The theory of Aryan invasion was born.
(source: On Hinduism Reviews and Reflections - By Ram Swarup p. 107 - 108). Refer to chapter on First Indologists. Watch Scientific verification of Vedic knowledge
In the 1830's, Macaulay had poured scorn on Asian cultures: "A single shelf of a good European library he held to be worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia..."
Ever since the days of Macaulay's reform in the 1830's, all higher education in India had been conducted in English. Anglomania became the fashion among the social and intellectual elite, whose derision of their own Indian culture was a token of their Europeanization. It produced a generation of young Indians who found themselves rootless, out of touch with their own country and its enduring culture..."
It had been Macaulay's aim to train a large class of men who would be: "Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect," who would stand between the British and the illiterate masses.."
(source: The Soul of India - By Amaury de Riencourt p. 288 - 292).
In this new Anglicist discourse, India was misunderstood, misrepresented and run down in almost every conceivable way. This shameful history of the imperialist and hegemonic discourse and perversion in the name of knowledge made it out that Hindu society had got frozen just above the primitive level. This distortion produced alienation in the Hindus, if anything, has grown since independence.
(source: The Hindu Phenomenon - By Girilal Jain p. 38-40. Jain, was doyen of Indian journalists and editor of The Times of India from 1978-1988). Refer to chapter on First Indologists. For more information refer to chapter on First Indologists. Refer to QuickTime trailer and Part One of the film The God Awful Truth. Watch An Invasion through Conversion - youtube.com***
No Ten Commandments east of the Suez Canal?
Sahibs of British India
Swami Vivekananda explained the effects of British education in these words:
"Oh, India, this is your terrible danger. The spell of imitating the West getting such a hold upon you, that what is good or what is bad, is no longer decided by reason, judgment, discrimination or reference to the Sastras.
'Whatever ideas, whatever manners the white men praise or like, are good; whatever things they dislike or censure, are bad! Alas! What can be a more tangible proof of foolishness than this?"***
Edmond Taylor writes: "In the golden age of empire, both in official propaganda and in their private mythologies of the white man's burden, the sahibs placed the main emphasis upon their own superiority rather than the natives inferiority.
"The sahib is accustomed to being obeyed, to being feared, to being surrounded with deference and servility. He belongs to the British middle-class himself but in the East his life is filled with the symbols of domination and grandeur. He may not be enjoying fantastic luxury but deference is a more deeply rooted symbol of power than luxury, and on the scale of deference, as far as his relations with the natives go, he lives like a pre-revolutionary grand duke of Russia."
"The British have set themselves up as the master race in India. British rule in India is fascism, there is no dodging that."
(source: Richer By Asia - Edmond Taylor p. 105 and 248).
Civilizing the Heathens? An Englishman getting a pedicure from his Indian servants.
The Tyranny of British Rule: "The British have set themselves up as the master race in India. British rule in India is fascism, there is no dodging that."
"It is in India, of all places on the earth, that the superiority of the white over the colored races is most strikingly demonstrated.""According to British history, there was no freedom movement in India, no man made famines, no transfer of huge resources from India to Britain , no destruction of Indian industries and agriculture by the British rule, but only a very benign and benevolent British rule in India ."
Refer to Loot: in search of the East India Company - By Nick Robins and How India became poor - indiarealist.com
***
A German professor, George Wegener, expressed the heart of the matter as far back as 1911:
"It is in India, of all places on the earth, that the superiority of the white over the colored races is most strikingly demonstrated. If the Asiatics were to succeed in destroying English mastery there, then the position of the whole white race throughout the world would be fatally undermined."
(source: The Case for India - By Will Durant Simon and Schuster, New York. 1930 p. 178).
The Hindi word loot entered English lexicon after the Battle of Plassey. English historian William Digby estimated in 1901 that the amount looted from India was 1 billion dollars.
"If British empire-builders could have kept racialism out of their policy, I'm sure they could happily have stayed on in India to this day. That racial discrimination was absolutely blatant as and when Indian fighting forces came in contact with the British fighting forces. If an Indian had any kind of self-respect, he couldn't help resenting it. Even today, after so many years, I hesitate to go to any white man's country. During that impressionable period of my life, the treatment I got from Britishers, from white people, was so bad that even today I fear I might meet the same thing." - B.C. Dutt (ex-rating the Royal Indian Navy and a leader of the Mutiny of 1946).
(source: Indian Tales of the Raj - By Zareer Masani p.120).A painting by an Indian artist showing a British child accompanied by three Indian servants, enjoying a horseback ride in Calcutta gardens in 1840s.
***
A handbook published in 1878 recommended twenty-seven servants for a well-to-do British family in Calcutta and fourteen for a bachelor.
(source: Colonial Overlords: Time Frame Ad 1850-1900 - Time-Life Books. The Scramble for Africa ASIN 0809464667 p. 8-27).***
A Nation of Shopkeepers wants to rule India
Sir Josiah Child, appointed chairman of the East India company, had once declared, " the time was ripe to lay the foundation of a large, well-grounded, sure English dominion in India for all time to come."
(source: Colonial Overlords: Time Frame Ad 1850-1900 - Time-Life Books. The Scramble for Africa ASIN 0809464667 p. 13).Sir William Joynson-Hicks, Home Minister in the Baldwin Government, expressed : "I know it is said in the missionary meetings that we conquered India to raise the level of the Indians. That is cant. We conquered India as an outlet for the goods of Great Britain. We conquered India by the sword, and by the sword we shall hold it."
(source: The Case for India - By Will Durant Simon and Schuster, New York. 1930 p.163-164 and India in Bondage: Her Right to Freedom - By Jabez T. Sunderland p.138).
As the 19th century progressed, British power and population increased: The Moghal empire shrank to an impotent enclave around Delhi; and independent princes, one by one, became British clients. Indian participation in government was reduced to a minimum; social intercourse was limited and distant. The British began to see- and treat-all Indians as an inferior and conquered people, and to make maintenance of British power and aloofness a policy. The spread of the evangelical movement, with its horror of the non-Christian, only added to Britons' concept of their inherent superiority.
(source: What Life Was Like in the Jewel of the Crown: British India AD 1600-1905 - By The Editors of Time-Life Books. p. 93).
According to Indian Labor Journal, "For the same amount of work a white man got three times the salary as an Indian would get."
(source: Indian Labor Journal, was founded during the peak of Freedom Movement, a weekly tabloid that stopped publication on the eve of Independence in 1947. Its founder-editor, the late G V Rahgavan managed to rattle the British with his telling commentaries in the column Epistles Brief and Frank. Raghavan, who was initiated into politics by C Rajagopalachari, was one of the famous socialist leaders and freedom fighters of the region. Closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jay Prakash Narayan and V V Giri, he served in the Bengal Nagpur Railways for three decades and initiated many welfare measures for the employees.
(source: http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970812/22450223.html)Birds of Passage and of Prey
The British who go to India to carry on the government never for a moment think of the country as home; it is merely their temporary tarrying place, their "inn". Edmund Burke described these British countrymen of his by the striking phrase, "birds of passage and prey." The British in India are no part of India; they do not settle down to make homes there; they make their 'piles' and return to their country, where all who have been in government service continue all the rest of their lives to draw fat pensions from India.
(source: India in Bondage: Her Right to Freedom - By Jabez T. Sunderland p. 299).
Speech in House of Commons on India, 1783 - By Edmund Burke:
Despite the act if 1773, there were still concerns about the administration of India.
" ... Our conquest there, after twenty years, is as crude as it was the first day. The natives scarcely know what it is to see the grey head
of an Englishman. Young men (boys almost) govern there, without society, and without sympathy with the natives. They have no more
social habits with the people, than if they still resided in England; nor, indeed, any species of intercourse but that which is necessary to making a sudden fortune, with a view to a remote settlement.. Animated with all the avarice of age, and all the impetuosity of youth, they roll in one after another; wave after wave; and there is nothing before the eyes of the natives but an endless, hopeless prospect of new flights of birds of prey and passage, with appetites continually renewing for a food that is continually wasting. Every rupee of profit made by an Englishman is lost for ever to India."
(source: Internet Modern History Sourcebook).Page < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 >
William Jones (philologist)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other people named William Jones, see William Jones (disambiguation).This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)Sir William JonesSir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was an English philologist and scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages. He was also the founder of the Asiatic Society.
Contents
[hide][edit] Biography
Jones was born in London at Beaufort Buildings, Westminster; his father (also named William Jones) was a mathematician from Anglesey in north Wales, noted for devising the use of the symbol pi. The young William Jones was a linguistic prodigy, learning Greek, Latin, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew and the basics of Chinese writing at an early age.[1] By the end of his life he knew thirteen languages thoroughly and another twenty-eight reasonably well, making him a hyperpolyglot.
Though his father died when he was only three, Jones was still able to go to Harrow in September 1753 and on to Oxford University. He graduated from University College, Oxford in 1768 and became M.A. in 1773. Too poor, even with his award, to pay the fees, he gained a job tutoring the seven-year-old Lord Althorp, son of Earl Spencer and as such an ancestor of Princess Diana. He embarked on a career as a tutor and translator for the next six years. During this time he published Histoire de Nader Chah (1770), a French translation of a work originally written in Persian by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi. This was done at the request of King Christian VII of Denmark who had visited Jones - who by the age of 24 had already acquired a reputation as an orientalist. This would be the first of numerous works on Persia, Turkey, and the Middle East in general.
Tomb of William Jones in Kolkata.In 1770, he joined the Middle Temple and studied law for three years, which would eventually lead him to his life-work in India; after a spell as a circuit judge in Wales, and a fruitless attempt to resolve the issues of the American Revolution in concert with Benjamin Franklin in Paris, he was appointed puisne judge to the Supreme Court of Bengal in March 1783. In April 1783 he married Anna Maria Shipley, the eldest daughter of Dr. Jonathan Shipley, Bishop of Landaff and Bishop of St Asaph. On 25 September 1783 he arrived in Calcutta.
In the Subcontinent he was entranced by Indian culture, an as-yet untouched field in European scholarship, and on 15 January 1784 he founded the Asiatic Society in Calcutta. Over the next ten years he would produce a flood of works on India, launching the modern study of the subcontinent in virtually every social science. He also wrote on the local laws, music, literature, botany, and geography, and made the first English translations of several important works of Indian literature. He died in Calcutta on 27 April 1794 at the age of 47.
[edit] Scholarly contributions
Of all his discoveries, Jones is best known today for making and propagating the observation that Sanskrit bore a certain resemblance to classical Greek and Latin. In The Sanscrit Language (1786) he suggested that all three languages had a common root, and that indeed they may all be further related, in turn, to Gothic and the Celtic languages, as well as to Persian.
His third annual discourse before the Asiatic Society on the history and culture of the Hindus (delivered on 2 February 1786 and published in 1788) with the famed "philologer" passage is often cited as the beginning of comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies. This is Jones' most quoted passage, establishing his tremendous find in the history of linguistics:
The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.
This common source came to be known as Proto-Indo-European.
As early as the mid-17th century Dutchman Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn (1612–1653) and others had been aware that Ancient Persian belonged to the same language group as the European languages. Similarly, American colonist Jonathan Edwards Jr. published in 1787 a work where he demonstrated that the Algonquian languages across northeastern North America were related to each other, and so were the Iroquoian languages. Nevertheless, it was Jones' discovery that caught the imagination of later scholars and became the semi-mythical origin of modern historical and comparative linguistics.
In 1789 he was the first to translate the Abhijñānaśākuntalam, an Indian play (written in a mix of Sanskrit and Prakrit) into a Western language under the title of Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring; An Indian Drama by Cálidás (Kalidasa). He encouraged his colleague Charles Wilkins to make the first translation of the Bhagavad Gita into English.
Jones is also indirectly responsible for some of the sensibility of the poetry of the English Romantic movement (particularly that of Lord Byron and Samuel Taylor Coleridge), as his translations of "eastern" poetical works were a source for that style.
[edit] Latin chess poem
An early illustration of Jones' CaissaIn 1763, at the age of 17, Jones wrote the poem Caissa in Latin hexameters, based on a 658-line poem called "Scacchia, Ludus" published in 1527 by Marco Girolamo Vida, giving a mythical origin of chess that has become well known in the chess world. He also published an English language version of the poem.
In the poem the nymph Caissa initially repels the advances of Mars, the god of war. Spurned, Mars seeks the aid of the god of sport, who creates the game of chess as a gift for Mars to win Caissa's favour. Mars wins her over with the game.
Caissa has been since been characterised as the "goddess" of chess, her name being used in several contexts in modern chess playing.
[edit] Schopenhauer's citation
On page two of his main work of 1819, Schopenhauer referred to one of Sir William Jones's publications. Schopenhauer was trying to support the doctrine that "everything that exists for knowledge, and hence the whole of this world, is only object in relation to the subject, perception of the perceiver, in a word, representation."[2] He quoted Sir William Jones's original English:
…how early this basic truth was recognized by the sages of India, since it appears as the fundamental tenet of the Vedânta philosophy ascribed to Vyasa, is proved by Sir William Jones in the last of his essays: "On the Philosophy of the Asiatics" (Asiatic Researches, vol. IV, p. 164): "The fundamental tenet of the Vedânta school consisted not in denying the existence of matter, that is solidity, impenetrability, and extended figure (to deny which would be lunacy), but in correcting the popular notion of it, and in contending that it has no essence independent of mental perception; that existence and perceptibility are convertible terms."
Schopenhauer used Jones's authority to relate the basic principle of his philosophy to what was, according to Jones, the most important underlying proposition of Vedânta. He referred to Sir William Jones's writings in a few other places in his works, but this was the most extensive citation.
[edit] References
- ^ Edward Said, Orientalism New York: Random House, page 77.
- ^ The World as Will and Representation, § 1
[edit] Resources
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Cannon, Garland H. (1964). Oriental Jones: A biography of Sir William Jones, 1746-1794. Bombay: Asia Pub. House Indian Council for Cultural Relations.
- Cannon, Garland H. (1979). Sir William Jones: A bibliography of primary and secondary sources. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-0998-7.
- Cannon, Garland H.; & Brine, Kevin. (1995). Objects of enquiry: Life, contributions and influence of Sir William Jones. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1517-6.
- Franklin, Michael J. (1995). Sir William Jones. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1295-0.
- Jones, William, Sir. (1970). The letters of Sir William Jones. Cannon, Garland H. (Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-812404-X.
- Mukherjee, S. N. (1968). Sir William Jones: A study in eighteenth-century British attitudes to India. London, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05777-9.
- Poser, William J. and Lyle Campbell (1992). Indo-european practice and historical methodology, Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp. 214–236.
- The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. Sir William Jones
[edit] External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William Jones (philologist) Wikisource has original works written by or about: William Jones - Urs App: William Jones's Ancient Theology. Sino-Platonic Papers Nr. 191 (September 2009) (PDF 3.7 Mb PDF, 125 p.; includes third, sixth, and ninth anniversary discourses)
- The Third Anniversary Discourse, On The Hindus
- CAISSA or The Game at Chess; a Poem.
Categories: English linguists | Historical linguists | Indo-Europeanists | English philologists | English anthropologists | Sanskrit scholars | British Indologists | English orientalists | Alumni of University College, Oxford | People from Westminster | Translators of Kālidāsa | 1746 births | 1794 deaths | Members of the Middle Temple | Founders of Indian schools and colleges | Fellows of the Royal SocietyGifford -
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Max Müller
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other people named Max Müller, see Max Müller (disambiguation).Max Müller as a young manFriedrich Max Müller (December 6, 1823 – October 28, 1900), more regularly known as Max Müller, was a German philologist and Orientalist, one of the founders of the western academic field of Indian studies and the discipline of comparative religion. Müller wrote both scholarly and popular works on the subject of Indology, a discipline he introduced to the British reading public, and the Sacred Books of the East, a massive, 50-volume set of English translations prepared under his direction, stands as an enduring monument to Victorian scholarship.
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[hide][edit] Life and work
He was born in Dessau, the son of the Romantic poet Wilhelm Müller, whose verse Franz Schubert had set to music in his song-cycles Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise. Max Müller's mother, Adelheide Müller, was the eldest daughter of a chief minister of Anhalt-Dessau. Müller knew Felix Mendelssohn and had Carl Maria von Weber as a godfather.
In 1841 he entered Leipzig University, where he left his early interest in music and poetry in favour of philosophy. Müller received his Ph.D. in 1843 for a dissertation on Spinoza's Ethics.[1] He also displayed an aptitude for languages, learning the Classical languages Greek and Latin, as well as Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. In 1844 Müller went to Berlin to study with Friedrich Schelling. He began to translate the Upanishads for Schelling, and continued to research Sanskrit under Franz Bopp, the first systematic scholar of the Indo-European languages. Schelling led Müller to relate the history of language to the history of religion. At this time, Müller published his first book, a German translation of the Hitopadesa, a collection of Indian fables.
In 1845, Müller moved to Paris to study Sanskrit under Eugène Burnouf. It was Burnouf who encouraged him to publish the complete Rig Veda in Sanskrit, using manuscripts available in England.
Müller moved to England in 1846 in order to study Sanskrit texts in the collection of the East India Company. He supported himself at first with creative writing, his novel German Love being popular in its day. Müller's connections with the East India Company and with Sanskritists based at Oxford University led to a career in Britain, where he eventually became the leading intellectual commentator on the culture of India, which Britain controlled as part of its Empire. This led to complex exchanges between Indian and British intellectual culture, especially through Müller's links with the Brahmo Samaj. He became a member of Christ Church, Oxford in 1851, when he gave his first series of lectures on comparative philology. He gained appointments as Taylorian Professor of Modern European Languages in 1854. Defeated in the 1860 competition for the tenured Chair of Sanskrit, he later became Oxford's first Professor of Comparative Theology (1868 – 1875), at All Souls College.
Müller attempted to formulate a philosophy of religion that addressed the crisis of faith engendered by the historical and critical study of religion by German scholars on the one hand, and by the Darwinian revolution on the other. Müller was wary of Darwin's work on human evolution, and attacked his view of the development of human faculties. His work was taken up by cultural commentators such as his friend John Ruskin, who saw it as a productive response to the crisis of the age (compare Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach"). He analyzed mythologies as rationalizations of natural phenomena, primitive beginnings that we might denominate "protoscience" within a cultural evolution; Müller's "anti-Darwinian" concepts of the evolution of human cultures are among his least lasting achievements.
Müller circa 1898.Müller shared many of the ideas associated with Romanticism, which coloured his account of ancient religions, in particular his emphasis on the formative influence on early religion of emotional communion with natural forces.
Müller's Sanskrit studies came at a time when scholars had started to see language development in relation to cultural development. The recent discovery of the Indo-European (IE) language group had started to lead to much speculation about the relationship between Greco-Roman cultures and those of more ancient peoples. In particular the Vedic culture of India was thought to have been the ancestor of European Classical cultures, and scholars sought to compare the genetically related European and Asian languages in order to reconstruct the earliest form of the root-language. The Vedic language, Sanskrit, was thought to be the oldest of the IE languages. Müller therefore devoted himself to the study of this language, becoming one of the major Sanskrit scholars of his day. Müller believed that the earliest documents of Vedic culture should be studied in order to provide the key to the development of pagan European religions, and of religious belief in general. To this end, Müller sought to understand the most ancient of Vedic scriptures, the Rig-Veda.[2]
Müller was greatly impressed by Ramakrishna Paramhansa, his contemporary and proponent of Vedantic philosophy, and authored several essays and books on him.[3].
A 1907 study of Müller's inaugural Hibbert Lecture of 1878 was made by one of his contemporaries, D. Menant.[4] It argued that a crucial role was played by Müller and social reformer Behramji Malabari in initiating debate on child marriage and widow remarriage questions in India.
For Müller, the study of the language had to relate to the study of the culture in which it had been used. He came to the view that the development of languages should be tied to that of belief-systems. At that time the Vedic scriptures were little-known in the West, though there was increasing interest in the philosophy of the Upanishads. Müller believed that the sophisticated Upanishadic philosophy could be linked to the primitive henotheism of early Vedic Brahmanism from which it evolved. He had to travel to London in order to look at documents held in the collection of the British East India Company. While there he persuaded the company to allow him to undertake a critical edition of the Rig-Veda, a task he pursued doggedly over many years (1849–1874), and which resulted in the critical edition for which he is most remembered.
For Müller, the culture of the Vedic peoples represented a form of nature worship, an idea clearly influenced by Romanticism. He saw the gods of the Rig-Veda as active forces of nature, only partly personified as imagined supernatural persons. From this claim Müller derived his theory that mythology is 'a disease of language'. By this he meant that myth transforms concepts into beings and stories. In Müller's view 'gods' began as words constructed in order to express abstract ideas, but were transformed into imagined personalities. Thus the Indo-European father-god appears under various names: Zeus, Jupiter, Dyaus Pita. For Müller all these names can be traced to the word 'Dyaus', which he understands to imply 'shining' or 'radiance'. This leads to the terms 'deva', 'deus', 'theos' as generic terms for a god, and to the names 'Zeus' and 'Jupiter' (derived from deus-pater). In this way a metaphor becomes personified and ossified. This aspect of Müller's thinking closely resembled the later ideas of Nietzsche.
Nevertheless Müller's work contributed to the developing interest in Aryan culture which set Indo-European ('Aryan') traditions in opposition to Semitic religions. He was deeply saddened by the fact that these later came to be expressed in racist terms. This was far from Müller's own intention. For Müller the discovery of common Indian and European ancestry was a powerful argument against racism, arguing that "an ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a dolichocephalic dictionary or a brachycephalic grammar" and that "the blackest Hindus represent an earlier stage of Aryan speech and thought than the fairest Scandinavians".[5]
In 1881, he published a translation of the first edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. He agreed with Schopenhauer that this edition was the most direct and honest expression of Kant's thought. His translation corrected several errors that were committed by previous translators. In his Translator's Preface, Müller wrote, "The bridge of thoughts and sighs that spans the whole history of the Aryan world has its first arch in the Veda, its last in Kant's Critique.…While in the Veda we may study the childhood, we may study in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason the perfect manhood of the Aryan mind.…The materials are now accessible, and the English-speaking race, the race of the future, will have in Kant's Critique another Aryan heirloom, as precious as the Veda — a work that may be criticised, but can never be ignored."
He was also influenced by the work Thought and Reality, of the Russian philosopher African Spir[6]
His wife, Georgina Adelaide (died 1916) had his papers and correspondence carefully bound; they are at the Bodleian Library, Oxford.[7] The Goethe Institutes in India are named Max Müller Bhavan in his honour.[8] Müller's son Wilhelm Max Müller was also an important scholar.
[edit] Reception
Portrait of the elderly Max Müller by George Frederic Watts, 1894-1895Müller's comparative religion was criticized as subversive of the Christian faith. According to Monsignor Munro, the Roman Catholic bishop of St Andrew's Cathedral in Glasgow, his 1888 Gifford Lectures on the "science of religion" represented nothing less than "a crusade against divine revelation, against Jesus Christ and Christianity".[9] Similar accusations had already led to Müller's exclusion from the Boden chair in Sanskrit in favour of the conservative Monier Monier-Williams. By the 1880s Müller was being courted by Charles Godfrey Leland, Helena Blavatsky and other writers who were seeking to assert the merits of "Pagan" religious traditions over Christianity. The designer Mary Fraser Tytler stated that Müller's book Chips from a German Workshop (a collection of his essays) was her "Bible", which helped her to create a multi-cultural sacred imagery.
Müller distanced himself from these developments, and remained within the Lutheran faith in which he had been brought up. He several times expressed the view that a "reformation" within Hinduism needed to occur comparable to the Christian Reformation.[10] In his view, "if there is one thing which a comparative study of religions places in the clearest light, it is the inevitable decay to which every religion is exposed... Whenever we can trace back a religion to its first beginnings, we find it free from many blemishes that affected it in its later states". He used his links with the Brahmo Samaj in order to encourage such a reformation on the lines pioneered by Ram Mohan Roy.
In a letter to his wife, he said:
The translation of the Veda will hereafter tell to a great extent on the fate of India and on the growth of millions of souls in that country. It is the root of their religion, and to show them what the root is, I feel sure, is the only way of uprooting all that has sprung from it during the last 3000 years.[11]
Munro had argued conversely that Müller's theories "uprooted our idea of God, for it repudiated the idea of a personal God." He made "divine revelation simply impossible, because it [his theory] reduced God to mere nature, and did away with the body and soul as we know them." Müller remained profoundly influenced by the Kantian Transcendentalist model of spirituality, and was opposed to Darwinian ideas of human development, arguing that "language forms an impassable barrier between man and beast."[12]
[edit] See also
- Paul Deussen
- Sacred Books of the East
- Aryan Invasion Theory
[edit] References
- ^ Müller biography at Gifford Lectures website
- ^ Müller, F. Max, Rig-Veda-Samhita: The Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans
- ^ Vedanta Society of New York: Ramakrishna
- ^ Menant M D, (1907) "Influence of Max Muller's Hibbert Lectures in India", The American Journal of Theology, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 293-307, available to [jstor] subscribers.
- ^ Mull Max, Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas (1888), Kessinger Publishing reprint, 2004, p.120; Dorothy Matilda Figueira, Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity, Suny Press, 2002, p.45
- ^ "William James, of Harvard, was among the first foreigners to take cognizance of Thought and Reality, already in 1873, then Max Müller of Oxford, in Holland Spruyt, Lund and G.[erardus] Heymans, the latter declared later that Spir exercised a real influence on the elaboration of his thought." Lettres inédites de African Spir au Professeur Penjon (Unpublished Letters of African Spir to Professor Penjon), Neuchâtel, 1948, p. 231, n. 7.
- ^ Bodleian Müller archive
- ^ Deepa A, Chitra (2007-05-14). "Max Mueller Bhavan gets new identity". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/edu/2007/05/14/stories/2007051451470400.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ (S₣159) (S₣159) (S₣159) Myth/Folklore Scholar Reports
- ^ Menant M D, (1907) "Influence of Max Muller's Hibbert Lectures in India", The American Journal of Theology, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 293-307
- ^ Müller, Georgina, The Life and Letters of Right Honorable Friedrich Max Müller, 2 vols. London: Longman, 1902.
- ^ Müller, F. Max. Three Lectures on the Science of Language, etc., with a Supplement, My Predecessors. 3rd ed. Chicago, 1899, p. 5.
[edit] Bibliography
- Lourens P. van den Bosch, Friedrich Max Müller: A Life Devoted to the Humanities, 2002. Recent biography sets him in the context of Victorian intellectual culture.
- Jon R. Stone (ed.), The Essential Max Müller: On Language, Mythology, and Religion, New York: Palgrave, 2002, ISBN 9780312293093. Collection of 19 essays; also includes an intellectual biography.
- Nirad C. Chaudhuri , Scholar Extraordinary, The Life of Professor the Right Honourable Friedrich Max Muller, P.C.(1974)
[edit] Publications
Müller's scholarly works, published separately as well as an 18-volume Collected Works, include:
- A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far As It Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans (1859), 1859
- Lectures on the Science of Language (1864, 2 vols.), Fifth Edition, Revised 1866
- Chips from a German Workshop (1867–75, 5vols.)
- Introduction to the Science of Religion (1873)
- Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religions of India (1878) [1]
- India, What can it Teach Us? (1883) [2]
- Biographical Essays (1884)
- Upanishads. Wordsworth Editions. 2001 (first 1884). ISBN 184022102. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-dq1_WC-Y5gC&pg=PA3&dq=katha+upanishad&cd=2#v=onepage&q=katha%20upanishad&f=false.
- The German Classics from the Fourth to the Nineteenth Century (1886,2Vols) [3]
- The Science of Thought (1887,2Vols)
- Studies in Buddhism (1888) [4] [5]
- Six Systems of Hindu Philosophy (1899)
- Gifford Lectures of 1888–92 (Collected Works, vols. 1-4)
- Auld Lang Syne (1898,2 Vols), a memoir
- My Autobiography: A Fragment (1901) [9]
- The Life and Letters of the Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller (1902, 2 vols.) Vol I [10], Vol II
[edit] External links
 | Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Max Müller |
 | Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Works by Friedrich Max Müller at Project Gutenberg
- Online Library of Liberty - Friedrich Max Müller
- Gifford Lecture Series - Biography - Friedrich Müller
- Lourens P. van den Bosch,"Theosophy or Pantheism?: Friedrich Max Müller's Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion": full text of the article
- Vedas and Upanishads
- Vivekananda on Max Müller
- Friedrich Max Müller, The Hymns of the Rigveda, with Sayana's commentary London, 1849-7, 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890-92. PDF format.
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