Nuclear India and Pokhran II row: Kakodkar says no more nuke tests required.Nuke Sub, Aircraft Carrier in Kalam's vision 2020 for Andamans.America is a nation at war: CIA Director,Satellite being designed to connect villages: ISRO
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Pakistan disturbed at reports of India planning nuclear testHindu - - 21 hours ago "We are obviously disturbed by the reports that India might be considering to conduct an additional nuclear test," said Foreign Ministry spokesman Abdul ... Pakistan rapidly ramping up India-specific nuclear arsenal Times of India Under a nuclear cloudHindustan Times - - 19 hours ago ... match between India's top scientists over the success of Pokhran II, the confusion itself calls for keeping our options open for future nuclear testing. ... Unclear explosion Daily News & Analysis Should Pakistan sign the CTBT? The Daily Star Firing across LoC to disguise infiltration: Army ChiefIBNLive.com - 6 hours ago Responding to disturbing reports from US scientists that Pakistan has increased its nuclear arsenal the Army Chief said that India needed to check on the ... Pakistan is pushing its militants into India: Deepak Kapoor All India Radio Ceasefire violations by Pak has increased Daily Pioneer Indo-Russia to intensify Trade and strategic partnershipThe Day After - - 34 minutes ago Heralding the dawn of a new era , India and Russia agreed to expand the new horizon in areas like trade, terrorism, and nuclear energy in the bilateral ... India, Russia to boost ties, focus on trade, energy Press Trust of India India, Russia to enhance bilateral ties Myiris.com Pak crossing degree of deterrence: Army chiefEconomic Times - Sep 2, 2009 Though Pakistan is still lagging behind India, the report estimated that in a decade or sooner, Pakistan will have at least 100 nuclear warheads and also ... Army chief slams Pak for 'secret nuclear expansion' Times Now.tv Australia 'overwhelmingly' safe for Indian students: Deputy PMTimes of India - Sep 3, 2009 Gillard also defended Australia's policy not to sell uranium to India despite New Delhi securing the Nuclear Supplies Group (NSG) approval, ... Australia's NPT stand not aimed at India: Gillard Press Trust of India 'We're selling education, not visas' The Australian Atomic politics: Who needs the H-bomb?Times of India - - Sep 1, 2009 Not really, say US nuclear pundits, who are apprehensive that Santanam's bombshell presages some corrective tests by India. "There are people who say ... THE NEW FIZZLE DEBATE Calcutta Telegraph 'India has simulation capability, N-tests not needed' Indian Express India battles with nuclear fallout Asia Times Online Namibia gives India access to 'world's best' uraniumEconomic Times - Aug 31, 2009 NEW DELHI: Even as Australia reiterated its inability to sell uranium, India on Monday signed an agreement on civil nuclear cooperation with Namibia. ... Namibia seeks Indian investment in mining, infra, telecom Business Standard India's nuke delivery system flawed, show scandalsIBNLive.com - Sep 1, 2009 AP CM untraceable after chopper makes emergency landing New Delhi: More scientists are now raising questions about India's status as a nuclear weapon state. ... Kalam can't talk about N-physics, says Sethna Times of India More scientists question Indian N-capability Daily Times Nakedness of deterrence Express Buzz US nuclear gurus see signs of more Indian nuclear testsTimes of India - - Aug 27, 2009 The answer, according to some nuclear pundits mulling on the issue on blogs: To ward off growing American pressure on India to sign various nuclear ... Call for more India nuclear tests BBC News Make nuclear programme accountable Economic Times |
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YSR laid to rest, Congress wants son as successor
Pulivendula (Andhra Pradesh): Andhra Pradesh's late chief minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy was buried here in his native Kadapa district Friday amid emotional scenes even as most leaders of the Congress party in the state demanded that his son Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy be named his successor.
The chief minister's wife Vijayalakshmi, son Jaganmohan, daughter Sharmila and other members of the family broke down and wept when his body was lowered in the grave watched by Christian religious leaders. Many of the thousands watching the scenes had tears in their eyes.
Jaganmohan was inconsolable as the mortal remains of YSR were brought to the family estate for burial. He had controlled his emotions since learning Thursday morning that his father and four others had perished when their Bell 430 chopper had crashed in a dense forest and exploded in Kurnool district Wednesday.
The 36-year-old Jaganmohan and his mother hugged one another, tears rolling down their eyes. Some state ministers also broke down while trying to console the family.
Cutting across political loyalties, millions of people across Andhra Pradesh viewed the burial on television as the state remained shut for a second day. Telugu media reported that 122 people had either committed suicide or died of shock, unable to bear the loss of the charismatic YSR.
The police were unable to confirm the deaths. But Jaganmohan urged the people of the state to remain "patient and brave" amid the tragedy and not to kill themselves over his father's death.
The body was brought to the 100-acre Idupulapaya Estate, 40 km from this town. YSR, who first became chief minister in May 2004, was flying from Hyderabad to Chittoor district when his helicopter crashed. His charred body was found Thursday, over 24 hours after the helicopter went missing.
The burial followed mass frenzy earlier in Hyderabad, where the body was kept for public viewing at the L.B. Stadium and where national leaders including Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Congress president Sonia Gandhi and Bharatiya Janata Party's L.K. Advani paid their tributes.
In a message, Gandhi described the late YSR as "a dynamic, visionary, progressive leader who throughout his career strived for the upliftment of the poor, of the farmers... For us in the Congress, his passing is a huge loss."
Gandhi's immediate task would be to find a successor to the hugely popular YSR although Finance Minister K. Rosaiah has been appointed to the post temporarily to meet a constitutional requirement.
Nearly half the 34-member cabinet, 20 MPs and 122 out of 155 Congress legislators have declared they want Jaganmohan as the new chief minister, saying this would be best tribute to YSR.
At least one Congress leader threated to split the party if the demand was not accepted.
Friday's burial marked the end of the Lion of Kadapa who went on to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Congress after steering it to a sweeping historic second win in assembly elections this year.
His popularity was evident in the outpouring of grief across Andhra Pradesh as the funeral cortege snaked its way through surging crowds from his home in Hyderabad to the L.B. Stadium.
Manmohan Singh, Sonia Gandhi and her son and Congress general secretary Rahul Gandhi laid wreaths on the body placed in his residence and camp office in Begumpet.
Fri, Sep 4 07:50 PM
New Delhi, Sep 4 (ANI): A moderate earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter Scale, the biggest in nine years, shook the North-East early on Friday, officials at the Central Seismological Observatory said.
The quake took place at 1:21 a.m. local time and was centered 96 km east-southeast of Imphal, the capital of Manipur.
There were no reports of damage or causalities. This is the fourth time earthquakes hit the northeast region of India within a month's time.
People ran out of their houses as the quake rocked buildings and houses triggering panic. There was, however, no damage to property, police said.
Te quake lasted for around 20 seconds; its after-shocks were felt for over two minutes.
Two moderate intensity quakes, one measuring 5.6 on the Richter Scale and another measuring 4.9 had shook the region on 12th August and 19th August. Another measuring 5.3 was recorded on 31st August. (ANI)
Centre directs Manipur govt to rein in commandos
Fri, Sep 4 07:34 PM
Fri, Sep 4 07:34 PM
New Delhi, Sept 4 (PTI) Disturbed over protests against alleged high-handedness of police commandos in Manipur, the Centre has directed the state government to rein in personnel of the special force and verify their antecedents before recruitment. Official sources said Home Secretary G K Pillai has directed Director General of Police Y Jokumar and Chief Secretary D S Poonia that complaints against commandos of Manipur Police have been increasing and there was a need to rein them in.
"The Home Secretary directed the DGP to ensure discipline in the commando force and properly verify each personnel before recruitment," an official said. Pillai had cited the recent unrest arising out of the July 23 incident in which police commandos killed a youth in an alleged fake encounter.
A pregnant woman was also allegedly killed by stray bullets during an encounter, leading to protests by locals. Sources said the Centre was taking the complaints against the commandos seriously and trying to bring peace by pacifying agitating people of Manipur, which is considered to be the most troubled state in the Northeast.
Fuel leak behind Riyadh-bound A-I flight fire; passengers safe
Mumbai: Aviation experts on Friday said that a fuel leak from the wings of an Air India flight caused one of the engines to catch fire.
Ground staff and emergency personnel of the fire brigade and disaster management teams surround the stranded Boeing 747 aircraft of the state-run national carrier Air India as it stands with its emergency slides deployed on the tramac of the Chattrapati Shivaji International airport in Mumbai on Friday. The engine of an Air India plane caught fire as the jet prepared to take off from Mumbai but all 213 passengers were safely evacuated, a company spokesman said. The passengers, who were heading to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, would travel on an alternate flight, he said, adding that details of the accident were being sought.
Ruling out the possibility of a technical snag leading to the grounding of the aircraft at Mumbai Airport on Friday morning, the experts said the fuel leaked onto the heated engines of the aircraft and that had caused the fire.
Had it not been detected, they said it could have led to a major catastrophe in the air.
Bell offers help to probe YSR's chopper crash
Washington: The manufacturer of Bell helicopters has offered its assistance to Indian authorities in probing into the crash of the Bell-430 chopper which claimed the lives of Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y S Rajashekhar Reddy and four others.
"We have offered our assistance to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation," Bell Helicopter spokesman Gregory Hubbard told PTI.
He, however, refrained from responding to any other question related to the crash of the helicopter.
Reddy, his Special Secretary P Subramanyam, Chief Security Officer A S C Wesley, and two pilots were killed when their helicopter crashed on a hillock in Andhra Pradesh on Wednesday.
The Civil Aviation Ministry and the DGCA have begun investigation into the crash.
Source: PTI
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04/09/2009
Over 100 die after YSR's death, son appeals for calm
Hyderabad: As many as 122 people across Andhra Pradesh reportedly died of shock or committed suicide after the death of their chief minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, prompting his MP son Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy to appeal to the people to be stoic and brave.
"I appeal to all of you to be stoic and brave in this hour of tragedy. He (YSR) wanted to see a smile on the faces of all and if you resort to such things (suicide) this will hurt him," said Jaganmohan, trying hard to control his tears.
"He used to smile even in difficult times and I am sure he is still smiling. I request you to follow his principle and not to commit suicide as this will not give him peace," said Jaganmohan, who was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kadapa in the April-May elections and is being seen by many as the next chief minister.
The appeal before the camera was telecast on all Telugu television channels.
Television channels estimated that 122 people died of shock on hearing the news of their leader's death in a horrific air crash Thursday, or committed suicide unable to bear the loss. Most of those who died of shock were keenly following TV news channels ever since his chopper went missing early Wednesday and then received the news of his death on Thursday.
NTV, a Telugu channel, reported that 122 people have died since Thursday morning when YSR's body was found. It said 99 people died of shock while 23 committed suicide.
However, there was no independent confirmation of this. The police here said they did not have any figures to confirm this report.
This is the first time in the state's history that such a large number of people have died over the death of any political leader.
YSR, as the late leader was popularly known, has surpassed in death the popularity of actor and Telugu Desam Party (TDP) founder N.T. Rama Rao who died in 1996.
A large number of those who died of shock included young supporters of YSR and the beneficiaries of the various welfare schemes launched by him in the last five years.
The deaths were reported from 19 out of 23 districts in the state.
In the coastal district of West Godavari, six people died of shock and four committed suicide.
"YSR dedicated his life to people, I am dedicating my life to him," a youth wrote in his suicide note before consuming pesticide.
A physically handicapped couple, who were getting monthly pension under a welfare scheme, attempted suicide by jumping into the Godavari river but were saved by fishermen.
In Hyderabad, 42-year-old Yadgiri died of shock while watching news of YSR's death on television. M. Srinivas, 30, another admirer of the chief minister suffered a cardiac arrest.
The charred bodies of YSR and four others were found Thursday morning in the Nallamala forest in Kurnool district, almost 24 hours after their helicopter went missing.
Source: Indo-Asian News Service
Andhra's own YSR buried at his home town Pulivendula
Hyderabad: Amidst emotional and chaotic scenes that stood testimony to his mass appeal, the body of Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy has been buried at Pulivendula, his native town in Kadapa district, on Friday afternoon
The body was flown in an army helicopter from Begumpet airport here after thousands of people paid their last respects at the L.B. Stadium in this state capital.
The body was brought to the 100 acre Idupulapaya Estate, 40 km from this town in Kadapa district, earlier in the day with crowds surging forward in grief.
As his coffin was lowered into the grave, it marked the end of the Lion of Kadapa who had gone from here to become one of India's most powerful politicians after steering the Congress to a second win in the assembly elections this year.
YSR, as he was known, was killed with four others when his helicopter crashed in the Nallamala forests in Kurnool district. His charred body was found Thursday morning, more than 24 hours after his helicopter went missing.
YSR's body moved to airport after stampede
Several people were injured, some of them seriously, as police used force to control the crowds. As the situation was going out of control, the late leader's son Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy had a word with military and police officers to shift the body to Begumpet airport, from where it would be flown to his native Pulivendula town for the funeral.
Though the body was scheduled to be kept at the stadium till 2 p.m. to enable people to pay their last respects, the situation forced the authorities to move it out at 1 p.m.
A sea of humanity turns out to pay tributes
Tens of thousands of grief stricken people turned out Friday to pay their last respects to the late Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, whose body will be kept at a stadium here before being flown to his native Pulivendula town in Kadapa district for the last rites.
A sea of humanity waited outside the Lal Bahadur Stadium in the heart of the city for the cortege to arrive from his residence five kilometres away. Thousands of others accompanied the funeral procession as it snaked its way to the stadium through surging crowds.
Hundreds of vehicles followed the flower bedecked truck in which the body, draped in the national flag, was kept.
Standing by the side of his father's body was his MP son Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy, who was appealing to people to allow the vehicle to move.
Grieving men and women were standing on either side of the road and on rooftops to bid adieu to the man who ruled their hearts through a series of pro-poor schemes.
Holding national flags in their hands, some mourners were seen running towards the truck to have a closer look at the casket and console Jaganmohan Reddy.
The Lal Bahadur Stadium is where YSR, as the late chief minister was known, took oath as head of government for the second term on May 20 this year.
It was at the same stadium that YSR had taken oath for the first term in 2004 and signed the first file to provide free electricity to farmers.
Police had a tough time controlling crowds and there was a virtual stampede outside stadium.
04/09/2009
Public emotion vindicates YSR's mass appeal
New Delhi: Was Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy one of India's most popular leaders in terms of crowd appeal? If the turnout for his funeral, the public display of emotion by thousands and the number of people in Andhra Pradesh who have died of shock or committed suicide is an indication, then it would appear so.
There have been instances of grief-stricken supporters ending their lives after the deaths or misfortunes of their political idols, particularly of cinema stars turned politicians. But no political leader's death in recent times has triggered such a wave of emotion.
There was mass hysteria in Tamil Nadu, for instance, after then chief minister M.G. Ramachandran was taken to the US in 1984 for treatment. Many people attempted self-immolation. His death three years later sparked an inexplicable frenzy of looting and rioting all over the state that left 23 people dead, says a posting on his site www.puratchithalaivar.org.
Besides, 30 people committed suicide and lakhs had their heads tonsured, said the site.
In 1984, eight people killed themselves after Andhra Pradesh chief minister N.T. Rama Rao was toppled by his finance minister N. Bhaskar Rao.
Unlike Rajasekhara Reddy, known as YSR, MGR and NTR were not just politicians but also hugely popular screen stars who had been elevated to the status of virtual demigods.
"However, YSR's death is different as he did not have an actor's label. He was a truly a people's leader and endeared himself to the masses, identified with their cause and did a lot for farmers to lift them from the agrarian crisis," Rama Brahman, head of political science in Hyderabad University, told IANS on telephone.
"Going by the initiatives he launched in 2004, he altered the policy agenda for governance. Obviously, farmers who have benefited from schemes, pensioners in rural pockets who receive their fixed Rs.2,200 and even women who are financially independent through employment schemes now feel orphaned or insecure," Brahman, who has been chronicling YSR's policies for some years, added.
A large number of nearly 70 people who died of shock included young supporters of YSR and the beneficiaries of the various welfare schemes launched by him in the last five years. The deaths were reported from 19 out of 23 districts in the state.
13 drown during Ganesh immersion in Maharashtra
Mumbai: At least 13 people have drowned in different parts of Maharashtra, including five in Mumbai, during the immersion of Ganesh idols, police said Friday.
Ahmedabad: The Gujarat High Court lifted the ban on the controversial book on Jinnah authored by expelled BJP leader Jaswant Singh Friday.
Just hours after Y S Rajasekhara Reddy died in a helicopter crash in Andhra Pradesh, a deep power struggle began in within the Congress in Hyderabad. Even before his body was laid to rest rest in his home town in Pulivendula in Kaddapa district, the contentious issue of a successor propped up its head in Hyderabad. Already a chorus has begun to pass on the mantle to Y S Jaganmohan Reddy, the son of YSR and a first time MP from Kaddapa. Within hours of the official announcement of Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy's death in the helicopter crash, numerous Congress leaders, Ministers and MLAs have urged the party high command to anoint Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy as the next Chief Minister.
A sea of humanity turns out to bid farewell to YSR Hyderabad: Tens of thousands of grief stricken people turned out Friday to pay their last respects to the late Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, whose body will be kept at a stadium here before being flown to his native Pulivendula town in Kadapa district for the last rites.
Inaugurating a national seminar on 'Security and Development of the Andaman and Nicobar islands' in PORT BLAIR, Dr Kalam said that a 250 mw nuclear power station on one of the islands would form the core of the development programme.
Dr Kalam said the islands being a vital part of the country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) of the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) would have "enhanced significance" in the next decade.
He further said that the ANC should have bases for static aircraft carrier and a nuclearSUB!
Dr Kalam also called upon the Armed Forces to evolve an effective security plan for underneath the sea, at sea level and in air.
"The security plan which you evolve should ensure that there is no unauthorised occupation of the vacant islands,"said Dr Kalam.
Meanwhile, Commander-in-Chief of the ANC, Vice Admiral Vijay Shankar, said that the location of these islands confers a geostrategic advantage.
"Its economic and forest potential dictates a sound security presence," he added.
Top defence and security experts, including Deputy National Security Advisor Shekhar Dutt, former Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran and Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India R Chidambaram, are attending the two-day seminar.
"We are a nation at war. We are confronting a war in Afghanistan and a war in Iraq. We are confronting al-Qaeda and other terrorists in Pakistan," CIA Director Leon Panetta said at the Nationally Black Colleges and Universities Week Conference on Tuesday.
Panetta said his agency's first responsibility is to protect the safety of the US.
"We are confronting the challenge of nuclear proliferation in countries like North Korea and Iran... We are confronting a whole new challenge of something called cyber-security, which has the potential to in fact bring down our markets, bring down our power grid system, bring down our water systems and cripple this country," the CIA chief said.
Satellite being designed to connect villages, ISRO announces!
The Indian Space Research Organisation is in the process of designing a satellite for providing connectivity to villages, ISRO Chairman G Madhavan Nair said Friday.
"We have plans to use multiple spot beams for the satellite, which is expected to be launched in another two and a half years time," Nair told reporters here in southern Indian state of Kerala.
There are about 600,000 villages in the country of which at least 50,000 have no connectivity, he said.
On the abrupt end of India's maiden moon mission Chandrayaan I, he said "we had anticipated some problems at the beginning and wanted to complete important experiments much earlier. About 95 per cent of data collection has been completed and analysis will take another six months to two years.
Joining issue with an ex-DRDO scientist K Santanam who claimed that Pokhran-II was not a full success and that a few more nuclear tests were required, Kakodkar said the country has strong simulation capability and additional tests were not required.
"We have enough data. We have comprehensive simulation capability and therefore there is no need for any more tests," Kakodkar said here days after K Santhanam ignited a controversy that Pokhran-II was a fizzle since the thermonuclear explosion did not give the desired yield. "We are very confident about the simulation capability."
Indian nuclear scientists had already validated and bench marked the validated tool of the three dimensional simulation for earth motion and displacement data collected following Pokhran II tests in 1998, he said.
There is no need for series of tests to validate the yield since the tool and also observations are available, he said, adding that it was published in the international journal Nuclear Technology in 2006 four years after its communication from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
Kakodkar said BARC scientists have done the measurements meticulously and large number of diverse instrumentations were used using four independent measurements -- seismic, large teleseismic, accurate measurements at Gauribidinur seismic measurement site; radiochemical samples estimation done by different groups; specific evidence of fusion reaction and 3-d simulation of motion of earth and displacement.
Meanwhile, India and Russia today decided to intensify their bilateral cooperation with special focus on economy, energy including nuclear and hydrocarbons with Moscow asserting that the special relationship with New Delhi is defined by the "special trust". President Pratibha Patil, who is on a five-day state visit here, had wide-ranging discussions with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin at his office during which both leaders touched upon regional, international issues, threat of terrorism besides focussing on giving a push to the trade between two countries to 10 billion dollars by next year.
Both leaders felt that economic cooperation remained a cornerstone in relations at the time of global slowdown and noted that achieving the trade target was realistic in view of continued growth in the bilateral trade ties, Foreign Secretary Nirupama Rao told reporters. Patil also referred to the reforms of international institutions including the UN Security Council and appreciated Russia''s support for India''s candidature.
Both countries agreed to remain in close touch on the reforms of UNSC. The President emphasised the importance of cooperation in the field of economic and trade issues and energy security, Rao said.
Infiltration in Kashmir: Worried Omar meets army commander
Worried over the spurt in militant incursions from across the border with Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah discussed the matter with his military advisor Friday.
Official sources said that Abdullah met General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 15th Corps Lt. Gen. Bikram Singh, who is the chief minister's top advisor on security matters in the terror-infested state.
The chief minister and Singh discussed the security scenario in Jammu and Kashmir in the aftermath of recent violations by Pakistan of the ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC) to enable terrorists to sneak into India, an official said.
During their half-an-hour meeting, Singh briefed Abdullah about the situation in the state and the rise in infiltration attempts from across the border.
The Indian Army has alleged that the ceasefire violations by Pakistani troopers were "diversionary tactics" to push terrorists into India.
The first casualty during a ceasefire breach this year at the LoC took place Sep 1 when an Indian soldier was killed in Poonch district in Pakistani firing.
India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire on LoC in November 2003. Defence Minister A.K. Antony recently disclosed in parliament that 110 incidents of ceasefire violations had taken place along the LoC since 2006.
"Ceasefire violations have increased because this enables infiltration to be carried out when the firing is on and (it) can also be used as a diversionary tactic," Indian Army Chief Gen. Deepak Kapoor had told reporters in Delhi.
"Their (Pakistani army's) attempt is to infiltrate more and more people during the ceasefire violation. But we understand their tactics and take appropriate steps," he said.
On Wednesday, five guerrillas attempting to cross over from Pakistan were killed by Indian soldiers in the Gurez sector along the LoC.
Nuclear Weapons
Background
India's nuclear weapons program was started at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center in Trombay. In the mid-1950s India acquired dual-use technologies under the "Atoms for Peace" non-proliferation program, which aimed to encourage the civil use of nuclear technologies in exchange for assurances that they would not be used for military purposes. There was little evidence in the 1950s that India had any interest in a nuclear weapons program, according to Joseph Cirincione of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1). Under the "Atoms for Peace" program, India acquired a Cirus 40 MWt heavy-water-moderated research reactor from Canada and purchased from the U.S. the heavy water required for its operation. In 1964, India commissioned a reprocessing facility at Trombay, which was used to separate out the plutonium produced by the Cirus research reactor. This plutonium was used in India's first nuclear test on May 18, 1974, described by the Indian government as a "peaceful nuclear explosion."
According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, India began work on a thermonuclear weapon in the 1980s. In 1989, William H. Webster, director of the CIA, testified before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee that "indicators that tell us India is interested in thermonuclear weapons capability." India was purifying lithium, producing tritium and separating lithium isotopes. India had also obtained pure beryllium metal from West Germany (2).
Testing
After 24 years without testing India resumed nuclear testing with a series of nuclear explosions known as "Operation Shatki." Prime Minister Vajpayee authorized the tests on April 8, 1998, two days after the Ghauri missile test-firing in Pakistan.
On May 11, 1998, India tested three devices at the Pokhran underground testing site, followed by two more tests on May 13, 1998. The nuclear tests carried out at 3:45 pm on May 11th were claimed by the Indian government to be a simultaneous detonation of three different devices - a fission device with a yield of about 12 kilotons (KT), a thermonuclear device with a yield of about 43 KT, and a sub-kiloton device. The two tests carried out at 12:21 pm on May 13th were also detonated simultaneously with reported yields in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 KT.
However, there is some controversy about these claims. Based on seismic data, U.S. government sources and independent experts estimated the yield of the so-called thermonuclear test in the range of 12-25 kilotons, as opposed to the 43-60 kiloton yield claimed by India. This lower yield raised skepticism about India's claims to have detonated a thermonuclear device.
Observers initially suggested that the test could have been a boosted fission device, rather than a true multi-stage thermonuclear device. By late 1998 analysts at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory had concluded that the India had attempted to detonate a thermonuclear device, but that the second stage of the two-stage bomb failed to ignite as planned.
| TEST | DEVICE | DATE | YIELD claimed | YIELD reported |
| Fission device | 18 May 1974 | 12-15 kiloton | 4-6 kiloton | |
| Shakti 1 | Thermonuclear device | 11 May 1998 | 43-60 kiloton | 12-25 kiloton |
| Shakti 2 | Fission device | 11 May 1998 | 12 kiloton | ?? |
| Shakti 3 | Low-yield device | 11 May 1998 | 0.2 kiloton | low |
| Shakti 4 | Low-yield device | 13 May 1998 | 0.5 kiloton | low |
| Shakti 5 | Low-yield device | 13 May 1998 | 0.3 kiloton | low |
India's Nuclear Arsenal
Though India has not made any official statements about the size of it nuclear arsenal, the NRDC estimates that India has a stockpile of approximately 30-35 nuclear warheads and claims that India is producing additional nuclear materials. Joseph Cirincione at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (3) estimates that India has produced enough weapons-grade plutonium for 50-90 nuclear weapons and a smaller but unknown quantity of weapons-grade uranium. Weapons-grade plutonium production takes place at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, which is home to the Cirus reactor acquired from Canada, to the indigenous Dhruva reactor, and to a plutonium separation facility.
According to a Jan. 2001 Department of Defense report, "India probably has a small stockpile of nuclear weapon components and could assemble and deploy a few nuclear weapons within a few days to a week." A 2001 RAND study by Ashley Tellis asserts that India does not have or seek to deploy a ready nuclear arsenal.
According to a report in Jane's Intelligence Review (4), India's objective is to have a nuclear arsenal that is "strategically active but operationally dormant", which would allow India to maintain its retaliatory capability "within a matter of hours to weeks, while simultaneously exhibiting restraint." However, the report also maintains that, in the future, India may face increasing institutional pressure to shift its nuclear arsenal to a fully deployed status.
Doctrine
India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only." The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorize the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s).'"
According to the NRDC, despite the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan in 2001-2002, India remains committed to its nuclear no-first-use policy. But an Indian foreign ministry official told Defense News in 2000 that a "'no-first-strike' policy does not mean India will not have a first-strike capability."
India has not signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) or the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). India is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and four of its 13 nuclear reactors are subject to IAEA safeguards.
Despite promoting a test ban treaty for decades, India voted against the UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the CTBT, which was adopted on September 10, 1996. India objected to the lack of provision for universal nuclear disarmament "within a time-bound framework." India also demanded that the treaty ban laboratory simulations. In addition, India opposed the provision in Article XIV of the CTBT that requires India's ratification for the treaty to enter into force, which India argued was a violation of its sovereign right to choose whether it would sign the treaty. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister Gujral reiterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favors any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests."
Images - First Nuclear Test - May 18, 1974
Images - Shakti Nuclear Weapons Tests - May 11-13, 1998
Images - Shakti Nuclear Weapons Tests - May 11-13, 1998
Sources and Resources
- Removal of License Requirements for Exports of Controlled Items to India, Federal Register, August 30, 2005
- U. S. Nuclear Cooperation With India: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, July 29, 2005
Independent Analysis of India's Nuclear Arsenal
- Proliferation: Threat and Response, Jan. 2001 - A Defense Department report on the status of nuclear proliferation in South Asia. It includes a brief historical background on the conflict between India and Pakistan as well as an assessment of their nuclear capabilities, chem/bio programs, ballistic missile programs and other means of delivery.
- NRDC Nuclear Notebook - India's Nuclear Forces, 2002 A brief assessment of India's nuclear, missile, aircraft and naval capabilities.
- SPECIAL ISSUE: INDIA BOMBS THE BAN - Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, July/August 1998. A collection of articles that discuss the implications of India's 1998 nuclear tests. "The shots heard 'round the world", by David Albright provides an analysis of the tests and describes India's uranium enrichment and plutonium isolation facilities.
- India's Emerging Nuclear Posture - a Rand issue brief based on a study by Ashley J. Tellis. The brief discusses India's pursuit of a "force in being" nuclear posture, which falls somewhere between a ready arsenal and a recessed deterrent -- a collection of unassembled nuclear warheads, all kept under strict civilian control and separate from delivery systems.
- Negotiating the CTBT: India's Security Concerns and Nuclear Disarmament - Journal of International Affairs, 1997. Discusses India's involvement with the CTBT negotiations and explains why India decided not to sign the treaty.
- 17 Days in May Chronology of Indian nuclear weapons tests
- Memo for the Director of Central Intelligence: Indian Post Mortem Report, lessons learned from the 1974 Indian nuclear explosive test, 18 July 1974
Offical Documents and Information Released by the Indian Government
- India Department of Atomic Energy website - Provides information on various institutions within India's civil nuclear infrastructure, such as research facilities and nuclear power plants.
- Draft Report on Indian Nuclear Doctrine - Released by India's National Security Advisory Board on August 17, 1999. The draft doctrine asserts that India's nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only." The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorize the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his "designated successor(s)."
- Press Conference (Dr. R. Chidambaram (RC), Chairman, AEC & Secretary, DAE; Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (K), Scientific Adviser to Raksha Mantri and Secretary, Department of Defence Research and Development; Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Director, BARC; Dr. K. Santhanam, Chief Advisor (Technologies), DRDO) May 17, 1998 -- Chidambaram said that the three simultaneous explosions on May 11 involved a 12 KT (kiloton) fission device; the second a 43 KT thermonuclear device, and the third a 0.2 sub- KT low yield device. The distance separating the shafts for the 12 KT and 43 KT devices was one kilometre. All three devices were exploded simultaneously as a gap in the blasts could have resulted in the loss of valuable data for the shock waves travel in mili-seconds. The two simultaneous nuclear explosions on May 13 involved two low yield devices of 0.5 and 0.3 sub- KT each.
Analysis of India's 1998 Nuclear Tests
- Preliminary Regional Seismic Analysis of Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes in Southwest Asia - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1998. Describes in detail the seismic analysis of India's 1998 nuclear tests and concludes that "Estimates of yield based on seismic magnitude and trace data are significantly smaller than statements by Indian scientists and officials to date."
- The May 1998 India and Pakistan Nuclear Tests - Terry C. Wallace, Southern Arizona Seismic Observatory (SASO) University of Arizona -- July 23, 1998 -- PrePrint of a Paper to Appear in the September SRL -- This paper provides seismic analysis of the nuclear explosions carried out by India and Pakistan in 1998 and concludes that "The May 11 India test had a seismic yield of 10-15 kt. This is a factor of 4 smaller than that announced by the Indian government, and there have been several attempts to explain the discrepancy."
- POST SHOT RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS ON SAMPLES EXTRACTED FROM THERMONUCLEAR TEST SITE S.B.Manohar, B.S.Tomar, S.S.Rattan, V.K.Shukla, V.V.Kulkarni and Anil Kakodkar BARC Newsletter, No. 186, July 1999 - This newsletter reports the results of radiochemical measurements carried out at India's Bhabha Atomic Research Center on samples extracted from the thermonuclear test site and concludes that the total yield of the thermonuclear device tested in 1998 was 50 KT (with a margin of error of 10 KT).
- FISSION SIGNATURES OF TESTS ON SUB-KILOTON DEVICES R.B. Attarde, V.K. Shukla, D.A.R. Babu, V.V. Kulkarni and Anil Kakodkar BARC Newsletter No. 187, September 1999 - This report gives some of the results of gamma radiation logging measurements in bore holes at the sites of sub-kiloton tests.
Citations
1. Joseph Cirincione, John B. Wolfsthal and Miriam Rajkumar, Deadly Arsenals, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2002, pp. 191-206. A chapter on India that provides a thorough overview of its nuclear and chem/bio capabilities, ballistic missile programs and other means of delivery.
2. William Webster, "Nuclear and Missile Proliferation," hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, May 18, 1989 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1990), p. 12. - In his testimony before the Senate, the Director of Central Intelligence asserts that India has been pursuing programs that indicate an interest in thermonuclear weapons capabilities.
3. Joseph Cirincione et al. Op Cit.
4. TS Gopi Rethinaraj, "Nuclear diplomacy returns to South Asian security agenda," Jane's Intelligence Review, May 2002, pp.40-43. - A concise overview of India and Pakistan's nuclear arsenals, nuclear doctrines and ballistic missile capabilities accompanied by an assessment of the relationships between Pakistan, India and China.
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/nuke/index.html
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04/09/2009
Every second person in Mumbai resides in slum: UNDP
Mumbai: One in two persons resides in a slum in India's financial capital, according to a report.
"Worldwide, one in three persons lives in a slum. But the figures are much higher for Mumbai where 54.1 per cent of the population are slum dwellers as per 2001 Census. This means that one in two persons in Mumbai city is residing in a slum," the Human Development Report compiled by Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) says.
"They occupy just six per cent of all land in Mumbai explaining the horrific levels of congestion," it added.
Delhi has 18.9 per cent, Kolkata 11.72 per cent and Chennai 25.60 per cent in slums. Some 29 per cent, between a fourth and third of Maharashtra's urban population resides in Mumbai's slums.
The first cut-off date was 1976, meaning the slums settled prior to 1975 were recognised and notified. The present cut-off date for notification of slums is 1995 but the government recently declared that pre-2000 slums would be regularised.
In 2006-07, the city had a per capita income of Rs 65,361, twice than the country's average per capita income of Rs 29,382.Despite having the highest per capita income in the country, the income of nearly 10 per cent population of the city is not above Rs 591.75 per month, which means Rs 20 a day.
These families do not have amenities like TV, fridge, fan, toilets in their house, source of water supply, do not own any vehicle or farm.
Quoting a report on Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy by the Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, All India Institute of Local Self-Government, UNDP said, in 1998 poverty was much low at only 8.5 per cent.
A baseline survey of 16,000 slum households by the MMRDA for its Mumbai Urban Transport Project says, with an average monthly household income of Rs 2,978, and 40 per cent of them were below the poverty line.
The UNDP report says, the poor in Mumbai are residing across three distinct habitat categories. The first of these is the chawls - either single or multistoreyed, single-room tenements and pavement dwellers.
The poor who live there include migrants, construction workers, street vendors, domestic help, beggars, waste pickers, sex workers, taxi and auto rickshaw drivers and workers.
Air India likely to reshuffle team of directors
Mumbai: Air India is likely to rejig its team of directors shortly in view of retirement of some of its top officials, sources said.
While Air India Express Head, P P Singh, whose contract ended in August, has been given another extension for a month, Executive Director (Personnel) V A Ferreira is retiring on September 30.
Also, one Executive Director (Headquarter), S Mukherji, retired on August 31 and another Executive Director (East), Senthil Kumar, quit last month after he was transferred to Kolkata.
"A reshuffle of directors is likely to take place shortly in view of these developments," Air India sources said. Executive Director (Co-ordination), Anita Mitroo is front-runner to take the slot to be vacated by Ferreira while a successor of Captain Singh is yet not decided, sources said, adding the heads of Customer and Ground Handling Services, Integration and Western Region may also be replaced as part of the exercise.
"Although there is some hectic lobbying from some quarters to either grant extension or take on contract some of the officials post-retirement, the Air India management appears to be against extension or filling up the post with retired officials," sources said. While Manjira Khurana is currently Executive Director (Customer Services) and A K Sharma ED (Ground Handling Services), Vineeta Bahandai and R Harihar are ED (Integration cell-1) and ED (West), respectively.
The management feels the national carrier is already over staffed and this may also come in the way of extension to superannuating persons or getting people from outside, sources said.
After the exit of Mukherjee and Kumar, the post of ED (HQ) and ED (East) is also to be filled up, sources said.Air India has to name a Chief Executive Officer for its proposed ground handling joint venture with SATS and also for Air India Express, sources said, adding, "The incumbent is likely to be from the existing pool of top officials."
The national carrier had only last month reshuffled couple of EDs besides creating a new post of ED (Marketing). Also, all the regional EDs (America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific) have been told to operate out of Mumbai.
At the same time, five EDs from -- Legal, Customer Services, Co-ordination, Integration (cell-1) and Internal Audit -- departments have been told to shift their base to the headquarters by September 4. The five have been working in Delhi even after two years of merger of Air India and Indian Airlines, sources said.
Business Standard
04/09/2009
Co-operative banking sector clocks double digit growth
Ahmedabad: The co-operative banking scenario in the country stands improved as the sector has clocked a double digit growth 13 per cent in its deposits, a top official said.
"The deposits of co-operative banks in the country stood at 1.17 lakh crore up to March 2007, and reached Rs 1.38 lakh crores up to March 2008, a hike of 12-13 per cent," National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies (NAFCUB) CEO D Krishna told reporters.
"We expect the growth in co-operative banking sector to be better this fiscal, especially after RBI's nod to the co-operative banks to open new branches," Krishna said.
Also, the working of co-operative banks in the country is satisfactory now. The 1,770 odd co-operative banks in India today deploy total working capital (deposits and share capital plus reserves) of Rs 1.50 lakh crores in service and have deposits of Rs 1.38 lakh crores up to March 2008," NAFCUB Chairman H K Patil told reporters.
"We are looking at setting new targets for deposits in the next proposed General Body Meeting of the Federation on September 22," Patil said.
If we want financial inclusion to happen in India, then co-operative sector should be encouraged by the regulators, he said.
"In the last one decade, co-operatives have been neglected and discouraged by the regulators or government. Almost a prohibition was imposed on the sector's growth," Patil said.
"Consequently, money lenders' share in the finance market grew from 17 per cent in 2001 to 29 per cent in 2008. The figures on money lenders market share are as per data of Sen Gupta Committee report," he said.
On co-operative banking scenario in Gujarat, Chairman Gujarat Urban Co-operative Banks Federation Jyotindra Mehta said, "The state co-operatives registered deposits of Rs 16,700 crore in 2008, and we expect to cross Rs 17,800 crore mark this fiscal."
The growth in deposits here has been around 9-10 per cent, he added.
Business Standard
Nilekani's 'Imagining India' wins Readers' Choice Award
New Delhi: Former Infosys Chairman, Nandan Nilekani's book 'Imagining India' has won Readers' Choice Award for Non-fiction at this year's Indiaplaza Golden Quill Awards.
Amitav Ghosh's 'Sea of Poppies' bagged the Jury Prize for the best book as well as the Readers' Choice Award for Fiction at a function in Bengaluru.
Established last year, the Indiaplaza Golden Quill Awards were decided by an online poll and rewards the best fiction and non-fiction writing of the year by an Indian author domiciled in the country.
The award in each category carries a cash prize, a citation and a trophy.
This year's jury comprised of veteran journalist Mukund Padmanabhan, Marathi writer Shanta Gokhale and writer-actor Tom Alter.
04/09/2009
Latest Indian dossier on 26/11 'rehash' of previous info: Pak
Islamabad: Pakistan on Thursday described the latest dossier provided by India on the Mumbai attacks as a "rehash of information" contained in previous documents, indicating that it is inadequate for taking action against LeT founder Hafiz Mohammad Saeed.
"The last dossier from India was a rehash of information received in previous dossiers," Foreign Office spokesman Abdul Basit told a weekly news briefing.
Basit was responding to a question about India linking the resumption of peace talks to Pakistan taking action against the perpetrators of the Mumbai attacks, including Saeed. New Delhi has accused Saeed of playing a key role in planning and facilitating the attacks.
The spokesman did not say how Pakistan intended to deal with Saeed, for whom Interpol recently issued a Red Corner Notice.
The trial of suspects arrested by Pakistani authorities in connection with the Mumbai attacks is proceeding and Islamabad is "serious about bringing the perpetrators to book," Basit said.
At the same time, he said, Pakistan "still believes that the composite dialogue is the only way forward." He also made it clear that if the stalled dialogue were to be resumed, "it would not be a favour to Pakistan because talks and exchange of views is the only way" to improve ties between the two sides.
04/09/2009
90 dead in Afghan explosion as Taliban distributes fuel
Kunduz (Afghanistan): Ninety people were killed Friday when two hijacked oil tankers exploded in the northern Afghan province of Kunduz as Taliban militants were distributing fuel to civilians, said provincial governor Mohammad Omar.
The militants stopped the two oil trucks Thursday night on the highway connecting Kunduz with the neighbouring province of Baghlan, Omar said.
They took the trucks to Kunduz's Chardarah district, where the explosion occurred early Friday as civilians gathered to pick up the fuel, he said.
The cause of the blast was not immediately known, the governor said, but local residents said a military jet fired at the tanker, setting off the explosion.
According to information obtained by DPA from the German army, NATO fighter jets were deployed during fighting with the Taliban and shot at the tankers.
The German army confirmed in a statement that the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was engaged in fighting with the Taliban who hijacked the tankers, saying 56 militants were killed.
ISAF troops discovered the Taliban and the tankers, setting off a battle in which there were no civilian or German casualties, the German army's Operations Command said.
A German army spokesman in Berlin said the tankers exploded during the battle.
Omar said that the explosion claimed the lives of 45 civilians and the remaining dead were Taliban, including a commander.
A security officer who asked not to be named said 200 people were killed and wounded in the explosion while residents put the casualties at 300.
Source: Agencies
Latest Hindi News
Somnath urges Buddha to withdraw security for him
Fri, Sep 4 06:58 PM
Fri, Sep 4 06:58 PM
Kolkata, Sept 4 (PTI) Former Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee has asked West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadev Bhattacharjee to withdraw the security provided to him by the state government. "While I was Speaker, Lok Sabha, whenever I came to the state, I was provided security by the state government, which I believed, was due to the position I held, apart from the PSO, which has been provided to me for a long time even prior to my election as Speaker," Chatterjee said in a letter to the chief minister.
"Even after demitting the office of the Lok Sabha Speaker, I find that the state government is still providing a Pilot Vehicle as well as security personnel as escort whenever and whereever I travel within the state and also at my residence at P-514, Raja Basanta Roy Road, Kolkata- 7000029", he said. Chatterjee said he had never asked for security after leaving the office of Speaker.
"Nor do I know whether in my present capacity, I am entitled to be provided with any security personnel by the state. In my present circumstances, I feel that such security may be withdrawn.
Chatterjee urged the chief minister to look into the matter and take such decision "as you deem fit and proper". PTI PB CR.
Fri, Sep 4 06:10 PM
New Delhi, Sep 4 (ANI): The Supreme Court on Friday asked the Indian High Commissioner and Consulate General in Australia ensure the safety of Indian students and to prevent them from falling prey to fake educational institutions in that country.
An apex court bench headed by Chief Justice K.G.Balakrishnan expressed concern over Indian students falling prey to fake Universities.
Attorney General G. E. Vahanvati informed the court that the Government has laid down guidelines to aid the student community in Australia.
Cases of Indian students being duped by fake universities in Australia came to light when a petition was filed seeking an apex court direction to the Union Government to take action.
Vahanavati said the Ministry of External Affairs has published the measures to be taken by students before they go abroad for study on its website.
The court then disposed the petition. (ANI)
04/09/2009
`Optional Class 10 boards could add to Class 12 stress'
New Delhi: Making the Class 10 board examination optional is a good move, but it could add to the stress of students who would then take a public exam for the first time in Class 12, a psychologist said here Friday.
"The decision (to make Class 10 board exam optional) can be a problem for the students later because now they will sit for the first public examination in Class 12 which decides their career. It could be very stressing," said Jitendra Nagpal, a well known child psychologist.
"Making the Class 10 examinations optional will bring along a lot of challenges for the students. Many might find that they are unable to face the stress when they are preparing for Class 12 (exams)," he said at the Lifebuoy National Child Health Symposium on examination stress - a myth or reality.
Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal recently announced that the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Class 10 examination would be made optional and give way to a grading system where students would be evaluated throughout the year.
Schools that have Class 11 and 12 need not conduct the Class 10 exams, but schools that are up to only Class 10 may conduct the examination.
Nagpal nevertheless is in favour of the move and said that the stress levels would definitely come down at the Class 10 level -- of both students and their parents.
"There is no reason to conduct two board examinations in a span of just 17 months as in the long run the Class 10 results play no role at all in pursuing higher studies after school," he noted.
"If a child in a family sits for a board exam, it is not the child alone who suffers from stress but it is the entire family. This decision will lead to reduction of stress in the entire system and eventually in the students, who are a integral part of the system," said Nagpal, who is also programme coordinator with Expressions India, a NGO.
He suggested that to ensure that children don't feel overburdened when they take a public exam for the first time in Class 12, there should be quality check right from Class 7 onwards.
"A quality check by an autonomous body other than the CBSE should be done to ensure that the needed quality standards both in teaching as well as in the infrastructure are matched," he added.
Nagpal said schools should start preparing their students for the final Class 12 exam right from Class 7 without creating fear in their minds.
"The teachers should adopt a friendly approach towards the students," he stressed.
Source: Indo-Asian News Service
India and weapons of mass destruction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| India | |
 | |
| Nuclear program start date | 1967 |
|---|---|
| First nuclear weapon test | 18 May 1974 (Smiling Buddha) |
| First fusion weapon test | 11 May 1998 |
| Last nuclear test | 13 May 1998 |
| Largest yield test | *Underground - 160 Kt Total in Pokhran-II [1] maximum (May 11, 1998) |
| Total tests | 6 |
| Current stockpile | 250 (DRDO Press Release) |
| Maximum missile range | 3,500-5,500;km (Agni-III) |
| NPT signatory | No |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
India possesses an arsenal of nuclear weapons and maintains short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft, surface ships, and submarines under development as possible delivery systems and platforms. Although it lacks an operational ballistic missile submarines India has ambitions of possessing a nuclear triad in the near future when INS Arihant the lead ship of India's Arihant class of nuclear-powered submarines formally joins the Indian Navy in 2012 after undergoing extensive sea-trials. Though India has not made any official statements about the size of its nuclear arsenal, estimates suggest that India has between 40 and 95 nuclear weapons,[2][3] consistent with estimates that it has produced enough weapons-grade plutonium for up to 1000 nuclear weapons.[4] Production of weapons-grade plutonium production is believed to be taking place at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, which is home to the CIRUS reactor acquired from Canada, to the indigenous Dhruva reactor, and to a plutonium separation facility.
India has never signed the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which it rejects as discriminatory.[5] India tested what it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974 (which became known as "Smiling Buddha"). This test raised questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes. The test also caused great international concern and anger, particularly from Canada, which had supplied India with power and research reactors for peaceful purposes, including the reactor used to produce the plutonium for this test.[6] The test appears to have been primarily motivated as a general deterrent, as well as an attempt to project India as regional power.[citation needed] India later tested weaponized nuclear warheads in 1998 ("Operation Shakti"), including a claimed thermonuclear device that was reported to have been a faliure.[7]
India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1993 and ratified it in 1996. After years of denying it had chemical weapons, in 1997 India declared a stockpile of mustard gas, which it destroyed by 2009, as required by the CWC.[8]
Contents[hide]
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[edit] Brief Historical Overview
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As early as June 26, 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, soon to be India's first Prime Minister, announced:
| " | As long as the world is constituted as it is, every country will have to devise and use the latest devices for its protection. I have no doubt India will develop her scientific researches and I hope Indian scientists will use the atomic force for constructive purposes. But if India is threatened, she will inevitably try to defend herself by all means at her disposal.[9] | " |
India's first Nuclear test occurred on 18 May 1974. Since then India has conducted another series of test at the Pokhran test range in the state of Rajasthan in 1998. India has an extensive civil and military nuclear program, which includes at least 10 nuclear reactors, uranium mining and milling sites, heavy water production facilities, a uranium enrichment plant, fuel fabrication facilities, and extensive nuclear research capabilities.
[edit] Current arsenal and estimates of inventory
- It is estimated that India currently has between 45 and 100 warheads.[2]
- In November 2008, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists estimated that India has about 70 assembled nuclear warheads, with about 50 of them fully operational.[10]
- David Albright's report published by Institute for Science and International Security on 2000 estimates that India at end of 1999 had 310 kilograms of weapon grade plutonium which is enough for 65 nuclear weapons. He also estimates that India has 4,200 kg of reactor grade plutonium which is enough to build 1,000 nuclear weapons.[3][11] By the end of 2004, he estimates India had 445 kilograms of weapon grade plutonium which is enough for around 85 nuclear weapons considering 5 kg of plutonium required for each weapon[12]
- Former R&AW official J.K. Sinha, claimed that India has capability to produce 130 kilograms of weapon grade plutonium from six unsafeguarded reactors not included in the nuclear deal between India and the United States.[13]
[edit] Doctrine
India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine[14] which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorize the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s).'"[14]
According to the NRDC, despite the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan in 2001-2002, India remains committed to its nuclear no-first-use policy.
[edit] Command and Control
India's Strategic Nuclear Command was formally established in 2003, with an Air Force officer, Air Marshal Asthana, as the Commander-in-Chief. The joint services SNC is the custodian of all of India's nuclear weapons, missiles and assets. It is also responsible for executing all aspects of India's nuclear policy. However, the civil leadership, in the form of the CCS (Cabinet Committee on Security) is the only body authorized to order a nuclear strike against another offending strike: In effect, it is the Prime Minister who has his finger "on the button."
[edit] International treaties
India is not a signatory to either the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), but did accede to the Partial Test Ban Treaty in October 1963. India is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and four of its 17 nuclear reactors are subject to IAEA safeguards.
India announced its lack of intention to accede to the NPT as late as 1997 by voting against the paragraph of a General Assembly Resolution[15] which urged all non-signatories of the treaty to accede to it at the earliest possible date.[16]
India voted against the UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the CTBT, which was adopted on September 10, 1996. India objected to the lack of provision for universal nuclear disarmament "within a time-bound framework." India also demanded that the treaty ban laboratory simulations. In addition, India opposed the provision in Article XIV of the CTBT that requires India's ratification for the treaty to enter into force, which India argued was a violation of its sovereign right to choose whether it would sign the treaty. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister Gujral reiterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favors any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests."
In August 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved safeguards agreement with India under which the former will gradually gain access to India's civilian nuclear reactors.[17] In September 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group granted India a waiver allowing it to access civilian nuclear technology and fuel from other countries.[18] The implementation of this waiver makes India the only known country with nuclear weapons which is not a party to the NPT but is still allowed to carry out nuclear commerce with the rest of the world.[19]
Since the implementation of NSG waiver, India has signed nuclear deals with several countries including France,[20] United States,[21], and Kazakhstan[22] while the framework for similar deals with Canada and United Kingdom are also being prepared.[23][24]
[edit] Delivery Systems
Below is the list of missiles currently in India's inventory or under development that can carry Nuclear Warheads. Information on the missiles is given below.
| India's Nuclear Capable Missiles | ||||
| Name | Class | Range | Payload | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agni-I | SRBM | 850 km | 1,000 kg | Operational |
| Agni-II | MRBM | 2,500 km | 500 kg - 1,000 kg | Operational |
| Agni-III | IRBM | 3,500 km - 5,500 km | 2,490 kg | Operational |
| Agni-V | ICBM | 5,000 km - 6,000 km | 3,000 kg+ | Under Development |
| Akash | SAM | 30 km | 60 kg | Operational |
| BrahMos-I | Supersonic Cruise Missile | 290 km | 300 kg | Operational |
| BrahMos-II | Hypersonic Cruise Missile | ? | ? | Under Development |
| Dhanush | SRBM | 350 km | 500 kg | Operational |
| Nirbhay | Subsonic Cruise Missile | 1,000 km | ? | Under Development |
| P-70 Ametist | Anti-shipping Missile | 65 km | 530 kg | Operational |
| P-270 Moskit | Supersonic Cruise Missile | 120 km | 320 kg | Operational |
| Popeye | ASM | 78 km | 340 kg | Operational |
| Prithvi-I | SRBM | 150 km | 1000 kg | Operational |
| Prithvi-II | SRBM | 250 km | 500 kg | Operational |
| Prithvi-III | SRBM | 350 km | 500 kg | Operational |
| Sagarika | SLBM | 700 km - 2,200 km | 150 kg - 1000 kg | Operational |
| Shaurya | SSBM | 700 km - 2,200 km | 150 kg - 1,000 kg | Operational |
| Surya-I | ICBM | 9,000 km - 12,000 km | 3,000 kg+ | Under Development |
| Surya-II[25] | ICBM | 20,000 km | ? | Under Development |
[edit] Ballistic Missiles
Under former president Dr. Abdul Kalam India pursued the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) which was an Indian Ministry of Defense program for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the intermediate range Agni missile (Surface to Surface), and short range missiles such as the Prithvi ballistic missile (Surface to Surface), Akash missile (Surface to Air), Trishul missile (Surface to Air) and Nag Missile (Anti Tank). Other projects such Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program have derived from the IGMDP. In 2005, India became only the fourth country to have Anti Ballistic capability when India tested two systems the AAD and PAD.
India has methodically built an indigenous missile production capability, using its commercial space-launch program to develop the skills and infrastructure needed to support an offensive ballistic missile program. For example, during the 1980s, India conducted a series of space launches using the solid-fueled SLV-3 booster. Most of these launches put light satellites into near-earth orbit. Elements of the SLV-3 were subsequently incorporated into two new programs. In the first, the new polar-space launch vehicle (PSLV) was equipped with six SLV-3 motors strapped to the PSLV's first stage. The Agni IRBM technology demonstrator uses the SLV-3 booster as its first stage.
[edit] Prithvi
The Prithvi (Hindi: "Earth") I is mobile liquid-fueled 150 kilometer tactical missile currently deployed with army units. It is claimed that this missile is equipped only with various conventional warheads (which stay attached to the missile over the entire flight path). The missile is of particular interest to the United States (and potential buyers) in that has the capability of maneuvering in flight so as to follow one of several different pre-programmed trajectories. Based on the same design, a modified Prithvi, the Prithvi II, is essentially a longer-ranged version of the Prithvi I except that it has a 250-kilometer range and a lighter payload. It is suspected that any nuclear missions will be executed by the Prithvi II. Currently, the Prithvi II has completed development and is now in production. When fielded, it will be deployed with air force units for the purpose of deep target attacking maneuvers against objectives such as air fields.
- Prithvi I — Army Version (150 km range with a payload of 1,000 kg)
- Prithvi II — Air Force Version (250 km range with a payload of 500 kg)
- Prithvi III — Naval Version (350 km range with a payload of 500 kg)
The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing 3 variants for use by the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The initial project framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner.
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[edit] Dhanush
Dhanush (Sanskrit: Bow) is a naval variant of the Prithvi missile.[26] It can fire either the 250 km or the 350 km range missiles. Supposedly it is a customised version of the Prithvi and that the additional customizations in missile configuration is to certify it for sea worthiness. Dhanush has to be launched from a hydraulically stabilized launch pad. Its low range acts against it and thus it is seen a weapons either to be used to destroy an aircraft carrier or an enemy port. Indian Navy's K-15 Sagarika submarine-launched ballistic missile is reported to be a variant of the Dhanush missile.[27]
The ship launched Dhanush Ballistic Missile was tested from INS Subhadra of the Sukanya class patrol craft in 2000. INS Subhadra is a vessel which was modified and the missile was launched from the reinforced helicopter deck. The 250 km variant was tested but the tests were considered partially successful.[28] In 2004, the missile was again tested from the INS Subhadra and was this time successful.[29] Then the following year in December the missile's 350 km version was tested from the INS Rajput and hit the land based target. [30]
[edit] Agni
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The Agni (Sanskrit: Fire) missile system comprises three missiles:
Agni-I uses the SLV-3 booster (from India's space program) for its first stage and a liquid-fueled Prithvi for its second stage.[31]
Nuclear-capable Agni-II missiles have a range of up to 3,000 km and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg.[32] Unlike the Agni-I, the Agni-II has a solid-fueled second stage.[33]
In July 2006, India successfully test-fired Agni-III,[34] a two-stage nuclear-capable ballistic missile with a range of 3,000 km.[35] Both stages of the Agni-III utilizes solid-fuel propellants and its range can be extended to 4,000 km.[36] The missile is capable of carrying a nuclear payload within the range of 600 to 1,800 kg including decoys and other anti-ballistic counter-measures.[37]
India's DRDO also working on a submarine-launched ballistic missile version of the Agni-III missile, known as the Agni-III SL. This missile is expected to provide India with a credible sea-based second strike capability. According to Indian defense sources, Agni-III SL will have a range of 3,500 km. [38] In addition, the 5,000 km range Agni-V ICBM is expected to be tested by 2010-11.[39]
[edit] Surya
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The Surya ICBM is an ICBM program that has been mentioned repeatedly in the Indian press but is yet to be officially announced. Surya (meaning Sun in Sanskrit and many other Indian languages) is the codename for the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile that India is reported to be developing. The DRDO is believed to have begun the project in 1994. Officials of the Indian government have repeatedly denied the existence of the project. According to news reports, the Surya-1 is an intercontinental-range, surface-based, solid and liquid propellant ballistic missile. The Surya-1 and -2 will be classified as strategic weapons, extending the Indian nuclear deterrent force to targets around the world. India currently is limited by the range of the Agni-3 missile.
As the missile is yet to be developed, the specifications of the missile are not known and the entire program continues to remain highly speculative.[40] Estimates of the range of this missile vary from 5,000 kms[41] to 10,000 kms.[42] It is believed to be a three-stage design, with the first two stages using solid propellants and the third-stage using liquid. In 2007, the Times of India reported that the DRDO is yet to reveal whether India's currently proposed ICBM will be called Agni-V ( or Surya-1).[41]
[edit] Shaurya
The Shaurya missile (Sanskrit: Valour) is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India for use by the Indian Army.It has a range of 600 km and is capable of carrying a payload of one-tonne conventional or nuclear warhead.The Shaurya missile provides India with a significant second strike capability[43]. Shaurya Missile is considered a land version of the Sagarika. This missile is stored in a composite canister just like the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile. The composite canister makes the missile much easier to store for long periods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also houses the gas generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid propellant motors take over to hurl it at the intended target. Shaurya missiles can remain hidden or camouflaged in underground silos from enemy surveillance or satellites till they are fired from the special storage-cum-launch canisters.DRDO Defence scientists admit that given Shaurya's limited range at present, either the silos will have to be constructed closer to India's borders or longer-range missiles will have to be developed.The Shaurya system will require some more tests before it becomes fully operational in two-three years. Moreover, defense scientists say the high-speed, two-stage Shaurya has high maneuverability which also makes it less vulnerable to existing anti-missile defense systems.[44]. When Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems AAD and PAD are to be tested again, the Shaurya invulnerability to anti-missile systems will be tested. The DRDO scientists also have said that if Shaurya is successful and manages to avoid anti ballistic missile radars then the missile can even be used to improve the AAD and PAD systems.
[edit] Sagarika
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Sagarika (Sanskrit: Wave / Born from the Ocean) is a nuclear capable submarine-launched ballistic missile with a range of 750 km. This missile has a length of 8.5 meters, weighs seven tonnes and can carry a pay load of up to 500 kg.[45]. The development of this missile started in 1991. The first confirmation about the missile came in 1998[46] The development of the underwater missile launcher know as the Project 78 (P78) was completed in 2001. This was handed over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was successfully test fired thrice. The Indian Navy plans to introduce the missile into service by the end of 2010. Sagarika missile is being integrated with the Advanced Technology Vessel that is expected to begin sea trials by 2009.[47] Sagarika will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence and will provide with retaliatory nuclear strike capability.[48]
Sagarika has already been test-fired from an underwater pontoon, but now DRDO is planning a full-fledged test of the missile from a submarine and for this purpose may use the services of a Russian sub-marine.[49]. Eventually it could be introduced into as many as 5 ballistic missile submarines.
[edit] Cruise Missiles
Nirbhay(Sanskrit "Fearless") is a long range, subsonic cruise missile being developed in India. The missile will have a range of 1,000 km and will arm three services, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.[50] The Nirbhay will be able to be launched from multiple platforms on land, sea and air. The first test flight of the missile is expected in the year 2009.[51] Nirbhay will be a terrain hugging, stealth missile[52] capable of delivering 24 different types of warheads depending on mission requirements and will use inertial navigation system for guidance.[53]. There are plans to arm the IL-76MDs with the aerial version of the missile. [54]
India has acquired around 200 3M-54 Klub for arming Talwar class frigate, Shivalik class frigate, Kolkata class destroyer and Sindhughosh class submarine[55]. The Russian 3M-54 Klub is a multi-role missile system developed by the Novator Design Bureau(OKB-8) with a range of 250 km-300 km and a average speed of .8 Mach with a maximum of 2.9 Mach.[56] India has both the Klub-N and Klub-S variant to be used for Ships and Submarines respectively. [57]. Both the Klub-N and Klub-S have been tested successfully.India currently has the 3M-54E, 3M-54E1, 91RE1 and 91RE2 variants. In addition the Navy has plans to arm the Tu-142 and Tu-22M with the an air-launched version. Due to Klub's longer range than BrahMos it may also be used in the Mirage 2000 and Su-30 MKI too. The Navy has shown interest in buying more Klubs which would be incorporated on to the S-1000 submarine if bought by India. India is also keen on other Former Soviet cruise missile such as the P-700 Granit and P-500 Bazalt.
India imported a large number of Israel's Rafael made Popeye Missile in late 1999. [58]. Popeye II, an air launched cruise missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads with a range of 80 km can be launched from planes was given to India along with missile defence radars in a deal. [59]. At that time the United States was wary of this due to its close relations with Pakistan. But due to recent military and strategic dealings between the Israel, India and the United States, it is thought that the United States has little or no objection now. The exact number transferred to India is unknown, but possibly 20 missile to perhaps 50 missiles could have been given with possibly more being built in India. It is still not known which planes are armed with these missiles but it is thought to be the Tu-142 and Sukhoi Su-30MKI, which incorporate some Israeli technology.
India has Soviet P-70 Ametist submarine-launched cruise missiles. [60]. The missile were mostly probably bought in the early 90s and may be used today as canistered launched land based cruise missiles instead of submarine launched cruise missiles. The missiles can carry nuclear warheads and have a range of 50–65 km. Although they are extremely old and incompetent due to their low range and speed, there are still reports that they are kept in reserve and can still be used due to their upgrades in the late 90s. [61].
India has a number of operational Moskits. [62] The P-270 Moskit is a Russian supersonic ramjet powered cruise missile capable of being launched from land and ships. India has most probably bought both land and ship variants which have a range of 120 km. It was reported that the Chinese version had a greater range and was faster than the one India had acquired. As a result in 2008 India bought around 200 Klub missiles and now it is believed that the Moskit have been kept in reserve but can still be used.
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BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia who have together formed the BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited.
The acronym BrahMos is perceived as the confluence of the two nations represented by two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia. It travels at speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8 and is the world's fastest cruise missile. It is about three-and-a-half times faster than the U.S.A's subsonic Harpoon[2] cruise missile. A hypersonic version of the missile is also presently under development (Lab Tested with 5.26 Mach Speed).[3] BrahMos claims to have the capability of attacking surface targets as low as 10 meters in altitude. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km.[1] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fueled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.[citation needed]
The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk.[5] Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster than the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has almost 32 times the initial kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile (although it pays for this by having only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range despite weighing twice as much, suggesting a different tactical paradigm to achieve the objective).
Although BrahMos is primarily an anti-ship missile, it can also engage land based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360 degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms. The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier
[edit] Surface to Air missile
Akash (Hindi: Sky) is India's medium range surface-to-air missile defense system The missile can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.[63] Akash can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms.[64] Akash is said to be capable of both conventional and nuclear warheads, with a reported payload of 60 kg.[65] A nuclear warhead could potentially give the missile the capability to destroy both aircraft and warheads from ballistic missiles. The missile is described as being able to strike several targets simultaneously, which could mean either separate, independently targetable warheads, or a sufficient blast to destroy a number of them.
Along with India, a limited number of other countries including the US and Russia have developed operational multi-target handling surface-to-air missile systems capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.
[edit] Delivery mechanisms
[edit] Nuclear submarines
According to some accounts, India plans to have as many as 20 nuclear submarines capable of carrying missiles with nuclear warheads. Currently, India has built one and is building two more nuclear submarines under the Advanced Technology Vessel plan. India currently maintains six submarines of the Sindhughosh Class that can launch the nuclear-capable 3M-54 Klub cruise missiles.
In 1988 INS Chakra (Sanskrit: Wheel), a Charlie-class submarine was leased by the Indian Navy for three years from the Soviet Union, until 1991. The submarine was leased to India between 1988 and 1991 mainly for India to gain experience in the operations of a nuclear submarine. It was later decommissioned in 1991.
The Arihant class submarines (Sanskrit: Slayer of Enemies) are a class of nuclear-powered Ballistic Missile submarines being constructed for the Indian Navy at Visakhapatnam, India under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project [66][67] The ATV is an SSBN and will be armed with ballistic missiles.
The first of these, INS Arihant was launched on 26 July, 2009. The vessel, which will undergo sea-trials for up to two years, will then be equipped with an unknown number of K-15 Sagarika SLBMs[68].
The second and third submarines of the class may incorporate the Nirbhay as well. As of July 2007, the Sagarika missile as well as Dhanush had undergone three successful tests each.
The INS Sindhuraj(Sanskrit: King of the Ocean), INS Sindhuvir(Sanskrit: Warrior of the Ocean), INS Sindhuratna(Sanskrit: Gem of the Ocean), INS Sindhushastra (Sanskrit: Weapon of the Ocean), INS Sindhukesari and INS Sindhuvijay(Sanskrit: Conqueror of the Ocean) are capable of launching 3M-54 Klub and BrahMos nuclear-capable cruise missiles.[69]. India bought 10 Kilo class (in India known as Sindhughosh Class) submarine of which 6 have been refitted by the Russian Navy so that the they can launch cruise missiles such as nuclear capable 3M-54 Klub.
In 2000, negotiations between India and Russia were conducted into the leasing of two incomplete Akula class. The Akulas were to be delivered to the Indian Navy in 2008 on a lease of at least seven years and up to ten years, in which at the end of the lease, it has an option to buy them. The acquisition was to help the Indian Navy prepare for the introduction of the ATV. The cost to India of acquiring two Akula submarines and their support infrastructure along with training of the crews had been estimated at $2 billion.[70]. The Indian version was reportedly armed with the 300 km range 3M-54 Klub nuclear-capable missiles.[71]. Supposedly on 9 November, 2008 one of the two submarines was conducting tests, when an accident on board killed 20 sailors but no damage occurred to the submarine. Though this deal fell apart for some time due to the Indians demanding an upgrade/improvement in some of its safety features, Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev on his official trip to New Delhi said that the deal was back on track and that "The talk is not about selling submarines into India's property, but about their rent by India's navy". [72] However, unlike the earlier deal the modified deal states that India can only rent and not buy the subs, but defence experts state that the so-called lease agreement is only to divert international attention and that it would be eventually modified and India would inevitably keep the subs. The first submarine will be named INS Chakra.[73]. Russia has also offered the advanced Amur Class Submarine, known as the S1000. According to GlobalSecurity India is already building the S1000 cruise missile submarines in Mazagaon Docks. [74] The Amur will be most probably fitted with P-700 Granit or the Klub cruise missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
[edit] Frigates, destroyers and aircraft carriers
Other than submarines, India also maintains ships such as destroyers, modified patrol crafts and frigates which can launch nuclear capable ballistic and cruise missiles.
Talwar class frigate and Shivalik class frigate are frigates of the Indian Navy that can fire nuclear capable cruise missiles. INS Tabar and INS Trishul are Talwar class vessel armed with supersonic nuclear 3M-54 Klub cruise missiles while INS Shivalik was the first vessel of the Shivalik class to incorporate the 3M-54 Klub. Other vessels of the Shivalik Class and Talwar Class are to be armed with the BrahMos and 3M-54 Klub missile by 2009 and 2010 respectively. All these frigates are also equipped with Barak missiles or other SAMs and harbour helicopters such as the HAL Dhruv. In years to come, the Nirbhay missile is also to be incorporated into Talwar class frigates and Shivalik class frigates.
Rajput Class, Kolkata Class and Delhi Class are Destroyers of the Indian Navy that may be armed with nuclear capable missile-Nirbhay. In addition Kolkata Class will also incorporate the Russian nuclear 3M-54 Klub cruise missile.[75]
The ship launched Dhanush Ballistic Missile was tested from INS Subhadra of the Sukanya class patrol craft in 2000. INS Subhadra is a patrol vessel which was modified and the missile was launched from the reinforced helicopter deck. The 250 km variant was tested but the tests were considered partially successful.[28] In 2004, the missile was again tested from the INS Subhadra and was this time successful.[29] Then the following year in December the missile's 350 km version was tested from the INS Rajput and hit the land based target. [30].
INS Vikramaditya Aircraft Carrier (formerly known as Admiral Gorshkov) was fitted with P-500 Bazalt nuclear capable cruise missiles of the range of 550 km. [76] The Vikramaditya could still be armed with this after its refit. India is also a potential customer for a Slava class cruiser which also incorporates the P-500 Bazalt
[edit] Nuclear-capable aircraft
India currently has 4.5 generation fighter jets capable of launching nuclear weapons. Nuclear-capable aircraft are also seen as a less expensive way of dropping nuclear warheads as well as being as effective.
- Fighter Jets Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
The Sukhoi Su-30MKI,[77] Dassault Mirage 2000 [78], MiG-29[79] and HAL Tejas serve in the Indian Air Force and are also seen as a means to deliver nuclear weapons. In addition India maintains SEPECAT Jaguar and MiG-27M which can be used to drop gravity bombs. [80] However, these planes would be considered useless in the 21st century as gravity bombs have little chance of accomplishing a task.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Su-30MKI, capable of carrying nuclear weapons and tailor-made for Indian specifications, integrates Indian systems and avionics.[77] is one of the best air superiority fighters and also consists of French and Israeli subsystems.[81] The MKI variant features several improvements over the basic K and MK variants and is classified as a 4.5 generation fighter.[82][83] Due to similar features and components, the MKI variant is often considered to be a customized Indian variant of the Sukhoi Su-35. The Mirage 2000Hs were heavily customised during the Kargil War and is the only other version, other than the French 2000N, to be able to be armed with nuclear weapons. However, the air force doesn't really see the Mirage as a nuclear strike aircraft. Though MiG-29 like the HAL Tejas after many test flights have not been tested to use nuclear weapons,they have the capacity to be armed with them. Both the HAL Tejas and Su-30MKI can travel excess of 3,000 km without refueling; this allows India to attack targets far away in an effective manner only using planes rather than delivery systems such as the Agni. The HAL Tejas is India's only indigenous plane to be armed with nuclear weapons, thus making India less dependent on Russia.
[edit] Ballistic Missile Defense
India has an active ABM development effort using indigenously developed and integrated radars and locally designed missiles.[84] In November 2006, India successfully conducted the PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) in which an Anti-ballistic missile, called the Prithvi Air Defense (PAD) an Exoatmospheric (outside the atmosphere) interceptor system intercepted a Prithvi-II ballistic missile. The PAD missile has the secondary stage of the Prithvi missile and can reach altitude of 80 km. During the test the target missile was intercepted at an 50 km altitude.[85] India became the fourth nation in the world to acquire such a capability and the third nation to develop it through indigenous effort.[86] On 6 December 2007 the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile system was tested successfully.[87] This missile is an Endo atmospheric interceptor with an altitude of 30 km. According to scientist V K Saraswat of DRDO the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent.[88] Induction of the system into services is expected to be in 2010. Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBM/ICBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with the range of 5,000 km.[89]
India also has Russian S300PMU-2 and it is used as a an interceptor for Ballistic missiles. An indigenous nuclear tipped surface to air missile, Akash Missile is used to destroy low range missiles and is capable of destroying various targets and is one of the few of its kind systems in the world. India has also shown interest in the Russian S-400, the most advanced anti-ballistic missile
[edit] Foreign assistance
Due mainly to a total nuclear and missile technology embargo and severe sanctions regime imposed on India after it conducted the 1974 nuclear explosion at Pokhran, most of India's nuclear weapons infurstructre was built developed by the Soviet Union.[5].
According to express India, CIA officials in 2003 released reports confirming massive Soviet development of India's nuclear wepaons programs. [6]
In a briefing to Congress on the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act, then U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said, "[India] has a 30-year record of responsible behavior on nonproliferation matters."[90]
[edit] Chemical Weapons
In 1992 India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention(CWC), stating that it did not have chemical weapons and the capacity or capability to manufacture chemical weapons. By doing this India became one of the original signatories of the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC] in 1993,[91] and ratified it on 2 September 1996. According to India's ex-Army Chief General Sunderji, a country having the capability of making nuclear weapons does not need to have chemical weapons, since the dread of chemical weapons could be created only in those countries that do not have nuclear weapons. Others suggested that the fact that India has found chemical weapons dispensable highlighted its confidence in the conventional weapons system at its command.
India informed the United Nations in May, 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.[8] This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations.
India has an advanced commercial chemical industry, and produces the bulk of its own chemicals for domestic consumption. It is also widely acknowledged that India has an extensive civilian chemical and pharmaceutical industry and annually exports considerable quantities of chemicals to countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Taiwan.[92]
[edit] Biological Warfare
India has a well-developed biotechnology infrastructure that includes numerous pharmaceutical production facilities bio-containment laboratories (including BSL-3 and BSL-4) for working with lethal pathogens. It also has highly qualified scientists with expertise in infectious diseases. Some of India's facilities are being used to support research and development for BW defense purposes. India has ratified the BWC and pledges to abide by its obligations. There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly points toward an offensive BW program. New Delhi does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch an offensive BW program, but has chosen not to do so. In terms of delivery, India also possesses the capability to produce aerosols and has numerous potential delivery systems ranging from crop dusters to sophisticated ballistic missiles.[93]
In 2001, after Indian Postal Services received 17 "suspicious" letters believed to contain Bacillus anthracis spores,a Bio-Safety Level 2 (BSL-2) Laboratory was established to provide guidance in preparing the Indian government for a biological attack. B. anthracis is one of many pathogens studied at the institute, which also examines pathogens causing tuberculosis, typhoid, hepatitis B, rabies, yellow fever, Lassa fever, Ebola, and plague.[93] The Defense Research and Development Establishment (DRDE) at Gwalior is the primary establishment for studies in toxicology and biochemical pharmacology and development of antibodies against several bacterial and viral agents. Work is in progress to prepare responses to threats like Anthrax, Brucellosis, cholera and plague, viral threats like smallpox and viral hemorrhage fever and biotoxic threats like botulism. Most of the information is classified. Researchers have developed chemical/biological protective gear, including masks, suits, detectors and suitable drugs. India has a 'no first use' policy.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Pokhran-II-not-fully-successful-Scientist/articleshow/4938610.cms
- ^ a b Norris, Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen "India's nuclear forces, 2005". "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists". September/October 2005. doi:. http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/147052n7g76v4733/?p=e7e3958700f5489a91d4e733984abb4e&pi=20. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ a b India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Present Capabilities
- ^ Weapons around the world
- ^ US wants India to sign NPT Business Standard, May 07, 2009.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "India's Nuclear Weapons Program: Operation Shakti". 1998. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
- ^ a b http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20090514/812/tnl-india-destroys-its-chemical-weapons.html
- ^ B. M. Udgaonkar, India's nuclear capability, her security concerns and the recent tests, Indian Academy of Sciences, January 1999.
- ^ Norris, Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen "Indian nuclear forces, 2008". "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists". November / December 2008. doi:. http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/t884046w31156318/?p=8e40df8b372d455588ba47f6e743e7fd&pi=11. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ [2]India's and Pakistan's Fissile Material and Nuclear Weapons Inventories, end of 1999
- ^ India's Military Plutonium Inventory, End 2004
- ^ India can make 50 nuclear warheads a year[3] [4]
- ^ a b Draft Report of National Security Advisory Board on Indian Nuclear Doctrine
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Verbatim meeting 67 session 52 on 9 December 1997 (retrieved 2007-08-22)
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution session 52 page 16 (retrieved 2007-08-22)
- ^ "IAEA approves India nuclear inspection deal — IAEA". iaea.org. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2008/board010808.html. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Nuclear Suppliers Group Grants India Historic Waiver — MarketWatch". Marketwatch.com. http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nuclear-suppliers-group-grants-india/story.aspx?guid={BA6E4022-DBC8-4B43-B9DE-62608913CB8A}&dist=hppr. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ 3 hours ago (3 hours ago). "AFP: India energised by nuclear pacts". Afp.google.com. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5geN2RWjoN4oJhPibc7rhkyxMXfzg. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm
- ^ http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/09005930/Bush-signs-IndiaUS-nuclear-de.html?d=1
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/Kazakh_oil_deals_hang_in_balance/articleshow/4019306.cms
- ^ http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090080481&ch=1/18/2009%203:57:00%20PM
- ^ http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/3AA1B3B19AE0CD276525754500564CCB?OpenDocument
- ^ Surya (missile)
- ^ India: The Hunt for an Indian Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile - Stratfor
- ^ India to test submarine-launched missile
- ^ a b http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab20.asp
- ^ a b http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html
- ^ a b domain-b.com: Dhanush, naval surface-to-surface missile, test fired successfully
- ^ Agni 1/2/3/4 (India), Offensive weapons - Jane's
- ^ India test-fires N capable Agni-II missile
- ^ Developing a delivery system - By R. RAMACHANDRAN
- ^ India tests long-range missile
- ^ India tests longest-range missile - BBC
- ^ Agni-III test fired - Economic Times
- ^ [Facts about India's Agni-III missile - Daily Times]
- ^ Agni-III test-fired successfully
- ^ 'User-trial' of surface-to-surface Agni-II missile on May 19
- ^ India: The U.S. Nuclear Deal and Indian ICBMs - Startfor
- ^ a b After Agni, India plans 5,000-km missile
- ^ India adds oomph to its space race By Siddharth Srivastava
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/14/stories/2008111456561300.htm
- ^ "India successfully test fires Shaurya missile". Times of India. November 13, 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_test-fires_submarine-launched_missile/articleshow/3703369.cms.
- ^ Sagarika missile test-fired successfully
- ^ India ready for new missile test
- ^ Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday
- ^ India gets sub-marine missile power
- ^ Coming from India's defense unit: ASTRA missile
- ^ Fearless Tomahawk-type missile on radar
- ^ India plans to test new medium-range missile in 2009
- ^ DRDO developing hypersonic missile
- ^ Nirbhay to beef up missile muscle
- ^ http://livefist.blogspot.com/2007/08/more-on-nirbhay.html
- ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Klub.html
- ^ http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/club.htm
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M-54_Klub
- ^ http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=728
- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-142.htm
- ^ http://www.india-defence.com/specifications/submarines/60
- ^ http://www.missilethreat.com/cruise/id.97/cruise_detail.asp
- ^ http://www.india-defence.com/specifications/submarines/60
- ^ Asian tribune: Upgraded version of 'Akash' test fired; By Hemanta Kumar Rout
- ^ Sharma, Ravi, Air Force to place order for Akash missile system. The Hindu, 13 April 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008
- ^ http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.4016/detail.asp
- ^ The secret undersea weapon
- ^ "Indian nuclear submarine", India Today, August 2007 edition
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072760301000.htm
- ^ The Hindu : International / India & World : Russia may lease nuclear submarine to India
- ^ Project 971 Shuka-B Akula class www.globalsecurity.com
- ^ The Hindu : International / India & World : Russia may lease nuclear submarine to India
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- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/project-76.htm
- ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Klub.html
- ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/ships/future/193-ins-vikramaditya.html
- ^ a b http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa010108_1_n.shtml
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_2000#Operational history
- ^ http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/aircraft/index.html
- ^ http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukef&f/database/innukes.html
- ^ http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6809147_ITM
- ^ The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
- ^ Su-30MKI
- ^ [http://www.defensenews.com/aero/story.php?id=2524130 Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat Chief Controller of Research and Development, India's DRDO]
- ^ [http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-06/h1.htm Prithvi Mission Milestone in Missile Defence].
- ^ Outlook India. India develops new anti-missile system. November 27, 2006.
- ^ INDIA successfully conducts interceptor supersonic missile test
- ^ India on way to joining exclusive BMD club
- ^ India to develop high speed interceptors
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- ^ [pointer]=49
- ^ http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/india/chemical/index.html
- ^ a b http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/india/biological/index.html
49. http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/status-of-participation-in-the-cwc/?tx_damfrontend_pi1[pointer]=2
[edit] External links
- Indian Nuclear Weapons program A good article with very detailed information
- Nuclear Files.org India's nuclear conflict with Pakistan- background and the current situation
- Nuclear Files.org Current information on nuclear stockpiles in India
- Missile testing ranges of India
- Video interviews taken at the 2008 NPT PrepCom on the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act
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